{"id":2729,"date":"2023-02-01T09:17:58","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T09:17:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2729"},"modified":"2026-01-30T09:25:39","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T09:25:39","slug":"staying-well-at-work-by-job-crafting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/2023\/02\/staying-well-at-work-by-job-crafting\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi ile i\u015fyerinde sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kalmak<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015fimin hangi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 motive edici, \u00e7ekici ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ma yararl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum? Bunlar\u0131 daha da fazlala\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in neler yapabilirim?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Akci\u011fer kanseri te\u015fhisi alan ve i\u015finde olduk\u00e7a profesyonel bir bilir ki\u015fi haline gelen bir hem\u015fire, i\u015f yerinde stresli, biraz da s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve monotonluk hissetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra kendine bu sorular\u0131 sormaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131, onun daha gen\u00e7 i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131na ak\u0131l hocal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmas\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fiyle alakal\u0131 daha yetkin hissetmesini ve i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131na daha ba\u011fl\u0131 hissetmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam rutininde de bir anlam bulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130\u015fini yap\u0131\u015f \u015fekline dair ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik, i\u015f hayat\u0131ndaki iyi olu\u015funu geli\u015ftirdi ve daha \u00f6nemlisi, hastanenin genel i\u015fleyi\u015fine ve etkinli\u011fine de zarar vermedi. Aksine, i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 bu ak\u0131l hocal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte daha desteklenmi\u015f hissetti ve i\u015f ortam\u0131ndaki genel atmosfer iyile\u015fti.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><b>\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi nedir?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yukardaki \u00f6rnek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n mesleki becerilerini art\u0131racak \u00e7ok say\u0131daki basit yollardan yaln\u0131zca biridir. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n kendisi taraf\u0131ndan, iyi olu\u015funu ve mental sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik olarak i\u015f ve i\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesidir ve hem\u015firenin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, i\u015fin baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinde basit ve bilin\u00e7li de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaparak i\u015fin \u00f6nemli <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">iyi olu\u015f ve motivasyon kaynaklar\u0131 ile daha iyi uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130ster kendi i\u015finizde beceriklili\u011finizi art\u0131r\u0131n, ister bir dan\u0131\u015fana i\u015f beceriklili\u011finin nas\u0131l art\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair rehberlik ediyor olun, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001879111000789\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar g\u00f6steriyor ki<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> i\u015f beceriklili\u011fi ile ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklini de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin bir\u00e7ok i\u015fe yarar yolu vard\u0131r. Bunlardan biri yeni \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenmek ve ki\u015finin kendi profesyonelli\u011fini art\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin d\u00fczenli olarak dan\u0131\u015fanlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorsam ve aram\u0131zda ortak bir dil yoksa, dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131m\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dili \u00f6\u011frenmek daha faydal\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim olu\u015fturmaya ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f hayat\u0131ma bir anlam katmaya yarayabilir mi?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi nas\u0131l art\u0131r\u0131labilir?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daha zorlay\u0131c\u0131 projeler bulmak ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 yollar denemek, i\u015f yerinde rutinle\u015fme ve can s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 giderebilir. Bu da ki\u015finin i\u015fine dair kendisini motive eden ve ona \u00e7ekici gelen yollar\u0131 belirlemesiyle yap\u0131labilir. Belki de \u015firket kapsam\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lacak yeni bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak test eden ilk ki\u015filerden biri olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Daha sonra zorunlu hale gelecek bir \u015feyi yapmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fi mesleki yeterlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7abay\u0131 daha keyifli ve daha \u00f6d\u00fcllendirici bulabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer ile (\u00f6rne\u011fin m\u00fc\u015fteriler, hastalar) etkile\u015fimlerin s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kalitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek sosyal kaynaklar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek, i\u015fte daha fazla iyi olu\u015fa ve yap\u0131lan i\u015fteki anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, y\u00f6neticimden geri bildirim almak istersem bunu ondan rica edebilirim. Bir y\u00f6netici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na daha dikkat edebilir, onlara ilgi g\u00f6sterebilir ve nas\u0131l olduklar\u0131n\u0131 daha s\u0131k sorabilirim. Sosyal kaynaklar meslekta\u015flar ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck etkile\u015fimlerde ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeterek, nas\u0131l olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sorarak ve i\u015fle ilgili olmayan konular hakk\u0131nda konu\u015farak da te\u015fvik edilebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Faydalar\u0131 nedir?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u015finin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin neden dan\u0131\u015fanlar, meslekta\u015flar\u0131 veya genel olarak toplum i\u00e7in de\u011ferli oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatarak da yap\u0131lan i\u015fin anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik edilebilir. Pademi s\u00fcresince i\u015f yerinde engellenmi\u015flik ve yetersizlik hissetmi\u015f olabilirim, ancak yaln\u0131zca ula\u015f\u0131lamayan y\u00f6nlere odaklanmak yerine son derece zorlu zamanlarda ba\u015far\u0131lan olumlu \u015feyleri kendime hat\u0131rlatmak, yap\u0131lan i\u015fle bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve anlam olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi genellikle bir ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lsa da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ekipleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nlerini belirlemek, bireysel i\u015flerini geli\u015ftirmek ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde bir ekip olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yollar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir araya gelebilirler. Y\u00f6neticiler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n birbirlerini desteklemenin yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak ekibi zorluklar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha esnek hale gelebilir ve ekip bu zamanlarda iyi olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu i\u015f beceriklili\u011fi \u00f6rnekleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iyi olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek ad\u0131na bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi i\u00e7in pratik ve uygulanabilir y\u00f6ntemlerdir. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\/full\/html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">End\u00fcstri ve \u00f6rg\u00fct psikolojisinden elde edilen ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ki\u015finin g\u00f6revlerini, i\u015fin yap\u0131lma bi\u00e7imlerini ve i\u015fteki sosyal ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirerek ko\u015fullar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmenin ki\u015finin iyi olu\u015funu ve zihinsel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi zorlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ve fazla i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn olumsuz etkilerini ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n iyi olu\u015funa dair duygusal talepleri azaltabilir. \u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011finin temel amac\u0131 i\u015f yerinde iyi olu\u015fu art\u0131rmak olsa da <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0ayn\u0131 zamanda olumlu yan etkiler<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> olarak artan etkinlik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k gibi de\u011ferli sonu\u00e7larla da ili\u015fkilidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar g\u00fcnl\u00fck liderlik ve proaktif i\u015f beceriklili\u011fini destekleyerek sa\u011fl\u0131k ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, anlaml\u0131 ve \u00fcretken bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma deneyimi ya\u015fayabilirler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pratik \u00d6neriler<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0130\u015fimde asl\u0131nda neler yap\u0131yorum? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fini art\u0131rmaya, i\u015finizde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6revleri ve i\u015fte temas halinde oldu\u011funuz insanlar\u0131 listeleyerek ba\u015flayabilirsiniz. Bu, i\u015finize dair genel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunar ve beceriklili\u011fi art\u0131rmaya dair bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 belirlemenizi sa\u011flar.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bana ilham veren \u015feyler ne? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu listeden g\u00f6revin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n en ilham verici, ilgi \u00e7ekici ve tatmin edici buldu\u011funuz g\u00f6revleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerini, etkile\u015fimleri ve ki\u015fileri i\u015faretleyin.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0130\u015fimde bana ilham veren \u015feyleri nas\u0131l art\u0131rabilirim? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu i\u015faretli y\u00f6nlerden odaklanmak i\u00e7in en ilham verici olanlardan 1-3 tanesini se\u00e7in. Ard\u0131ndan bunlar\u0131 daha fazla nas\u0131l yapabilece\u011finize dair bir beyin f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 yap\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131zla daha fazla ileti\u015fim kurman\u0131z m\u0131 gerekiyor? Yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 denemeye mi ba\u015flayacaks\u0131n\u0131z? Ya da yeni bir beceri \u00f6\u011frenmeyi mi deneyeceksiniz?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Neleri, ne zaman de\u011fi\u015ftireceksiniz? Plan yap\u0131n!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> De\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi veya farkl\u0131 yapmay\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011finiz \u015feylerle ilgili somut bir plan yap\u0131n. Plan\u0131 nas\u0131l ve ne zaman eyleme ge\u00e7ireceksiniz ve ki\u015fisel i\u015f beceriklili\u011finizin ilerlemesini nas\u0131l izleyeceksiniz?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla ba\u015flamak i\u015fe yarayabilir.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Eski rutinler, aceleci olmak, i\u015f beceriklili\u011fini art\u0131rman\u0131n yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Sab\u0131rl\u0131 olun. \u0130\u015fi daha iyi hale getirmek zaman al\u0131r ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck iyile\u015ftirmelerle ba\u015flamak, i\u015f beceriklili\u011fi i\u00e7in etkinli\u011finizi art\u0131rman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Translated by Alper Erdem]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edited by National Editor Selen Ozbek, MSc<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland What parts of my work do I find motivating, engaging and most beneficial for my well-being? What can I do to get more of these things in my [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2750,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"{:en}<strong>by Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland<\/strong>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What parts of my work do I find motivating, engaging and most beneficial for my well-being? What can I do to get more of these things in my work?&nbsp;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After beginning to feel stressed, slightly bored and \u201cin a rut\u201d at work, a nurse with a long career and strong professional expertise began to ask herself these questions. The answers to these questions led her to begin mentoring some of her younger colleagues, helping her to feel more competent in her work and more connected to her colleagues, and to again find meaning in her day to day routines. This small change to the way she did her job improved her work-related well-being, and importantly, did not harm the overall operation and effectiveness of the hospital. Rather, her colleagues felt better supported through this mentorship and the overall atmosphere at work improved.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><!--more-->\n\n<b>What is job crafting?&nbsp;<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This example is one of the numerous and simple ways that employees might craft their jobs. The process this nurse undertook is one example of \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, which is about employee-initiated ways to improve work and working conditions in order to benefit one\u2019s well-being and mental health. The fundamental idea is that by making simple, conscious changes to some aspects of the work, that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">work will better align with important sources of well-being and motivation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whether you are crafting your own job or counseling a patient on how to craft theirs, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research shows<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that there are several useful possibilities for changing one\u2019s work via job crafting. One option is to learn new things and develop oneself professionally. For example, if I regularly meet patients and we lack a common language, could it provide more rewarding communication and add meaning to my daily work if I learned some of the language my patients can use?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span>\n\n<b>How to do job crafting?&nbsp;<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finding new challenging projects and trying out new ways of working may also combat excessive routinization and boredom at work. This can be done by identifying things that were initially engaging and motivating in one\u2019s job. Perhaps there is a possibility to be among the first to voluntarily test a new software due to be launched in the whole organization. By volunteering to do something that will later become mandatory, one might find the effort more pleasant and more rewarding in terms of one\u2019s professional competence.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promoting social resources by changing the frequency and quality of interactions with colleagues and stakeholders (e.g., customers, patients) can also lead to better wellbeing and meaningfulness at work. For instance, if I yearn for feedback from my supervisor, I could ask for such feedback. As a supervisor, I could also pay better attention to the needs of the employees, show interest in them, and more frequently ask how they are doing. Social resources may also be promoted in everyday interactions with colleagues, such as by showing consideration to others, asking how they are doing, and having conversations about non-work-related matters.<\/span>\n\n<b>What are the benefits?&nbsp;<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the meaningfulness of one\u2019s work may be fostered by recalling why the work that one does is valuable for others, such as for patients, colleagues, or society at large. I may have felt frustration and insufficiency at work during the pandemic but reminding myself of everything positive that was accomplished during the highly demanding times, rather than focusing only on aspects that were not achieved, may provide a sense of engagement and meaning at work.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although job crafting is typically done by an individual, work teams can also come together to identify their strengths, craft their individual jobs and collaboratively develop ways of optimally functioning as a team. By finding new ways to support each other, including supervisors and subordinates, the team can become more resilient and thus maintain their well-being during hardships and challenging times.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These examples of job crafting are practical and doable for many to improve one\u2019s work conditions and thus one\u2019s well-being. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The accumulated research knowledge from work and organizational psychology suggests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that by crafting one\u2019s work tasks, the ways work is done, and social relationships at work, it is possible to improve one\u2019s conditions at work and thus foster one\u2019s well-being and mental health. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Job crafting is even possible under highly demanding working conditions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and can mitigate the negative impacts of high workload and emotional demands on employee well-being. While the primary goal of job crafting is to improve well-being at work, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting is also associated with other valuable outcomes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like increased effectiveness and organizational commitment as positive byproducts. By supporting everyday leadership practices and proactive job crafting, employees can build healthy, meaningful, and productive work experiences in healthcare settings and beyond.<\/span>\n\n<b>Practical recommendations&nbsp;<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>What do I actually do at my job?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Start job crafting by listing all the major and minor tasks you do and people you interact with at work. This offers an overview of your current job and a starting place for crafting it.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>What inspires me?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> From this list, mark the tasks, ways of working, interactions and people that you find most inspiring, engaging and rewarding at work, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">regardless<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of how big or small their role is currently at your work.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>How can I increase the inspiring parts of my job?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Of those marked aspects, choose one to three of the most inspiring to focus on. Then, brainstorm ways you could add more of those elements to your work. For example, would you need to have more contact with colleagues? Start trying new working practices? Or try learning a new skill?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>What to change and when? Plan!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Make a concrete plan regarding the things you chose to change or do differently. How and when will you put the plan into action, and how will you track the progress of your personal job crafting project?&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Starting small may help.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Old routines, hurry and haste can make it difficult to learn new ways of working through job crafting. Be patient! Making work better takes time and starting with minor improvements can help you to build your efficacy as a job crafter.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>{:}{:zh}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u7531\u73cd\u59ae\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u8482\u4e9a\u5b81\u548c\u8d3e\u91cc\u00b7\u54c8\u5361\u5b81\u5171\u540c\u64b0\u7a3f\uff0c\u82ac\u5170\u804c\u4e1a\u5065\u5eb7\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u82ac\u5170<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u6fc0\u52b1\u6211\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u6211\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6700\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u6211\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u611f\uff1f\u201d<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c\u6211\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\uff1f\u201d<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u611f\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u538b\u529b\u5927\u3001\u6709\u4e9b\u65e0\u804a\u3001\u4e14 \u201c\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f4d\u62e5\u6709\u957f\u671f\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u62a4\u58eb\u5f00\u59cb\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5979\u5f00\u59cb\u6307\u5bfc\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e74\u8f7b\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5979\u611f\u89c9\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u66f4\u6709\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0e\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5979\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u518d\u6b21\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5bf9\u5979\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6539\u53d8\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e78\u798f\u611f\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u635f\u5bb3\u533b\u9662\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8fd0\u4f5c\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u6307\u5bfc\u611f\u89c9\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6539\u5584\u3002<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\uff1f<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5458\u5de5\u4eec\u53bb\u91cd\u5851\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u7b80\u5355\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u540d\u62a4\u58eb\u6240\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u5458\u5de5\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u6539\u5584\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4e0e\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3002<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u662f\u5728\u91cd\u5851\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u4e3a\u60a3\u8005\u54a8\u8be2\u5982\u4f55\u91cd\u5851\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u6765\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u6709\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u75c5\u4eba\u89c1\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5171\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u8981\u662f\u6211\u53bb\u5b66\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u589e\u52a0\u610f\u4e49\u5462\uff1f<\/span>\n\n<b>\u5982\u4f55\u53bb\u91cd\u5851\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f8b\u884c\u516c\u4e8b\u548c\u65e0\u804a\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u627e\u51fa\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6700\u521d\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u81ea\u613f\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u8981\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u613f\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u540e\u6765\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u4e13\u4e1a\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u6109\u5feb\u548c\u66f4\u6709\u56de\u62a5\u3002<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u4e0e\u540c\u4e8b\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5173\u8005(\u5982\u5ba2\u6237\u3001\u60a3\u8005)\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u9891\u7387\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u6765\u4e30\u5bcc\u793e\u4ea4\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u5e78\u798f\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u6e34\u671b\u4ece\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90a3\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u53cd\u9988\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53cd\u9988\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7ba1\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u66f4\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u8be2\u95ee\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd1\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u8be2\u95ee\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd1\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8c08\u8bba\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/span>\n\n<b>\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u5904?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u56de\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u5bf9\u75c5\u4eba\u3001\u540c\u4e8b\u6216\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u75ab\u60c5\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u611f\u5230\u6cae\u4e27\u548c\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4f1a\u63d0\u9192\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\u671f\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u5173\u6ce8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6211\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u611f\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u867d\u7136\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5de5\u4f5c\u56e2\u961f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u91cd\u5851\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u534f\u540c\u5f00\u53d1\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bfb\u627e\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u7ba1\u548c\u4e0b\u5c5e\uff0c\u56e2\u961f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u6709\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u56f0\u96be\u548c\u6311\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u4fdd\u6301\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u3002<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u53ef\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u3002<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4ece\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u77e5\u8bc6\u8868\u660e<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u5851\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u5584\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\u3002<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u9ad8\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u751a\u81f3\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u8f7b\u9ad8\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\u548c\u60c5\u7eea\u9700\u6c42\u5bf9\u5458\u5de5\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e78\u798f\u611f\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4f46\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u76f8\u5173<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\uff0c\u5982\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u627f\u8bfa\u5c31\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u652f\u6301\u65e5\u5e38\u9886\u5bfc\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5458\u5de5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ecf\u5386\u3002<\/span>\n\n<b>\u5b9e\u7528\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u6211\u5728\u6211\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5b9e\u9645\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u51fa\u4f60\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u8981\u548c\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f60\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u624b\u91cd\u5851\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u4f60\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u4f60\u76ee\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4f60\u91cd\u5851\u5de5\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u4ec0\u4e48\u6fc0\u52b1\u7740\u6211\uff1f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6807\u8bb0\u4f60\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6700\u9f13\u821e\u4eba\u5fc3\u3001\u6700\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u3001\u6700\u6709\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u5927\u662f\u5c0f\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u6211\u600e\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u9f13\u821e\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff1f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u5230\u4e09\u4e2a\u6700\u9f13\u821e\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u96c6\u601d\u5e7f\u76ca\uff0c\u60f3\u529e\u6cd5\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u5417\uff1f\u5f00\u59cb\u5c1d\u8bd5\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u6280\u80fd\uff1f<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u6539\u53d8\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5f00\u59cb\uff1f<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u8ba1\u5212\uff01\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f60\u9009\u62e9\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u4f60\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f55\u65f6\u5c06\u8ba1\u5212\u4ed8\u8bf8\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4f60\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5851\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff1f<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u4ece\u5c0f\u4e8b\u505a\u8d77\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u65e7\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5306\u5fd9\u548c\u5fc3\u6025\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4f60\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4f5c\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8981\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\uff01\u628a\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ece\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u83b7\u5f97\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6539\u9020\u8005\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<b>\u8bd1\u8005 [\u7531\u90d1\u601d\u8587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u5f20\u9752\u6625\u535a\u58eb\u548c\u6731\u5b87\u822a\u5171\u540c\u5ba1\u6838]<\/b>{:}{:cz}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Janne Kaltiainen a Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jak\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti m\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce jsou pro m\u011b motivuj\u00edc\u00ed, poutav\u00e9 a nejp\u0159\u00ednosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro m\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed? Co mohu ud\u011blat, pro to, abych m\u011bl t\u011bchto podn\u011bt\u016f v\u00edce?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pot\u00e9, co se zdravotn\u00ed sestra s dlouholetou kari\u00e9rou a siln\u00fdmi odborn\u00fdmi znalostmi za\u010dala v pr\u00e1ci c\u00edtit vystresovan\u00e1, znud\u011bn\u00e1 a \"v zajet\u00fdch kolej\u00edch\", za\u010dala si kl\u00e1st tyto ot\u00e1zky. Odpov\u011bdi ji p\u0159ivedly k tomu, \u017ee za\u010dala mentorovat n\u011bkter\u00e9 sv\u00e9 mlad\u0161\u00ed kolegyn\u011b, co\u017e j\u00ed pomohlo c\u00edtit se ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci kompetentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u00edce v\u00a0kontaktu se sv\u00fdmi kolegy a znovu na\u0161la smysl ka\u017edodenn\u00ed rutiny. Tato mal\u00e1 zm\u011bna ve zp\u016fsobu jej\u00ed pr\u00e1ce zlep\u0161ila jej\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pohodu, a co je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, nepo\u0161kodila celkov\u00fd chod a efektivitu nemocnice. Naopak, jej\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 se d\u00edky mentorov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edtili podporov\u00e1ni a celkov\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra v pr\u00e1ci se zlep\u0161ila.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Co je job crafting?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tento p\u0159\u00edklad je jedn\u00edm z mnoha jednoduch\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak mohou zam\u011bstnanci prom\u011bnit svou pr\u00e1ci. Postup, kter\u00fd tato zdravotn\u00ed sestra vytvo\u0159ila, je jedn\u00edm z p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job craftingu<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\", kter\u00fd se zam\u011b\u0159uje na zp\u016fsob, jak z podn\u011btu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f zlep\u0161it pr\u00e1ci a pracovn\u00ed podm\u00ednky ve prosp\u011bch a du\u0161evn\u00ed pohody a zdrav\u00ed. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenkou je, \u017ee proveden\u00edm jednoduch\u00fdch, v\u011bdom\u00fdch zm\u011bn n\u011bkter\u00fdch aspekt\u016f pr\u00e1ce se tato <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pr\u00e1ce l\u00e9pe slad\u00ed s d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi zdroji pohody a motivace.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A\u0165 u\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edte vlastn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci, nebo rad\u00edte pacientovi, jak si ji vytvo\u0159it, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u017ee existuje n\u011bkolik u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak zm\u011bnit svou pr\u00e1ci prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm craftingu. Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je u\u010dit se nov\u00fdm v\u011bcem a profesn\u011b se rozv\u00edjet. Pokud se nap\u0159\u00edklad pravideln\u011b setk\u00e1v\u00e1m s pacienty a chyb\u00ed n\u00e1m spole\u010dn\u00fd jazyk, mohlo by b\u00fdt pro mou ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci p\u0159\u00ednosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a smyslupln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdybych se nau\u010dil n\u011bkter\u00fd z jazyk\u016f, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed moji pacienti?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<b>Jak d\u011blat job crafting?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch projekt\u016f a zkou\u0161en\u00ed nov\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f pr\u00e1ce m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 pomoci s\u00a0bojem proti p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9 rutin\u011b a nud\u011b v pr\u00e1ci. Toho lze dos\u00e1hnout tak, \u017ee najdeme podn\u011bty, kter\u00e9 byly v pr\u00e1ci p\u016fvodn\u011b poutav\u00e9 a motivuj\u00edc\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1 existuje mo\u017enost b\u00fdt mezi prvn\u00edmi, kdo dobrovoln\u011b otestuje nov\u00fd software, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 b\u00fdt spu\u0161t\u011bn v cel\u00e9 organizaci. Kdy\u017e se \u010dlov\u011bk dobrovoln\u011b p\u0159ihl\u00e1s\u00ed k n\u011b\u010demu, co se pozd\u011bji stane povinn\u00fdm, m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159\u00ednosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z hlediska jeho odborn\u00e9 zp\u016fsobilosti.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podpora soci\u00e1ln\u00edch podpory zm\u011bnou \u010detnosti a kvality interakc\u00ed s kolegy a zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami (nap\u0159. z\u00e1kazn\u00edky, pacienty) m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 v\u00e9st k lep\u0161\u00ed pohod\u011b a smysluplnosti pr\u00e1ce. Pokud nap\u0159\u00edklad tou\u017e\u00edm po zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazb\u011b od sv\u00e9ho nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9ho, mohu o ni po\u017e\u00e1dat. Jako nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd bych se tak\u00e9 mohl l\u00e9pe v\u011bnovat pot\u0159eb\u00e1m zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, projevovat o n\u011b z\u00e1jem a \u010dast\u011bji se pt\u00e1t, jak se jim da\u0159\u00ed. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje lze podporovat tak\u00e9 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edch interakc\u00edch s kolegy, nap\u0159\u00edklad projevov\u00e1n\u00edm ohleduplnosti k ostatn\u00edm, dotazov\u00e1n\u00edm se, jak se jim da\u0159\u00ed, a rozhovory o v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 nesouvisej\u00ed s prac\u00ed.<\/span>\n\n<b>Jak\u00e9 jsou benefity?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smysluplnost pr\u00e1ce m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nav\u00edc podpo\u0159ena t\u00edm, \u017ee si \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159ipomene, pro\u010d je jeho pr\u00e1ce cenn\u00e1 pro ostatn\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad pro pacienty, kolegy nebo celou spole\u010dnost. Mo\u017en\u00e1 jsem se b\u011bhem pandemie c\u00edtil v pr\u00e1ci frustrovan\u00fd a nedostate\u010dn\u00fd, ale p\u0159ipom\u00ednat si v\u0161e pozitivn\u00ed, \u010deho se b\u011bhem vysoce n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed poda\u0159ilo dos\u00e1hnout, nam\u00edsto toho, abych se soust\u0159edil pouze na aspekty, kter\u00fdch se nepoda\u0159ilo dos\u00e1hnout, mi m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout pocitu anga\u017eovanosti a smysluplnosti v pr\u00e1ci.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u0159esto\u017ee <\/span><b>job crafting<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> obvykle vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 jednotlivec, mohou se tak\u00e9 spojit pracovn\u00ed t\u00fdmy, aby identifikovaly sv\u00e9 siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, vytvo\u0159ily sv\u00e1 individu\u00e1ln\u00ed pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta a spole\u010dn\u011b vyvinuly zp\u016fsoby optim\u00e1ln\u00edho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fdmu. Nalezen\u00edm nov\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 podpory, v\u010detn\u011b nad\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch a pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch, se t\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, a tak si udr\u017eet pohodu v t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch obdob\u00edch.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tyto p\u0159\u00edklady <\/span><b>job crafting<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> jsou pro mnoh\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 a provediteln\u00e9, aby sami zlep\u0161ily sv\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, a t\u00edm i svou pohodu. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u0159ehledov\u00e9 studie z psychologie pr\u00e1ce a organizace nazna\u010duj\u00ed,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u017ee \u00fapravou pracovn\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f, zp\u016fsob\u016f v\u00fdkonu pr\u00e1ce a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch vztah\u016f na pracovi\u0161ti je mo\u017en\u00e9 zlep\u0161it pracovn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, a t\u00edm podpo\u0159it pohodu a du\u0161evn\u00ed zdrav\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Job crafting je mo\u017en\u00fd i ve velmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a m\u016f\u017ee zm\u00edrnit negativn\u00ed dopady vysok\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee a emo\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1rok\u016f na pohodu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f. A\u010dkoli prim\u00e1rn\u00edm c\u00edlem job craftingu je zlep\u0161en\u00ed pracovn\u00ed pohody, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting je spojen i s dal\u0161\u00edmi cenn\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledky<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter\u00e9 jsou pozitivn\u00edm vedlej\u0161\u00edm produktem, jako je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed efektivity a organiza\u010dn\u00ed anga\u017eovanosti. Podporou ka\u017edodenn\u00edch postup\u016f veden\u00ed a proaktivn\u00edho <\/span><b>job craftingu <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">si zam\u011bstnanci mohou vytvo\u0159it zdrav\u00e9, smyslupln\u00e9 a produktivn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti ve zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch i mimo n\u011b.<\/span>\n\n<b>Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Co skute\u010dn\u011b d\u011bl\u00e1m ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za\u010dn\u011bte s <\/span><b>job crafting <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seps\u00e1n\u00edm v\u0161ech velk\u00fdch i mal\u00fdch \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 pln\u00edte, a lid\u00e9, s nimi\u017e v pr\u00e1ci komunikujete. Nab\u00edz\u00ed to p\u0159ehled o va\u0161\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci a v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod pro jej\u00ed formov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Co m\u011b inspiruje? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Z tohoto seznamu ozna\u010dte \u00fakoly, zp\u016fsoby pr\u00e1ce, interakce a lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou pro v\u00e1s v pr\u00e1ci nejinspirativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, nejpoutav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejp\u0159\u00ednosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, bez ohledu na to, jak velkou nebo malou roli ve va\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b hraj\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Jak mohu zv\u00fd\u0161it inspiruj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti m\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Z t\u011bchto ozna\u010den\u00fdch bod\u016f vyberte jeden a\u017e t\u0159i nejinspirativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edte. Pot\u00e9 si promyslete, jak byste mohli tyto prvky do sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159idat. Pot\u0159ebovali byste nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00edce kontakt\u016f s kolegy? Za\u010d\u00edt zkou\u0161et nov\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed postupy? Nebo se zkusit nau\u010dit novou dovednost?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Co zm\u011bnit a kdy? Pl\u00e1nute!!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Vytvo\u0159te si konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pl\u00e1n, co se rozhodnete zm\u011bnit nebo d\u011blat jinak. Jak a kdy pl\u00e1n uvedete do praxe a jak budete sledovat pokrok v projektu osobn\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1ce?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Za\u010d\u00edt mal\u00fdmi kroky m\u016f\u017ee pomoci.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Star\u00e1 rutina a sp\u011bch mohou zt\u00ed\u017eit u\u010den\u00ed se nov\u00fdm zp\u016fsob\u016fm pr\u00e1ce prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm job craftin. Bu\u010fte trp\u011bliv\u00ed! Zlep\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1ce vy\u017eaduje \u010das a za\u010d\u00edt s drobn\u00fdmi vylep\u0161en\u00edmi v\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee pomoci vybudovat si efektivitu jako job crafter.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>{:}{:da}af Janne Kaltiainen og Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland\n\nHvilke dele af mit arbejde finder jeg motiverende, engagerende og bedst for min trivsel? Hvad kan jeg g\u00f8re for at f\u00e5 flere af disse ting i mit arbejdsliv? Efter at v\u00e6re begyndt at f\u00f8le sig stresset, ked af det og \"i et hjulspor\" jobm\u00e6ssigt, begyndte en sygeplejerske med en lang karriere og st\u00e6rk faglig ekspertise at stille sig selv disse sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l. Svarene p\u00e5 sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5lene f\u00f8rte til, at hun begyndte at vejlede nogle af sine yngre kolleger, hvilket hjalp hende til at f\u00f8le sig mere kompetent i sit arbejde og mere forbundet med sine kolleger, og til igen at finde mening i sine daglige rutiner. Denne lille \u00e6ndring af den m\u00e5de, hun udf\u00f8rte sit arbejde p\u00e5, forbedrede hendes trivsel p\u00e5 arbejde, og vigtigst af alt skadede den ikke hospitalets overordnede drift og effektivitet. Tv\u00e6rtimod f\u00f8lte hendes kolleger sig bedre st\u00f8ttet gennem dette mentorskab, og den generelle atmosf\u00e6re p\u00e5 arbejdet blev forbedret.\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<strong>Hvad er jobformning? <\/strong>\n\nDette eksempel er en af de mange og enkle m\u00e5der, som medarbejdere kan forme deres job p\u00e5. Den proces, som omtalte sygeplejerske iv\u00e6rksatte, er et eksempel p\u00e5 \"<a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\">jobformning<\/a>\", som handler om medarbejderinitierede m\u00e5der at forbedre arbejdsvilk\u00e5r p\u00e5 for at gavne ens trivsel og mentale sundhed. Den grundl\u00e6ggende id\u00e9 er, at ved at lave enkle, bevidste \u00e6ndringer i nogle aspekter af arbejdet, <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\">vil arbejdet bedre tilpasse sig vigtige kilder til velv\u00e6re og motivation<\/a>.\n\nUanset om du laver dit eget job eller r\u00e5dgiver en patient om, hvordan de omformer deres job, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\">viser forskning<\/a>, at der er flere nyttige muligheder for at \u00e6ndre sit arbejde via jobformning. En mulighed er at l\u00e6re nyt og udvikle sig fagligt. For eksempel, hvis jeg j\u00e6vnligt m\u00f8der patienter, og vi mangler et f\u00e6lles sprog, kunne det s\u00e5 f\u00f8re til en mere givende kommunikation og tilf\u00f8je mening i mit daglige arbejde, hvis jeg l\u00e6rte noget af det sprog, mine patienter bruger?\n\n<strong>Hvordan former man sit arbejde? <\/strong>\n\nAt finde nye udfordrende projekter og afpr\u00f8ve nye m\u00e5der at arbejde p\u00e5 kan ogs\u00e5 bek\u00e6mpe overdreven rutine og kedsomhed p\u00e5 arbejdet. Dette kan g\u00f8res ved at identificere ting, der oprindeligt var engagerende og motiverende i ens job. M\u00e5ske er der mulighed for at v\u00e6re blandt de f\u00f8rste til frivilligt at teste ny software, der skal lanceres i hele organisationen. Ved at melde sig frivilligt til at g\u00f8re noget, der senere bliver obligatorisk, vil indsatsen m\u00e5ske give mere mening og v\u00e6re mere givende i forhold til ens faglige kompetencer.\n\nAt bedre sociale ressourcer ved at \u00e6ndre hyppigheden og kvaliteten af interaktioner med kolleger og interessenter (f.eks. kunder, patienter) kan ogs\u00e5 f\u00f8re til bedre trivsel og meningsfuldhed p\u00e5 arbejdet. Hvis jeg for eksempel l\u00e6nges efter feedback fra min vejleder, kunne jeg bede om en s\u00e5dan feedback. Som supervisor kunne jeg ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6re mere opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5 medarbejdernes behov, vise interesse for dem og oftere sp\u00f8rge, hvordan de har det. Sociale ressourcer kan ogs\u00e5 fremmes i dagligdagens samspil med kolleger, s\u00e5som ved at vise hensyn til andre, sp\u00f8rge om, hvordan de har det, og have samtaler om ikke-arbejdsrelaterede forhold.\n\n<strong>Hvad er fordelene? <\/strong>\n\nEns job kan virke mere meningsfuldt, n\u00e5r man bliver mindet om, hvorfor det arbejde man udf\u00f8rer, er v\u00e6rdifuldt for andre, s\u00e5som for patienter, kolleger eller samfundet som helhed. Jeg har muligvis f\u00f8lt frustration og utilstr\u00e6kkelighed p\u00e5 arbejdet under pandemien, men at minde mig selv om alt det positive, der blev opn\u00e5et i de meget kr\u00e6vende tider, i stedet for kun at fokusere p\u00e5 aspekter, der ikke blev opn\u00e5et, kan give en f\u00f8lelse af engagement og mening i arbejdet.\n\nSelvom jobformning typisk udf\u00f8res af en enkeltperson, kan teams p\u00e5 arbejdspladsen ogs\u00e5 have gavn af at m\u00f8des for at identificere deres styrker, forme deres individuelle job og i f\u00e6llesskab udvikle m\u00e5der til at fungere optimalt som et team. Ved at finde nye m\u00e5der at st\u00f8tte hinanden (herunder ogs\u00e5 supervisorer og underordnede) p\u00e5, kan teamet blive mere robust og dermed bevare dets trivsel i udfordrende tider. Disse eksempler p\u00e5 job formning er praktiske og <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\">gennemf\u00f8rlige for mange<\/a> for at forbedre ens arbejdsforhold og dermed ens velv\u00e6re. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\">Forskning indenfor arbejds- og organisationspsykologi<\/a> tyder p\u00e5, at man ved at udforme sine arbejdsopgaver, m\u00e5den arbejdet udf\u00f8res p\u00e5 og sociale relationer p\u00e5 arbejdet kan forbedre sine vilk\u00e5r p\u00e5 arbejdet og dermed fremme sit velv\u00e6re og sin mentale sundhed. Jobformning er endda <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\">muligt under meget kr\u00e6vende arbejdsforhold<\/a> og kan afb\u00f8de de negative virkninger af h\u00f8j arbejdsbyrde og f\u00f8lelsesm\u00e6ssige krav. Mens det prim\u00e6re m\u00e5l med jobformning er at forbedre trivslen p\u00e5 arbejdet, er <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\">jobformning ogs\u00e5 forbundet med andre v\u00e6rdifulde resultater<\/a> s\u00e5som \u00f8get effektivitet og engagement. Ved at underst\u00f8tte at de ansatte tager ejerskab over eget job og l\u00f8bende former det, kan medarbejderne opbygge sunde, meningsfulde og produktive erfaringer i deres arbejde.\n\n<strong>Praktiske r\u00e5d<\/strong>\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong> Hvad laver jeg egentlig p\u00e5 mit arbejde?<\/strong> Start jobformningen ved at liste alle de st\u00f8rre og mindre opgaver du laver og de personer, du interagerer med p\u00e5 arbejdet. Dette giver et overblik over dit nuv\u00e6rende job og et udgangspunkt for at omforme det.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong> Hvad inspirerer mig?<\/strong> Fra denne liste skal du markere de opgaver, m\u00e5der at arbejde p\u00e5, interaktioner og personer, som du finder mest inspirerende, engagerende og givende p\u00e5 arbejdet, uanset hvor stor eller lille deres rolle er p\u00e5 dit arbejde i \u00f8jeblikket.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Hvordan kan jeg f\u00e5 mere af de inspirerende dele af mit job?<\/strong> Her skal du v\u00e6lge en til tre af de mest inspirerende omr\u00e5der at fokusere p\u00e5. Derefter brainstormer du p\u00e5, hvordan du kan tilf\u00f8je flere af disse elementer til dit arbejde. Skal du for eksempel have mere kontakt til kollegaer? Afpr\u00f8ve nye arbejdsmetoder? Eller pr\u00f8ve at l\u00e6re noget nyt?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Hvad skal \u00e6ndres og hvorn\u00e5r? Planl\u00e6g!<\/strong> Lav en konkret plan vedr\u00f8rende de ting, du valgte at \u00e6ndre eller g\u00f8re anderledes. Hvordan og hvorn\u00e5r vil du s\u00e6tte planen ud i livet og hvordan vil du spore fremskridtene i formningen af dit job.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Start i det sm\u00e5.<\/strong> Gamle rutiner og forcering af tingene kan g\u00f8re det sv\u00e6rt at l\u00e6re nye m\u00e5der at arbejde p\u00e5 gennem jobformning. V\u00e6r t\u00e5lmodig! At forbedre sit arbejde tager tid, og at starte med mindre forbedringer kan ruste dig til at lave de store forandringer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[Oversat af Elisabeth Ginnerup-Nielsen]{:}{:nl}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Door Janne Kaltiainen en Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welke onderdelen van mijn werk vind ik motiverend, boeiend en het meest bevorderlijk voor mijn welzijn? Wat kan ik doen om meer van deze dingen uit mijn werk te halen?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Een verpleegkundige met een lange carri\u00e8re en veel expertise begon haarzelf dit af te vragen, nadat ze merkte dat ze zich gestrest en verveeld op werk voelde en dat ze het gevoel had dat ze in een sleur zat. De antwoorden van deze vragen leiden haar naar het mentorschap van enkele van haar jongere collega\u2019s. Dit mentorschap zorgde ervoor dat ze zich meer competent voelde in haar werk, meer verbonden was met haar collega\u2019s en ze weer betekenis begon te vinden in haar dagelijkse routine. Deze kleine verandering in haar werkaanpak verbeterde haar werkgerelateerde welzijn, maar daarnaast ook belangrijk gezien, schaadde het de werking en effectiviteit van het ziekenhuis niet. Integendeel, haar collega\u2019s voelde zich beter ondersteund door het mentorschap en de werkatmosfeer verbeterde.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Wat is baanboetseren?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Het proces dat deze verpleegkundige ondernam, is een van de vele en simpele manieren waarop werknemers hun banen kunnen boetseren. Dit \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><b>baanboetseren<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d gaat over veranderingen, ge\u00efntitieerd door de werknemer zelf, die het werk zelf en de omstandigheden verbeteren. Deze verbeteringen zorgen ervoor dat het welzijn en de mentale gezondheid van de werknemer hiervan profiteren. Het fundamentele idee is dat door het maken van simpele, bewuste veranderingen in een aantal aspecten van het werk, het <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><b>werk beter in lijn is met belangrijke bronnen van welzijn en motivatie<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of je nou je eigen werk aan het boetseren bent of een pati\u00ebnt begeleidt hoe ze het beste hun werk kunnen boetseren, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0001879111000789?via%3Dihub\"><b>onderzoek laat zien<\/b><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dat er een aantal <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nuttige<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mogelijkheden zijn voor het veranderen van iemands werk via baanboetseren. Een optie is door nieuwe dingen te leren en je professioneel te ontwikkelen. Bijvoorbeeld, als ik regelmatig mijn pati\u00ebnten tref en we missen een gemeenschappelijke taal, zou het leren van een taal die mijn pati\u00ebnten gebruiken mij helpen met het hebben van een me<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">er betekenisvolle communicatie en voegt het betekenis toe aan mijn dagelijks werk?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<b>Baanboetseren, hoe doe je dat?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Een andere manier om overmatige routinewerk en verveling op werk tegen te gaan is door het vinden van nieuwe uitdagende projecten en door op andere of nieuwe manieren van werken uit proberen. Dit kan worden bereikt door die dingen van iemand zijn baan te identificeren die in het begin gezien werden als boeiend en motiverend. Misschien is het mogelijk om een van de eerste vrijwilligers te zijn om een nieuwe software te proberen, die door de gehele organisatie op de lange termijn gebruikt gaat worden. Door je dus op te geven voor een nieuwe ontwikkeling die later verplicht wordt, kan de moeite misschien meer als voldoening en belonend aanvoelen in termen van professionele competentie.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Een andere optie voor betere welzijn en betekenisvolheid op werk kan het bevorderen van sociale bronnen zijn door de frequentie en kwaliteit van interacties met collega\u2019s en stakeholders (bijv. klanten of pati\u00ebnten) aan te passen. Bijvoorbeeld, als ik graag feedback van mijn supervisor wil ontvangen, kan ik om feedback vragen. Als een supervisor kan ik ook beter aandacht spenderen aan de behoeftes van de werknemers, interesse tonen in hun en ze vaker vragen hoe het met ze gaat. Sociale bronnen kunnen ook worden bevorderd in alledaagse interacties met collega\u2019s, door rekening te houden met andere door vragen hoe het met ze gaat en door gesprekken aan te gaan die niet werkgerelateerd zijn.<\/span>\n\n<b>Wat zijn de voordelen?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Naast betekenisvolheid van de persoon zijn werk kan het bijdragen aan het ophalen waarom het werk dat iemand doet waardevol is voor andere, zoals v<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">oor pati\u00ebnten, collega\u2019s of de maatschappij. Ik heb dan wel frustratie en ontoereikendheid gevoeld op werk tijdens de pandemie, maar door mezelf te herinneren aan al het positieve d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at tijdens deze veeleisende tijd is bereikt, in plaats van het focussen op alleen aspecten die niet waren behaald, kunnen deze herinneringen een gevoel geven van betrokkenheid o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p werk en betekenis geven.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ondanks dat baan boetseren vaak gedaan wordt door een individu kunnen teams ook hieraan werken. Het team kan hun sterke kanten identificeren en hun individuele banen boetseren en samen manieren te ontwikkelen om optimaal te functioneren als een team.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Door nieuwe manieren te vinden om elkaar te ondersteunen, inclusief supervis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ors en ondergeschikten<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kan een team veerkrachtiger worden en het welzijn behouden tijdens ontberingen en uitdagende tijden.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deze voorbeelden van baanboetseren zijn praktisch en mogelijk uit te voeren door velen die hun werk condities en dus hun welzijn willen verbeteren. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\/full\/html\"><b>De opgebouwde kennis van werk- en organisatiepsychologie suggereert<\/b><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dat door iemand zijn werktaken te boetseren, de manieren waarop werk is gedaan en de sociale relatie op werk, is het mogelijk om iemand zijn condities te verbeteren op werk en dus iemand zijn welzijn en mentale gezondheid te voeden. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><b>Baanboetseren is zelfs mogelijk bij veeleisende werkcondities<\/b><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en kan de negatieve impact van hoge werkdruk en emotionele eisen op de werknemers welzijn verminderen. Terwijl het primaire doel van baanboetseren is om welzijn op werk te verbeteren, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><b>is baanboetseren ook geassocieerd met een andere waarde uitkomsten,<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> namelijk vergrote effectiviteit en arbeidsinzet zijn positieve bijproducten. Door het ondersteunen van dagelijkse leiderschap en proactief baanboetseren, kunnen werknemers een gezonde, betekenisvolle en productieve werk ervaringen opbouwen in de gezondheidszorg en verder.<\/span>\n\n<b>Praktische aanbevelingen<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Wat doe ik eigenlijk op mijn werk?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Start het baanboetseren door op te schrijven welke grote en kleine taken je doet en met de mensen waarbij je interacteert op werk. Dit biedt een overzicht van je huidige werk en geeft een startpunt voor het boetseren.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Wat inspireert me?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Op deze lijst ga je markeren welke taken, manieren van werken, interacties en mensen je het meest inspireren, boeien en als het meest belonend ervaart op je werk, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">onafhankelijk<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> van hoe groot of klein de rol is op je huidige werk.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Hoe kan ik de inspirerende onderdelen van mijn werk vergroten?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Van deze gemarkeerde aspecten, kies je \u00e9\u00e9n tot drie van de meest inspirerende om je op te focussen. Daarna ga je brainstormen op welke manieren je meer van deze elementen kan toevoegen op je werk. Bijvoorbeeld, heb je meer contact nodig met collega\u2019s? Wil je starten met nieuwe werkmethodes? Of wil je een nieuwe vaardigheden leren?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Wat te veranderen en wanneer?<\/b> <b>Ga plannen!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Maak een concreet plan met de dingen die je hebt gekozen om te veranderen of anders wil doen. Hoe en wanneer wil je je plan tot uiting komen en hoe wil je de voortgang volgen van jouw persoonlijke baan boetseer project?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Klein beginnen kan helpen.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Oude routines, haast en spoed kan nieuwe manieren van werken door baanboetseren bemoeilijken. Wees dus geduldig! Werk verbeteren kost tijd en starten met kleine verbeteringen kan helpen om je ontwikkeling tot baan boetseerder effici\u00ebnter verloopt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>{:}{:fi}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kirjoittanut Janne Kaltiainen ja Jari Hakanen, Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL), Suomi<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mik\u00e4 ty\u00f6ss\u00e4ni on motivoivaa, kiinnostavaa ja hy\u00f6dyllisint\u00e4 hyvinvoinnilleni? Mit\u00e4 voin tehd\u00e4, jotta ty\u00f6ni sis\u00e4lt\u00e4isi enemm\u00e4n n\u00e4it\u00e4 asioita?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ty\u00f6ss\u00e4\u00e4n stressaantunut, hieman tylsistynyt ja \u201cj\u00e4m\u00e4ht\u00e4nyt\u201d sairaanhoitaja alkoi kysy\u00e4 itselt\u00e4\u00e4n n\u00e4it\u00e4 asioita, siit\u00e4kin huolimatta, ett\u00e4 h\u00e4n oli pitk\u00e4n uran tehnyt p\u00e4tev\u00e4 ammattilainen. Vastaus n\u00e4ihin kysymyksiin johti nuorempien kollegoiden mentorointiin, mik\u00e4 vahvisti tunnetta, ett\u00e4 h\u00e4n on ty\u00f6ss\u00e4\u00e4n osaava ja osa ty\u00f6yhteis\u00f6\u00e4. T\u00e4m\u00e4n avulla sairaanhoitaja l\u00f6ysi taas merkityksen jokap\u00e4iv\u00e4isist\u00e4 rutiineistaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4 pieni muutos ty\u00f6n sis\u00e4ll\u00f6ss\u00e4 lis\u00e4si h\u00e4nen ty\u00f6hyvinvointia ilman, ett\u00e4 muut sairaalan operatiiviset prosessit tai tehokkuus k\u00e4rsi. T\u00e4m\u00e4 uudistus pikemminkin kohotti ty\u00f6ilmapiiri\u00e4, sill\u00e4 kollegat saivat enemm\u00e4n tukea ja ohjausta ty\u00f6ss\u00e4\u00e4n.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Mit\u00e4 on ty\u00f6n tuunaaminen?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sairaanhoitajan toiminta on yksi lukuisista esimerkeist\u00e4 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ty\u00f6n tuunaamisesta (eng. job crafting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, eli ty\u00f6ntekij\u00e4l\u00e4ht\u00f6isest\u00e4 ty\u00f6tapojen muokkaamisesta niin, ett\u00e4 ty\u00f6 on mielek\u00e4st\u00e4 ja tukee hyvinvointia ja mielenterveytt\u00e4. Perusideana on yksinkertaisten ja tietoisten muutoksien tekeminen johonkin ty\u00f6n osa-alueeseen, jotta <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ty\u00f6ss\u00e4 olisi enemm\u00e4n asioita, jotka vaikuttavat positiivisesti hyvinvointiin ja motivaatioon<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tutkimus n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ett\u00e4 ty\u00f6t\u00e4 voi tuunata monella tavalla, riippumatta siit\u00e4 tuunaatko omaa ty\u00f6t\u00e4si, tai neuvotko potilasta tuunaamaan h\u00e4nen ty\u00f6t\u00e4\u00e4n. Yksi tapa on uusien asioiden oppiminen ja kehittyminen ammattilaisena - oppimisen el\u00e4mykset voivat tuoda ty\u00f6h\u00f6n uutta intoa! Jos esimerkiksi s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti kohtaan potilaita joiden kanssa yhteinen kieli puuttuu, voisiko uuden kielen oppiminen johtaa parempaan kommunikaatioon ja merkityksellisemp\u00e4\u00e4n ty\u00f6h\u00f6n?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<b>Miten t\u00f6it\u00e4 tuunataan?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uusien haastavien projektien l\u00f6yt\u00e4minen ja uusien ty\u00f6tapojen kokeileminen voi olla vastal\u00e4\u00e4ke liialliseen rutiiniin ja tylsistymiseen t\u00f6iss\u00e4. T\u00f6it\u00e4\u00a0voidaan tuunata esimerkiksi tunnistamalla asiat, jotka alun perin olivat kiinnostavia ja motivoivia, eli miettim\u00e4ll\u00e4 mitk\u00e4 asiat ovat motivoineet ryhtym\u00e4\u00e4n juuri t\u00e4h\u00e4n ty\u00f6h\u00f6n. Organisaatiossa on ehk\u00e4 mahdollisuus p\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4 ensimm\u00e4isten joukossa testaamaan uutta ohjelmistoa, jota ollaan tuomassa koko organisaation k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00f6n. Tekem\u00e4ll\u00e4 vapaaehtoisesti jotain, josta my\u00f6hemmin on tulossa pakollista voi helpottaa prosessia ja lis\u00e4t\u00e4 kyvykkyydentunnetta.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kehitt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 kollegoiden v\u00e4list\u00e4 vuorovaikutusta ja kanssak\u00e4ymist\u00e4 eri sidosryhmien (esim. asiakkaiden ja potilaiden) kanssa voi lis\u00e4t\u00e4 sosiaalisia resursseja ja voi my\u00f6s vaikuttaa positiivisesti ty\u00f6hyvinvointiin ja ty\u00f6n merkityksellisyyteen. Jos esimerkiksi kaipaan ty\u00f6st\u00e4ni palautetta, voin kysy\u00e4 t\u00e4st\u00e4 esimiehelt\u00e4ni. Esimiehen\u00e4 taas voisin koittaa olla valppaampi ty\u00f6ntekij\u00f6iden tarpeiden suhteen ja osoittaa kiinnostusta heit\u00e4 ja heid\u00e4n t\u00f6it\u00e4 kohtaan, esimerkiksi kysym\u00e4ll\u00e4 miten heill\u00e4 menee. Sosiaalisten resurssien saatavuutta voidaan my\u00f6s edist\u00e4\u00e4 kollegoiden jokap\u00e4iv\u00e4isess\u00e4 vuorovaikutuksessa aktiivisesti ottamalla toiset huomioon, kysym\u00e4ll\u00e4 mit\u00e4 heille kuuluu ja keskustelemalla asioista, jotka eiv\u00e4t liity t\u00f6ihin.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n\n<\/span>\n\n\n<b>Mit\u00e4 hy\u00f6ty\u00e4 t\u00f6iden tuunaamisella on?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ty\u00f6n merkityksellisyytt\u00e4 voidaan lis\u00e4t\u00e4 my\u00f6s reflektoimalla miksi oma ty\u00f6 on muille, kuten potilaille, kollegoille tai yhteiskunnalle arvokasta. Ty\u00f6ni on saattanut olla todella raskasta ja turhauttavaa pandemian aikana, mutta muistuttamalla itse\u00e4ni positiivisista asioista, joissa olen onnistunut haastavista tilanteista huolimatta voi lis\u00e4t\u00e4 ty\u00f6n imua ja merkityksellisyytt\u00e4.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ty\u00f6n tuunaaminen tapahtuu usein yksil\u00f6tasolla, mutta ty\u00f6tiimit voivat my\u00f6s tehd\u00e4 t\u00e4t\u00e4 yhdess\u00e4. Kollegat voivat esimerkiksi yhdess\u00e4 keskustella vahvuuksistaan ja kehitt\u00e4\u00e4 yksil\u00f6llisi\u00e4 ty\u00f6tapoja niin, ett\u00e4 tiimi toimii kokonaisuudessaan paremmin. L\u00f6yt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 uusia tapoja tukea kollegoita tiimist\u00e4 ja ty\u00f6skentelytavoista voi tulla kest\u00e4v\u00e4mpi\u00e4, mik\u00e4 vuorostaan voi tukea hyvinvointia haastavina aikoina.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00e4m\u00e4 esimerkit ty\u00f6n tuunaamisesta ovat k\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6nl\u00e4heisi\u00e4 ja monelle toteutettavissa olevia keinoja parantamaan ty\u00f6tapoja ja hyvinvointia. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ty\u00f6- ja organisaatiopsykologiassa kertynyt tutkimustieto viittaa siihen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ett\u00e4 ty\u00f6skentelyolosuhteita ja hyvinvointia voidaan edist\u00e4\u00e4 tuunaamalla omia teht\u00e4vi\u00e4 ja miten t\u00f6it\u00e4 tehd\u00e4\u00e4n ja kehitt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 sosiaalisia suhteita ty\u00f6paikalla. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ty\u00f6n tuunaaminen on my\u00f6s mahdollista hyvin haastavissa ty\u00f6olosuhteissa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ja voi lievent\u00e4\u00e4 ison ty\u00f6m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4n ja emotionaalisesti vaativan ty\u00f6n negatiivisia vaikutuksia. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ty\u00f6n tuunaamiseen liittyy my\u00f6s muita etuja<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kuten tehokkuuden ja organisaatiositoutumisen lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyminen. Tukemalla ja kehitt\u00e4m\u00e4ll\u00e4 organisaation johtamista ja proaktiivista ty\u00f6n tuunaamista, ty\u00f6ntekij\u00e4t voivat rakentaa merkityksellisen, tuotteliaan ja hyvinvointia tukevan ty\u00f6ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n terveysalalla ja muuallakin.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<b>K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n suosituksia<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mik\u00e4 on ty\u00f6ni todellinen sis\u00e4lt\u00f6?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Aloita ty\u00f6n tuunaus listaamalla kaikki ty\u00f6teht\u00e4v\u00e4t, niin suuret kuin pienet, ja kaikki henkil\u00f6t, joiden kanssa olet vuorovaikutuksessa t\u00f6iss\u00e4si. T\u00e4m\u00e4 vaihe tarjoaa yleisn\u00e4kym\u00e4n ty\u00f6st\u00e4si ja hyv\u00e4n paikan aloittaa ty\u00f6n tuunaaminen.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mik\u00e4 inspiroi minua?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Valitse listalta ty\u00f6teht\u00e4v\u00e4t, ty\u00f6skentelytavat, interaktiot ja henkil\u00f6t, jotka inspiroivat sinua ja jotka tekev\u00e4t ty\u00f6st\u00e4si palkitsevaa ja merkityksellist\u00e4.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Miten voin tehd\u00e4 enemm\u00e4n asioita, jotka inspiroivat minua? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valitse n\u00e4ist\u00e4 asioista kolme kaikista t\u00e4rkeint\u00e4 asiaa ja ideoi miten voisit lis\u00e4t\u00e4 n\u00e4it\u00e4 asioita ty\u00f6ss\u00e4si. Haluaisitko esimerkiksi olla tekemisiss\u00e4 kollegoiden kanssa enemm\u00e4n, tai oppia jotain uutta?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suunnittele! <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tee konkreettinen suunnitelma.\u00a0 Mit\u00e4 muutoksia l\u00e4hdet toteuttamaan? Milloin ja miten alat tekem\u00e4\u00e4n muutoksia, ja miten seuraat ty\u00f6n tuunaamisen etenemist\u00e4?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Aloita pienesti, etene v\u00e4hitellen. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vanhat rutiinit ja ty\u00f6kiire voi tehd\u00e4 ty\u00f6tapojen muuttamisesta vaikeaa - ole k\u00e4rsiv\u00e4llinen! Ty\u00f6n tuunaamiseen voi menn\u00e4 aikaa, mutta pienet muutokset helpottavat etenemist\u00e4 ja vahvistavat itseluottamusta muuttamaan ty\u00f6tapoja.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n\n<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Suomentanut Malin Ekholm]<\/span>{:}{:fr}par Janne Kaltiainen et Jari Hakanen, Institut finlandais de la sant\u00e9 au travail, Finlande\n\n<strong>Quels sont les aspects de mon travail que je trouve motivants, engageants et les plus b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques pour mon bien-\u00eatre ? Que puis-je faire pour obtenir davantage de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments dans mon travail ? <\/strong>\n\nApr\u00e8s avoir commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se sentir stress\u00e9e, l\u00e9g\u00e8rement ennuy\u00e9e et \"dans une routine\" au travail, une infirmi\u00e8re ayant une longue carri\u00e8re et une solide expertise professionnelle a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se poser ces questions. Les r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 ces questions l\u2019ont amen\u00e9e \u00e0 commencer \u00e0 encadrer certains de ses jeunes coll\u00e8gues, ce qui l\u2019a aid\u00e9e \u00e0 se sentir plus comp\u00e9tente dans son travail et plus proche de ses coll\u00e8gues, et \u00e0 trouver \u00e0 nouveau un sens \u00e0 ses activit\u00e9s quotidiennes. Ce petit changement dans sa fa\u00e7on de travailler a am\u00e9lior\u00e9 son bien-\u00eatre au travail et, surtout, n\u2019a pas nui au fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019h\u00f4pital. Au contraire, ses coll\u00e8gues se sont sentis mieux soutenus par ce mentorat et l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du travail s\u2019est am\u00e9lior\u00e9e.<!--more-->\n\n<strong>Qu\u2019est-ce que le <em>job crafting<\/em> ? <\/strong>\n\nCet exemple est l\u2019une des nombreuses et simples fa\u00e7ons dont les employ\u00e9s peuvent am\u00e9nager leur travail. Le processus entrepris par cette infirmi\u00e8re est un exemple de \"<a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><em>job crafting<\/em><\/a>\", c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de moyens mis en \u0153uvre par les employ\u00e9s pour am\u00e9liorer le travail et les conditions de travail afin de favoriser leur bien-\u00eatre et leur sant\u00e9 mentale. L\u2019id\u00e9e fondamentale est qu\u2019en apportant des changements simples et conscients \u00e0 certains aspects du travail, .\n\nQue vous \u00e9laboriez votre propre travail ou que vous conseilliez un patient sur la mani\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9laborer le sien, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\">la recherche montre<\/a> qu\u2019il existe plusieurs possibilit\u00e9s utiles pour modifier son travail par le biais du <em>job crafting<\/em>. L\u2019une des options consiste \u00e0 apprendre de nouvelles choses et \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper professionnellement. Par exemple, si je rencontre r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement des patients et que nous n\u2019avons pas de langage commun, est-ce que je pourrais communiquer de mani\u00e8re plus enrichissante et donner un sens \u00e0 mon travail quotidien si j\u2019apprenais un peu du langage que mes patients peuvent utiliser ?\n\n<strong>Comment faire du <em>job crafting<\/em> ? <\/strong>\n\nTrouver de nouveaux projets stimulants et essayer de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de travail peut \u00e9galement permettre de lutter contre la routinisation excessive et l\u2019ennui au travail. Pour ce faire, il convient d\u2019identifier les \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui \u00e9taient initialement engageants et motivants dans le cadre de son travail. Il est parfois possible d\u2019\u00eatre parmi les premiers \u00e0 tester volontairement un nouveau logiciel qui doit \u00eatre lanc\u00e9 dans l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019organisation. En se portant volontaire pour faire quelque chose qui deviendra plus tard obligatoire, on peut trouver l\u2019effort plus agr\u00e9able et plus gratifiant en termes de comp\u00e9tence professionnelle.\n\nPromouvoir les ressources sociales en modifiant la fr\u00e9quence et la qualit\u00e9 des interactions avec les coll\u00e8gues et les parties prenantes (par exemple, les clients, les patients) peut \u00e9galement conduire \u00e0 un meilleur bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 une plus grande utilit\u00e9 au travail. Par exemple, si j\u2019aspire \u00e0 un retour d\u2019information de la part de mon superviseur, je peux le lui demander. En tant que superviseur, je pourrais \u00e9galement \u00eatre plus attentif aux besoins des employ\u00e9s, montrer de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour eux et leur demander plus souvent comment ils vont. Les ressources sociales peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre encourag\u00e9es dans les interactions quotidiennes avec les coll\u00e8gues, par exemple en montrant de la consid\u00e9ration aux autres, en leur demandant comment ils vont et en ayant des conversations sur des sujets non li\u00e9s au travail.\n\n<strong>Quels sont les avantages ? <\/strong>\n\nDe plus, il est possible de donner un sens \u00e0 son travail en se rappelant pourquoi celui-ci est utile \u00e0 d\u2019autres, comme les patients, les coll\u00e8gues ou la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son ensemble. J\u2019ai pu ressentir de la frustration et de l\u2019insuffisance au travail pendant la pand\u00e9mie, mais le fait de me rappeler tout ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 accompli de positif pendant cette p\u00e9riode tr\u00e8s exigeante, plut\u00f4t que de me concentrer uniquement sur les aspects qui n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s, peut me donner un sentiment d\u2019engagement et de sens au travail.\n\nBien que le <em>job crafting<\/em> soit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le fait d\u2019un individu, les \u00e9quipes de travail peuvent \u00e9galement se r\u00e9unir pour identifier leurs points forts, \u00e9laborer leurs t\u00e2ches individuelles et d\u00e9velopper en collaboration des moyens de fonctionner de mani\u00e8re optimale en tant qu\u2019\u00e9quipe. En trouvant de nouvelles fa\u00e7ons de se soutenir mutuellement, y compris les superviseurs et les subordonn\u00e9s, l\u2019\u00e9quipe peut devenir plus r\u00e9siliente et ainsi maintenir son bien-\u00eatre pendant les \u00e9preuves et les p\u00e9riodes difficiles.\n\nCes exemples de <em>job crafting<\/em> sont pratiques et r\u00e9alisables par de nombreuses personnes afin d\u2019am\u00e9liorer leurs conditions de travail et ainsi leur bien-\u00eatre<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\">. Les recherches accumul\u00e9es dans le domaine de la psychologie du travail et des organisations<\/a> sugg\u00e8rent qu\u2019en adaptant les t\u00e2ches, les m\u00e9thodes de travail et les relations sociales au travail, il est possible d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les conditions de travail et ainsi de favoriser le bien-\u00eatre et la sant\u00e9 mentale. <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\">Le <em>job crafting<\/em> est m\u00eame possible dans des conditions de travail tr\u00e8s exigeantes<\/a> et peut att\u00e9nuer les effets n\u00e9gatifs d\u2019une charge de travail \u00e9lev\u00e9e et des exigences \u00e9motionnelles sur le bien-\u00eatre de l\u2019employ\u00e9. Si l\u2019objectif premier du <em>job crafting<\/em> est d\u2019am\u00e9liorer le bien-\u00eatre au travail, , comme l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et de l\u2019engagement organisationnel, qui sont des sous-produits positifs. En soutenant les pratiques quotidiennes de leadership et l\u2019am\u00e9nagement proactif des t\u00e2ches, les employ\u00e9s peuvent vivre des exp\u00e9riences de travail saines, significatives et productives dans les \u00e9tablissements de soins de sant\u00e9 et au-del\u00e0.\n\n<strong>Recommandations pratiques <\/strong>\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Qu\u2019est-ce que je r\u00e9ellement dans mon travail ? <\/strong>Commencez par dresser la liste des t\u00e2ches principales et secondaires que vous effectuez, et des personnes avec lesquelles vous interagissez au travail. Vous obtiendrez ainsi une vue d\u2019ensemble de votre emploi actuel et un point de d\u00e9part pour son \u00e9laboration.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Qu\u2019est-ce qui m\u2019inspire ?<\/strong> \u00c0 partir de cette liste, cochez les t\u00e2ches, les m\u00e9thodes de travail, les interactions et les personnes que vous trouvez les plus inspirantes, engageantes et gratifiantes au travail, quelle que soit l\u2019importance de leur r\u00f4le actuel dans votre travail.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Comment puis-je augmenter les aspects inspirants de mon travail ? <\/strong>Parmi ces aspects marqu\u00e9s, choisissez un \u00e0 trois des plus inspirants sur lesquels vous concentrer. Ensuite, faites un remue-m\u00e9ninges sur les fa\u00e7ons dont vous pourriez ajouter davantage de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments \u00e0 votre travail. Par exemple, auriez-vous besoin d\u2019avoir plus de contacts avec vos coll\u00e8gues ? Essayer de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de travail ? Ou essayer d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir une nouvelle comp\u00e9tence ?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Quoi changer et quand ? Planifiez !<\/strong> \u00c9laborez un plan concret concernant les choses que vous avez choisi de changer ou de faire diff\u00e9remment. Comment et quand allez-vous mettre ce plan en \u0153uvre, et comment allez-vous suivre les progr\u00e8s de votre projet personnel de <em>job crafting<\/em> ?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Il peut \u00eatre utile de commencer modestement.<\/strong> Les vieilles routines, la h\u00e2te et la pr\u00e9cipitation peuvent rendre difficile l\u2019apprentissage de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de travail dans le cadre du <em>job crafting<\/em>. Soyez patient ! L\u2019am\u00e9lioration du travail prend du temps et le fait de commencer par des am\u00e9liorations mineures peut vous aider \u00e0 renforcer votre efficacit\u00e9 en tant que <em>job crafter<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[traduit par Alexis Ruffault et Nadine Berndt]\n\nthis is a sci hub link, is it something we want to share? Otherwise, this is the link: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hrm.22054<\/a>{:}{:de}<b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">von Janne Kaltiainen und Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute for Occupational Health, Finnland<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welche Aspekte meiner Arbeit empfinde ich als motivierend, ansprechend und besonders f\u00f6rderlich f\u00fcr mein Wohlbefinden? Was kann ich tun, um mehr von diesen Dingen in meine Arbeit einzubinden?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eine Pflegefachperson mit viel Berufserfahrung und Fachwissen begann sich diese Fragen zu stellen als sie sich bei der Arbeit gestresst, ein wenig gelangweilt und festgefahren f\u00fchlte. Die Antworten auf diese Fragen f\u00fchrten dazu, dass sie begann, einige ihrer j\u00fcngeren Kolleg*innen als Mentorin zu begleiten. Dies half ihr sich in ihrer Arbeit kompetenter und ihren Kolleg*innen verbundener zu f\u00fchlen und wieder einen Sinn in ihrer t\u00e4glichen Routine zu finden. Diese kleine \u00c4nderung ihrer Arbeitsaufgaben verbesserte ihr berufliches Wohlbefinden und, was besonders wichtig ist, beeintr\u00e4chtigte nicht den Gesamtbetrieb und die Effizienz des Krankenhauses. Vielmehr f\u00fchlten sich ihre Kolleg*innen durch das Mentoring besser unterst\u00fctzt und die allgemeine Arbeitsatmosph\u00e4re verbesserte sich.<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Was ist Job Crafting?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dieses Beispiel ist eine der zahlreichen und einfachen M\u00f6glichkeiten, wie Mitarbeitende ihre Arbeit gestalten k\u00f6nnen. Der Prozess, den diese Pflegefachperson durchf\u00fchrte, ist ein Beispiel f\u00fcr \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Job Crafting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\". Es handelt sich hierbei um von den Mitarbeitenden selbst initiierte Anstrengungen ihre Arbeit und ihre Arbeitsbedingungen zu verbessern, um ihr Wohlbefinden und ihre psychische Gesundheit zu f\u00f6rdern. Der Grundgedanke ist, dass durch einfache, bewusste \u00c4nderungen einiger Aspekte der Arbeit <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">eine bessere Passung mit wichtigen Quellen von Wohlbefinden und Motivation hergestellt werden kann<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unabh\u00e4ngig davon, ob Sie selbst Ihre eigene Arbeit umgestalten oder Patient*innen beraten, wie sie Job Crafting durchf\u00fchren k\u00f6nnen, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">die Forschung zeigt<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dass es mehrere n\u00fctzliche M\u00f6glichkeiten gibt, die eigene Arbeit durch Job Crafting zu ver\u00e4ndern. Eine Option besteht darin, neue Dinge zu lernen und sich beruflich weiterzuentwickeln. Wenn ich zum Beispiel regelm\u00e4\u00dfig mit Patient*innen in Kontakt bin und Verst\u00e4ndnisschwierigkeiten bestehen, k\u00f6nnte es die Kommunikation bereichern und meiner t\u00e4glichen Arbeit einen Sinn geben, wenn ich eine Art von Sprache lerne, die meine Patient*innen verstehen und verwenden k\u00f6nnen.<\/span>\n\n<b>Wie setzt man Job Crafting ein?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neue herausfordernde Projekte zu finden und neue Arbeitsweisen auszuprobieren, kann auch \u00fcberm\u00e4\u00dfiger Routinisierung und Langeweile am Arbeitsplatz entgegenwirken. Dies kann beispielsweise geschehen, indem man sich zur\u00fcckerinnert, was an der eigenen Arbeit anfangs interessant und motivierend war. Vielleicht besteht die M\u00f6glichkeit, freiwillig als Erstes eine neue Software zu testen, die sp\u00e4ter in der gesamten Organisation eingef\u00fchrt werden soll. Wenn man etwas freiwillig tut bevor es verpflichtend wird, kann das dazu f\u00fchren, dass der Aufwand als angenehmer und belohnender in Bezug auf die eigene berufliche Kompetenz empfunden wird.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Die F\u00f6rderung sozialer Ressourcen durch Ver\u00e4nderung der H\u00e4ufigkeit und Qualit\u00e4t der Interaktionen mit Kolleg*innen und Interessensgruppen (z. B. Kund*innen, Patient*innen) kann ebenfalls zu einem besseren Wohlbefinden und mehr Sinnhaftigkeit bei der Arbeit f\u00fchren. Wenn ich beispielsweise gerne mehr R\u00fcckmeldung von meiner vorgesetzten Person h\u00e4tte, k\u00f6nnte ich aktiv um eine solche R\u00fcckmeldung bitten. Als vorgesetzte Person k\u00f6nnte ich besser auf die Bed\u00fcrfnisse der Mitarbeitenden eingehen, Interesse zeigen und h\u00e4ufiger nachfragen, wie es ihnen geht. Soziale Ressourcen k\u00f6nnen auch im allt\u00e4glichen Umgang mit Kolleg*innen gef\u00f6rdert werden, indem man beispielsweise auf andere R\u00fccksicht nimmt, nach ihrem Befinden fragt und sich \u00fcber nicht arbeitsbezogene Themen unterh\u00e4lt.<\/span>\n\n<b>Was sind die Vorteile?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dar\u00fcber hinaus kann die Sinnhaftigkeit der eigenen Arbeit dadurch gef\u00f6rdert werden, indem man sich den Wert der geleisteten Arbeit f\u00fcr andere in Erinnerung ruft, beispielsweise f\u00fcr Patient*innen, Kolleg*innen oder die Gesellschaft allgemein. Wenn eine Person w\u00e4hrend der Pandemie Frustration und Unzul\u00e4nglichkeit bei der Arbeit empfunden hat, sich aber auch das Positive bewusst gemacht hat, welches in dieser anspruchsvollen Zeit erreicht wurde, anstatt sich nur auf die nicht erreichten Aspekte zu konzentrieren, kann dies ein Gef\u00fchl von Engagement und Sinn bei der Arbeit vermitteln.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obwohl Job Crafting in der Regel von Einzelpersonen ausgef\u00fchrt wird, k\u00f6nnen auch Arbeitsteams gemeinsam St\u00e4rken ermitteln, ihre individuellen Aufgaben gestalten und zusammen eine optimale Funktionsweise als Team finden. Indem sie, einschlie\u00dflich vorgesetzter Personen und Mitarbeitenden, neue Wege der gegenseitigen Unterst\u00fctzung kreieren, kann das Team widerstandsf\u00e4higer werden und so das Wohlbefinden der Teammitglieder auch in schwierigen Zeiten aufrechterhalten.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diese Beispiele von Job Crafting sind praktisch und f\u00fcr viele machbar, um die eigenen Arbeitsbedingungen und damit das eigene Wohlbefinden zu verbessern. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Das kumulierte Forschungswissen aus der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie deutet darauf hin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dass es m\u00f6glich ist, durch die Gestaltung der eigenen Arbeitsaufgaben, der Art und Weise, wie die Arbeit erledigt wird, und der sozialen Beziehungen am Arbeitsplatz die eigenen Arbeitsbedingungen und damit das eigene Wohlbefinden und die psychische Gesundheit zu verbessern. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Job Crafting ist sogar bei sehr anspruchsvollen Arbeitsbedingungen m\u00f6glich<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> und kann die negativen Auswirkungen von hoher Arbeitsbelastung und emotionaler Anforderungen auf das Wohlbefinden der Arbeitnehmer*innen abmildern. W\u00e4hrend das prim\u00e4re Ziel von Job Crafting die Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens bei der Arbeit ist, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wird Job Crafting auch mit anderen wertvollen Auswirkungen<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> wie erh\u00f6hte Effektivit\u00e4t und organisatorisches Engagement als positive Nebeneffekte in Verbindung gebracht. Durch die Unterst\u00fctzung allt\u00e4glicher F\u00fchrungsaufgaben und proaktiver Arbeitsgestaltung k\u00f6nnen Mitarbeitende gesunde, sinnvolle und produktive Arbeitserfahrungen im Gesundheitswesen und dar\u00fcber hinaus machen.<\/span>\n\n<b>Praktische Empfehlungen\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Was mache ich eigentlich bei meiner Arbeit?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Beginnen Sie Job Crafting damit, dass Sie alle Ihre wichtigen und weniger wichtigen Aufgaben und die Menschen, mit denen Sie bei der Arbeit zu tun haben, auflisten. So erhalten Sie einen \u00dcberblick \u00fcber Ihre derzeitige T\u00e4tigkeit und einen Ausgangspunkt f\u00fcr deren Gestaltung.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Was inspiriert mich?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kreuzen Sie auf dieser Liste die Aufgaben, Arbeitsweisen, Interaktionen und Menschen an, bei denen Sie bei der Arbeit am meisten Inspiration, Engagement und Belohnung empfinden, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unabh\u00e4ngig<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> davon, wie gro\u00df oder klein deren Rolle derzeit bei Ihrer Arbeit ist.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Wie kann ich die inspirierenden Aspekte meiner Arbeit verst\u00e4rken?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> W\u00e4hlen Sie aus diesen markierten Aspekten ein bis drei der inspirierendsten aus, auf die Sie sich konzentrieren m\u00f6chten. Machen Sie sich dann Gedanken dar\u00fcber, wie Sie mehr von diesen Elementen in Ihre Arbeit einbringen k\u00f6nnen. W\u00e4re es beispielsweise sinnvoll, mehr Kontakt zu Ihren Kolleg*innen zu haben, neue Arbeitsmethoden auszuprobieren oder eine neue F\u00e4higkeit zu erlernen?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Was soll wann ge\u00e4ndert werden? Planen Sie!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Machen Sie einen konkreten Plan f\u00fcr die Dinge, die Sie \u00e4ndern oder anders machen wollen. Wie und wann werden Sie den Plan in die Tat umsetzen und wie werden Sie den Fortschritt Ihres pers\u00f6nlichen Job-Crafting-Projekts verfolgen?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fangen Sie klein an<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Alte Routinen, Zeitnot und Eile k\u00f6nnen es schwierig machen, neue Arbeitsweisen durch Job Crafting zu erlernen. Seien Sie geduldig! Es braucht Zeit, die Arbeit grundlegend zu ver\u00e4ndern und ein Beginn mit kleinen Verbesserungen kann Ihnen helfen, Ihre Effektivit\u00e4t als Job Crafter zu steigern.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00dcbersetzt von Bianca B\u00fcrli und Dr. Theresa Pauly<\/span>{:}{:he}By Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health\n\n\u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4, \u05de\u05e8\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05db\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea\u05d9? \u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9?\n\n\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e6\u05d4, \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05e2\u05de\u05de\u05ea \u05d5\"\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4\" \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5. \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d6\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd-\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4. \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d8\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05db\u05da, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e4\u05d2\u05e2 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d4 \u05d2\u05e8\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05e9\u05ea\u05d5\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05e4\u05e8\u05d4.<!--more-->\n\n<strong>\u05de\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d4 \"\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4\" (<\/strong><strong>job crafting<\/strong><strong>)?<\/strong>\n\n\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05de\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d1\u05e2\u05d6\u05e8\u05ea\u05df \u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd. \u05d4\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05dc\"<a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\">\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4<\/a>\", \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7\u05ea \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea 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\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4<\/a>.\n\n\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05da \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05dc \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\">\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05df \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4. \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05d0\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9 \u05de\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05e1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05ea \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05d2\u05de\u05dc\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05e3 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9?\n\n<strong>\u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 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\u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d3\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05e7\u05ea \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05df. \u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d3\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e5 \u05dc\u05e0\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05ea\u05d2\u05de\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea.\n\n\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3, \u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05df \u05e9\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df (\u05dc\u05de\u05e9\u05dc, \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea, \u05de\u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd) \u05d9\u05e9\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4. \u05dc\u05de\u05e9\u05dc, \u05d0\u05dd \u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9, \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05db\u05d6\u05d4. \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc, \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9 \u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05dc\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05dd \u05d1\u05ea\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05e7\u05d3\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05e9\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4.\n\n<strong>\u05de\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea?<\/strong>\n\n\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3, \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d8\u05e4\u05d7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d6\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea \u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05dc. \u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9-\u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4, \u05d0\u05da \u05d0\u05dd \u05d0\u05d6\u05db\u05e8 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8, \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05e7\u05d3 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2\u05d5, \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4.\n\n\u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3, \u05d2\u05dd \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e4\u05d2\u05e9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd, \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d5\u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05de\u05dc\u05d9 \u05db\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea. \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05da \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d6\u05d5, \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd, \u05d4\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05dc\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05e7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.\n\n\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea\u05dd. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\">\u05d4\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05e6\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05e4\u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea<\/a> \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05e2 \u05db\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05dc\u05d8\u05e4\u05d7 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea. <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\">\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8<\/a>, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d7\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05e1 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, <a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\">\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea<\/a>, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d9\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5-\u05d0\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9, \u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05df.\n\n<strong>\u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea<\/strong>\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e6\u05dd \u05e2\u05d5\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9?<\/strong> \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05d8 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d0\u05ea\u05dd \u05e2\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05db\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05ea\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4. \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05dd \u05d5\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4?<\/strong> \u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05e8\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5, \u05e1\u05de\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05db\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05db\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4, \u05de\u05e8\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05d2\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea\u05db\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05db\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05dd.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>\u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9?<\/strong> \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e2\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9-\u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd. \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df, \u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05df \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05e3 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05de\u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05dd. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05ea\u05e6\u05d8\u05e8\u05db\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd? \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05dc\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea? \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d4?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05d9? \u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05e0\u05d5!<\/strong> \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea\u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea. \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc, \u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05ea\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05e7\u05d8 \u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05dd?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>\u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e7\u05d8\u05df \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8.<\/strong> \u05e9\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05de\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05dc\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4. \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e1\u05d1\u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd! \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05d7 \u05d6\u05de\u05df, \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05e2\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05e2\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05db\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05e2\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nTranslated by Dr. Gabriel Nudelman\n\nThe Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel{:}{:id}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">oleh Janne Kaltiainen dan Jari Hakanen, Institut Kesehatan Kerja Finlandia, Finlandia<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bagian mana dari pekerjaan saya yang memotivasi, menarik, dan paling bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan saya? Apa yang dapat saya buat agar mendapatkan lebih banyak hal positif tersebut dalam pekerjaan saya?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ketika mulai merasa tertekan, sedikit bosan dan jenuh di tempat kerja, seorang perawat yang telah berkarir lama dan memiliki keahlian profesional yang kuat mulai menanyakan pertanyaan tersebut pada dirinya sendiri. Jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut menuntunnya untuk mulai mendampingi beberapa rekan yang lebih muda, membuatnya merasa lebih kompeten dalam pekerjaan dan lebih terhubung dengan rekan-rekannya, serta dapat menemukan kembali makna dari rutinitas sehari-harinya. Perubahan kecil tersebut meningkatkan kesejahteraan terkait pekerjaannya, dan yang terpenting, tidak membahayakan kegiatan dan efektivitas rumah sakit. Justru sebaliknya, rekan-rekannya merasa lebih didukung melalui pendampingan yang diberikan dan suasana di tempat kerja menjadi lebih baik.<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Apa itu <\/b><b><i>job crafting<\/i><\/b><b>?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contoh tersebut adalah salah satu dari sekian banyak cara sederhana yang dapat dilakukan karyawan untuk \u201cmenata\u201d pekerjaan mereka. Proses yang dilakukan perawat di atas adalah salah satu contoh \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, yaitu cara-cara yang dilakukan oleh karyawan untuk meningkatkan pekerjaan dan kondisi kerjanya agar dapat bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan dan kesehatan mental seseorang. Ide dasarnya adalah dengan membuat perubahan sederhana dan kesadaran pada beberapa aspek pekerjaan<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, maka pekerjaan itu akan lebih selaras dengan sumber utama yang menciptakan kesejahteraan dan motivasi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Berbagai <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">penelitian menunjukkan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bahwa ada beberapa kemungkinan yang berguna untuk mengubah pekerjaan seseorang melalui <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, baik ketika Anda menyusun pekerjaan sendiri atau berdiskusi dengan pasien tentang cara menyusun pekerjaannya. Salah satunya dengan mempelajari hal-hal baru dan mengembangkan diri secara profesional. Misalnya, secara teratur saya bertemu pasien namun bahasa yang dipakai berbeda, bukankah komunikasi dengan pasien akan lebih bermanfaat dan akan menambah makna pekerjaan jika saya mempelajari beberapa bahasa yang dapat digunakan kepada pasien saya?<\/span>\n\n<b>Bagaimana cara melakukan <\/b><b><i>job crafting<\/i><\/b><b>?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Menemukan proyek baru yang lebih menantang dan mencoba cara kerja baru dapat melawan rutinitas dan kebosanan saat berada di tempat kerja. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi hal-hal yang awalnya menarik dan memotivasi dalam pekerjaan. Misalnya, bisa saja ada kemungkinan menjadi orang sukarelawan pertama yang menguji alat baru yang akan diluncurkan di tempat kerja. Dengan menjadi sukarelawan untuk mencoba sesuatu yang akan menjadi wajib, seseorang mungkin menemukan bahwa upaya tersebut menyenangkan dan bermanfaat dalam peningkatan kompetensi profesionalnya.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mempromosikan sumber daya sosial dengan mengubah frekuensi dan kualitas interaksi dengan kolega dan pemangku kepentingan (misalnya, pelanggan, pasien, dll) juga dapat mengarah pada kesejahteraan dan kebermaknaan yang lebih baik di tempat kerja. Misalnya, jika saya menginginkan umpan balik dari atasan, maka saya dapat bertanya. Sebagai supervisor, saya juga dapat lebih memperhatikan kebutuhan karyawan, menunjukkan perhatian, dan lebih sering bertanya kabar mereka. Sumber daya sosial juga dapat diterapkan dalam interaksi sehari-hari dengan rekan kerja, seperti menunjukkan perhatian, menanyakan kabar, dan membicarakan hal-hal di luar pekerjaan.<\/span>\n\n<b>Apa saja manfaatnya?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selain itu, makna pekerjaan dapat pula dijaga dengan mengingat kembali alasan pekerjaan tersebut berharga bagi orang lain, misalnya untuk pasien, rekan kerja, atau masyarakat luas. Saya mungkin merasa frustasi dan penuh kekurangan terkait pekerjaan selama pandemi, tetapi berusaha mengingatkan diri tentang segala hal positif yang telah dicapai dapat menciptakan rasa terlibat dan bermakna di tempat kerja, daripada hanya berfokus pada kekurangan atau kegagalan.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meskipun <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> biasanya dilakukan secara individual, namun tim kerja juga dapat berkumpul dan membantu mengidentifikasi kekuatan bersama, menyusun pekerjaan masing-masing, dan berkolaborasi menyusun cara yang optimal sebagai sebuah tim. Dengan menemukan cara baru untuk saling mendukung, termasuk antara supervisor dan bawahan, tim dapat menjadi lebih tangguh dan, dengan demikian, dapat mempertahankan kesejahteraan anggotanya selama masa-masa sulit dan penuh tantangan.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contoh-contoh <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tersebut sangat praktis dan dapat dilakukan oleh banyak orang untuk meningkatkan kondisi kerja dan kesejahteraan masing-masing<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Kumpulan pengetahuan dari hasil penelitian psikologi kerja dan organisasi menunjukkan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bahwa dengan menyusun tugas, cara menyelesaikan pekerjaan, dan menata relasi sosial di tempat kerja, dapat meningkatkan kondisi seseorang di tempat kerja dan mendorong kesejahteraan serta kesehatan mentalnya<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bahkan dapat dilakukan meskipun seseorang berada dalam kondisi kerja yang sangat menuntut<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dan dapat mengurangi dampak negatif dari beban kerja yang tinggi serta tuntutan emosional terhadap kesejahteraan karyawan. Sementara tujuan utama <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> adalah meningkatkan kesejahteraan di tempat kerja, namun<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> juga berkaitan dengan hasil positif lainnya<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> seperti peningkatan efektivitas dan komitmen organisasi. Dengan mendukung penerapan praktik kepemimpinan dan menyusun pekerjaan secara proaktif, karyawan dapat membangun pengalaman kerja yang sehat dan bermakna serta produktif dalam konteks perawatan kesehatan dan konteks lainnya.<\/span>\n\n<b>Rekomendasi Praktis<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apa yang sebenarnya saya lakukan dalam pekerjaan saya? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mulailah menyusun pekerjaan dengan membuat daftar semua tugas, baik besar maupun kecil, yang Anda lakukan dan rekan yang berinteraksi dengan Anda di tempat kerja. Hal ini dapat menggambarkan posisi pekerjaan Anda saat ini dan dapat menjadi awal mula untuk menyusun pekerjaan\/<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apa yang menginspirasi saya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? Dari daftar di atas, beri tanda pada tugas, cara kerja, interaksi dan orang-orang yang menurut Anda paling menginspirasi, menarik dan bermanfaat di tempat kerja, terlepas dari seberapa besar atau kecil peran mereka saat ini di tempat kerja Anda.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bagaimana saya menemukan bagian yang menginspirasi dari pekerjaan saya? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dari aspek-aspek yang sudah ditandai tersebut, pilih satu hingga tiga aspek yang paling menginspirasi. Berfokuslah pada tiga aspek tersebut. Kemudian, lakukan <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brainstorming<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tentang cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menambah elemen tersebut ke dalam pekerjaan Anda. Misalnya, apakah Anda perlu lebih banyak berinteraksi dengan rekan kerja? Mulai mencoba cara kerja baru? Atau mencoba mempelajari keterampilan baru?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apa yang harus diubah dan kapan? Rencanakan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">! Buatlah rencana konkret mengenai hal-hal yang Anda ingin diubah atau ingin dilakukan dengan secara berbeda. Bagaimana dan kapan Anda akan menerapkan rencana tersebut, dan bagaimana Anda akan melihat kemajuan atas penyusunan kerja tersebut?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Memulai dari hal yang kecil dapat membantu. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rutinitas lama, terburu-buru dan tergesa-gesa dapat menyulitkan Anda untuk mempelajari cara baru dalam bekerja melalui <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bersabarlah! Membuat pekerjaan menjadi lebih baik akan membutuhkan waktu dan memulai dengan perbaikan kecil dapat membantu Anda mencapai keberhasilan sebagai <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafter<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[diterjemahkan oleh Caroline &amp; Astin Sokang]<\/span>{:}{:it}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quali parti del mio lavoro trovo motivanti, coinvolgenti e pi\u00f9 vantaggiose per il mio benessere? Cosa posso fare per ottenere maggiormente queste cose nel mio lavoro?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un'infermiera con una lunga carriera e una grossa esperienza professionale ha iniziato a porsi queste domande dopo aver iniziato a sentirsi stressata, leggermente annoiata e \"bloccata nella routine\" al lavoro. Le risposte a queste domande l'hanno portata a diventare mentore per alcuni suoi colleghi pi\u00f9 giovani. Questo l\u2019ha aiutata a sentirsi pi\u00f9 competente nel suo lavoro e pi\u00f9 vicina ai suoi colleghi e a trovare di nuovo un significato nella routine quotidiana. Questo piccolo cambiamento nel modo di svolgere il proprio lavoro ha migliorato il suo benessere lavorativo senza danneggiare il funzionamento generale e la qualit\u00e0 dell'ospedale. Anzi, i suoi colleghi si sono sentiti pi\u00f9 supportati grazie a questo tutoraggio e l'atmosfera generale al lavoro \u00e8 migliorata.<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Cos\u2019\u00e8 il <\/b><b><i>job crafting<\/i><\/b><b>?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Questo esempio rappresenta uno dei numerosi e semplici modi in cui i lavoratori possono \u201cmodellare\u201d (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">craft<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) il proprio lavoro. Il processo intrapreso da questa infermiera \u00e8 un esempio di \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\" e riguarda modi intrapresi dai lavoratori per migliorare il proprio lavoro e le proprie condizioni lavorative, accrescendo il proprio benessere e la propria salute mentale. L'idea di base \u00e8 che apportando modifiche semplici e consapevoli ad alcuni aspetti della propria attivit\u00e0, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">il lavoro si concilier\u00e0 maggiormente con le importanti fonti di benessere e di motivazione.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sia che tu stia \u201cmodellando\u201d il tuo lavoro o consigliando un paziente su come \u201cmodellare\u201d il proprio, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0001879111000789?via%3Dihub\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la ricerca<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mostra che esistono diverse possibilit\u00e0 utili per cambiare il proprio lavoro attraverso il <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Un'opzione \u00e8 imparare cose nuove e crescere professionalmente. Ad esempio, se un lavoratore vede regolarmente dei pazienti ma manca un linguaggio comune, potrebbe essere gratificante e dare pi\u00f9 senso al lavoro quotidiano, imparare, almeno in parte, la lingua che usano i pazienti?<\/span>\n\n<b>Come realizzare il job crafting?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trovare obiettivi sfidanti e provare nuovi modi di lavorare pu\u00f2 anche combattere la routine e la noia. Ci\u00f2 si pu\u00f2 ottenere individuando quali cose inizialmente erano coinvolgenti e motivanti. Per esempio ci si potrebbe candidare per essere tra i primi a testare volontariamente un nuovo software che dovrebbe essere lanciato in tutta l'organizzazione. Proporsi come volontari per fare qualcosa che in seguito diventer\u00e0 obbligatoria, potrebbe aiutare a percepire lo sforzo come pi\u00f9 piacevole e pi\u00f9 gratificante, in termini di competenza professionale.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anche investire sulle risorse sociali, modificando la frequenza e la qualit\u00e0 delle interazioni con colleghi e stakeholder (ad esempio clienti o pazienti) pu\u00f2 portare a percepire maggior benessere e a dare senso al lavoro. Ad esempio, se desidero fortemente un feedback da parte del mio responsabile, potrei chiederglielo. Come responsabile, potrei prestare pi\u00f9 attenzione alle esigenze dei collaboratori, mostrare interesse nei loro confronti e chiedere pi\u00f9 frequentemente come stanno. Le risorse sociali possono anche essere promosse nelle interazioni quotidiane con i colleghi, ad esempio mostrando considerazione verso gli altri, chiedendo loro come stanno e conversando su questioni diverse da quelle lavorative.<\/span>\n\n<b>Quali sono i benefici?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inoltre, il senso del proprio lavoro pu\u00f2 essere aumentato ricordando perch\u00e9 il lavoro che si fa \u00e8 prezioso per gli altri, per i pazienti, per i colleghi o per la societ\u00e0 in generale. Se anche si sono provate sensazioni di frustrazione e impotenza sul lavoro durante la pandemia, ricordare a s\u00e9 stessi tutto ci\u00f2 che di positivo \u00e8 stato realizzato durante quei momenti altamente impegnativi, piuttosto che concentrarsi solo su ci\u00f2 che non \u00e8 stato raggiunto, pu\u00f2 dare un senso di coinvolgimento e di significato al lavoro.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sebbene il <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sia in genere un\u2019attivit\u00e0 individuale, i gruppi di lavoro possono anche riunirsi per individuare i propri punti di forza, \u201cmodellare\u201d i compiti di lavoro individuali e pensare, in modo collaborativo, a come funzionare meglio come una squadra. Trovando nuovi modi per sostenersi a vicenda, tanto i responsabili quanto i collaboratori, il gruppo pu\u00f2 diventare pi\u00f9 resiliente ed essere capace di salvaguardare il proprio benessere durante le difficolt\u00e0 e i momenti difficili.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Questi esempi di <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> per migliorare le proprie condizioni di lavoro e quindi il proprio benessere sono pratici e fattibili per la maggior parte delle persone. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\/full\/html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le conoscenze accumulate dalla ricerca di psicologia del lavoro e delle organizzazioni<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> suggeriscono che \u201cmodellando\u201d i propri compiti di lavoro, il modo in cui il lavoro viene svolto e le relazioni sociali sul lavoro, \u00e8 possibile migliorare la propria condizione lavorativa e quindi promuovere il proprio benessere e la propria salute mentale. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il job crafting \u00e8 possibile anche in condizioni di lavoro molto impegnative<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> e pu\u00f2 mitigare gli impatti negativi sul benessere dei lavoratori dovuti a un carico di lavoro elevato e alle richieste emotive. Sebbene l'obiettivo principale del <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sia migliorare il benessere sul lavoro, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">esso \u00e8 associato anche ad altri preziosi effetti secondari<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, quali l\u2019aumento dell\u2019efficacia e del coinvolgimento organizzativo come sottoprodotti positivi. Supportando quotidianamente pratiche di leadership e un<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> proattivo, i lavoratori possono costruire esperienze lavorative sane, significative e produttive sia nei contesti sanitari sia in altri contesti.<\/span>\n\n<b>Informazioni Pratiche\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cosa faccio realmente nel mio lavoro? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inizia il <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> elencando tutti i compiti principali e secondari che svolgi e le persone con cui interagisci. In questo modo \u00e8 possibile avere una panoramica del proprio lavoro e un punto di partenza da cui cominciare il <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Che cosa mi ispira? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A partire da questa lista, segna i compiti, il modo di lavorare, le persone e le interazioni che trovi pi\u00f9 stimolanti, coinvolgenti e gratificanti, indipendentemente da quanto grande o piccolo sia attualmente il loro peso nel tuo lavoro.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Come posso aumentare gli aspetti stimolanti del mio lavoro? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tra gli aspetti elencati scegline da uno a tre tra i pi\u00f9 stimolanti e concentrati su quelli. Poi, fai un <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brainstorming<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> su come aumentare questi elementi nel tuo lavoro. Per esempio, avresti bisogno di avere pi\u00f9 contatti con i colleghi? Iniziare a sperimentare nuove pratiche di lavoro? O provare a imparare una nuova abilit\u00e0?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cosa cambiare e quando? Pianifica! <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fai un piano concreto sulle cose che hai scelto di cambiare o di fare in modo differente. Come e quando metterai in pratica il piano e come monitorerai i progressi del tuo personale <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Iniziare in piccolo pu\u00f2 aiutare. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le vecchie routine e la fretta possono rendere difficile imparare nuovi modi di lavorare attraverso il <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Sii paziente! Serve tempo per rendere il lavoro migliore. Cominciare con piccoli progressi pu\u00f2 aiutare a costruire la propria efficacia lavorativa come <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafter<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[tradotto da Giusi Gelmi, Simona Olivadoti e Veronica Velasco]<\/span>{:}{:lv}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Janne Kaltiainens (Janne Kaltiainen) un Jari Hakanens (Jari Hakanen), Somijas Arodvesel\u012bbas instit\u016bts<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kuras mana darba sast\u0101vda\u013cas es uzskatu par motiv\u0113jo\u0161\u0101m, saisto\u0161\u0101m un vislabv\u0113l\u012bg\u0101kaj\u0101m manai labkl\u0101j\u012bbai? Ko es var\u0113tu dar\u012bt, lai man\u0101 darb\u0101 b\u016btu vair\u0101k \u0161\u0101du sast\u0101vda\u013cu?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tie bija jaut\u0101jumi, kurus sev uzdeva ilggad\u0113ja medm\u0101sa ar lielu profesion\u0101lo pieredzi p\u0113c tam, kad vi\u0146a darb\u0101 bija s\u0101kusi justies saspringta, viegli garlaikota un \u201ciestr\u0113gusi\u201d. Atbildes uz \u0161iem jaut\u0101jumiem mudin\u0101ja vi\u0146u k\u013c\u016bt par mentori da\u017eiem jaun\u0101kajiem kol\u0113\u0123iem, un tas pal\u012bdz\u0113ja vi\u0146ai justies kompetent\u0101kai sav\u0101 darb\u0101 un cie\u0161\u0101k saist\u012btai ar kol\u0113\u0123iem, k\u0101 ar\u012b atkal atrast j\u0113gu ikdienas gait\u0101m. \u0160is izmai\u0146as medm\u0101sas darba ikdien\u0101 uzlaboja vi\u0146as darba labkl\u0101j\u012bbu, un, kas svar\u012bgi, nek\u0101di nekait\u0113ja slimn\u012bcas visp\u0101r\u0113jam darbam un efektivit\u0101tei. Glu\u017ei otr\u0101di, pateicoties mentorei, vi\u0146as kol\u0113\u0123i izjuta nepiecie\u0161amo atbalstu un kop\u0113j\u0101 atmosf\u0113ra darb\u0101 uzlaboj\u0101s.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Kas ir person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161ana?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iepriek\u0161 aprakst\u012btais piem\u0113rs par\u0101da vienu no daudziem un vienk\u0101r\u0161iem veidiem, k\u0101 darbinieki var meistarot person\u012bgo darbu. Medm\u0101sas veikt\u0101s izmai\u0146as vi\u0146as darb\u0101 ir labs paraugs person\u012bg\u0101 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">darba meistaro\u0161anas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> procesam, kas paredz, ka darbinieki pa\u0161i ierosina veidus, k\u0101 uzlabot savu darbu un darba apst\u0101k\u013cus, lai sekm\u0113tu individu\u0101lo labkl\u0101j\u012bbu un psihisko vesel\u012bbu. Pamatideja ir \u0161\u0101da: veicot vienk\u0101r\u0161as, apzin\u0101tas izmai\u0146as noteiktos darba aspektos, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">darbs var tikt lab\u0101k saska\u0146ots ar svar\u012bgiem labkl\u0101j\u012bbas un motiv\u0101cijas avotiem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vai meistarojat savu person\u012bgo darbu vai sniedzat klientam konsult\u0101cijas person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161an\u0101 \u2013 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ka past\u0101v vair\u0101kas noder\u012bgas iesp\u0113jas, k\u0101 main\u012bt savu darbu, meistarojot person\u012bgo darbu. Viena iesp\u0113ja ir apg\u016bt kaut ko jaunu un profesion\u0101li att\u012bst\u012bties. Piem\u0113ram, ja, regul\u0101ri tiekoties ar klientiem, es j\u016btu, ka sazi\u0146\u0101 pietr\u016bkst kop\u012bgas valodas, varb\u016bt, ja es iem\u0101c\u012btos k\u0101du no valod\u0101m, k\u0101d\u0101 run\u0101 mani klienti, es var\u0113tu nodro\u0161in\u0101t efekt\u012bv\u0101ku komunik\u0101ciju un pie\u0161\u0137irt ikdienas darbam liel\u0101ku j\u0113gu?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<b>K\u0101 meistarot person\u012bgo darbu?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jaunu izaicino\u0161u projektu atra\u0161ana un jaunu darba veidu izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101\u0161ana ar\u012b var pal\u012bdz\u0113t c\u012b\u0146\u0101 ar p\u0101rlieku rut\u012bnu un garlaic\u012bbu darb\u0101. To var izdar\u012bt, apzinot to, kas s\u0101kotn\u0113ji sav\u0101 darb\u0101 lik\u0101s saisto\u0161i un motiv\u0113jo\u0161i. Varb\u016bt past\u0101v iesp\u0113ja b\u016bt starp pirmajiem, kas br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgi test\u0113 jaunu programmat\u016bru, kuru paredz\u0113ts ieviest vis\u0101 organiz\u0101cij\u0101? Br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgi darot kaut ko t\u0101du, kas v\u0113l\u0101k k\u013c\u016bs oblig\u0101ts, darbs var \u0161\u0137ist pat\u012bkam\u0101ks un atalgojo\u0161\u0101ks \u2013 pieaug profesion\u0101l\u0101 kompetence.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Soci\u0101lo resursu att\u012bst\u012b\u0161ana, mainot sazi\u0146as bie\u017eumu un kvalit\u0101ti ar kol\u0113\u0123iem un ieinteres\u0113taj\u0101m person\u0101m (piem\u0113ram, klientiem, pacientiem), ar\u012b var uzlabot labkl\u0101j\u012bbas un j\u0113gas izj\u016btu darb\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, ja es v\u0113los sa\u0146emt atsauksmes par savu darbu no sava vad\u012bt\u0101ja, es varu pal\u016bgt \u0161\u0101das atsauksmes. Savuk\u0101rt k\u0101 vad\u012bt\u0101js es var\u0113tu piev\u0113rst liel\u0101ku uzman\u012bbu darbinieku vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, izr\u0101d\u012bt par vi\u0146iem interesi un bie\u017e\u0101k jaut\u0101t, k\u0101 vi\u0146iem kl\u0101jas. Soci\u0101los resursus var veicin\u0101t ar\u012b ikdienas saskarsm\u0113 ar kol\u0113\u0123iem, piem\u0113ram, izr\u0101dot uzman\u012bbu citiem, pajaut\u0101jot, k\u0101 vi\u0146iem kl\u0101jas, un sarun\u0101joties par jaut\u0101jumiem, kas nav saist\u012bti ar darbu.<\/span>\n\n<b>K\u0101di ir ieguvumi?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sava darba noz\u012bmi un j\u0113gas izj\u016btu cilv\u0113ks var veicin\u0101t, atceroties, k\u0101p\u0113c darbs, ko vi\u0146\u0161 veic, ir v\u0113rt\u012bgs citiem, piem\u0113ram, pacientiem, kol\u0113\u0123iem vai sabiedr\u012bbai kopum\u0101. Iesp\u0113jams, pand\u0113mijas laik\u0101 tika izjusta neapmierin\u0101t\u012bba un nesp\u0113ja tikt gal\u0101, ta\u010du atg\u0101dinot sev par visu pozit\u012bvo, kas tika paveikts \u013coti gr\u016btajos laikos, nevis koncentr\u0113joties tikai uz nesasniegt\u0101 aspektiem, var atjaunin\u0101t iesaist\u012b\u0161an\u0101s un j\u0113gas izj\u016btu darb\u0101.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lai ar\u012b person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anu veic katrs individu\u0101li, var san\u0101kt kop\u0101 ar\u012b darba grupas, lai katrs noteiktu savas stipr\u0101s puses, izstr\u0101d\u0101tu person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anas pl\u0101nu un kop\u012bgi formul\u0113tu veidus, k\u0101 optim\u0101li darboties k\u0101 komandai. Atrodot jaunus veidus, k\u0101 atbalst\u012bt citam citu, ieskaitot vad\u012bt\u0101jus un padotos, komanda var k\u013c\u016bt sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ka un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di saglab\u0101t savu labkl\u0101j\u012bbu gr\u016bt\u012bb\u0101s un izaicin\u0101jumu laik\u0101.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anas piem\u0113ri var b\u016bt praktiski un viegli p\u0101r\u0146emami paraugi, ko var izmantot citi, lai uzlabotu sava darba apst\u0101k\u013cus un l\u012bdz ar to ar\u012b individu\u0101l\u0101s labkl\u0101j\u012bbas izj\u016btu. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uzkr\u0101t\u0101s p\u0113t\u012bjumos ieg\u016bt\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas no darba un organiz\u0101ciju psiholo\u0123ijas liecina<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ka, meistarojot person\u012bgo darbu un mainot darba veik\u0161anas veidus un soci\u0101l\u0101s attiec\u012bbas darb\u0101, ir iesp\u0113jams uzlabot savus darba apst\u0101k\u013cus un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di veicin\u0101t individu\u0101lo labkl\u0101j\u012bbu un psihisko vesel\u012bbu. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161ana ir iesp\u0113jama pat \u013coti smagos darba apst\u0101k\u013cos<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, un t\u0101 var mazin\u0101t lielas darba slodzes un emocion\u0101lo pras\u012bbu negat\u012bvo ietekmi uz darbinieku labkl\u0101j\u012bbu. Lai ar\u012b person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anas galvenais m\u0113r\u0137is ir uzlabot darbinieka labkl\u0101j\u012bbu darb\u0101, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0161is process ir saist\u012bts ar\u012b ar citiem v\u0113rt\u012bgiem ieguvumiem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, piem\u0113ram, pozit\u012bvs blakus efekts meistaro\u0161anai ir paaugstin\u0101ta darba efektivit\u0101te, k\u0101 ar\u012b lojalit\u0101te pret uz\u0146\u0113mumu. Atbalstot ikdienas darba vad\u012bbas praksi un proakt\u012bvu person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anu, darbinieki var veidot vesel\u012bgu, j\u0113gpilnu un produkt\u012bvu darba pieredzi gan vesel\u012bbas apr\u016bpes iest\u0101d\u0113s, gan \u0101rpus t\u0101m.<\/span>\n\n<b>Praktiski ieteikumi\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ko es \u012bsti daru darb\u0101<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? S\u0101ciet person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anu, uzskaitot visus prim\u0101ros un sekund\u0101ros uzdevumus, kurus veicat, un cilv\u0113kus, ar kuriem sazin\u0101ties darb\u0101. Tas sniegs p\u0101rskatu par j\u016bsu pa\u0161reiz\u0113jo darbu un veidos s\u0101kumpunktu person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anai.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kas mani iedvesmo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? \u0160aj\u0101 sarakst\u0101 atz\u012bm\u0113jiet uzdevumus, darba veidus, mijiedarb\u012bbu un cilv\u0113kus, kas darb\u0101 jums \u0161\u0137iet visiedvesmojo\u0161\u0101kie, saisto\u0161\u0101kie un gandar\u012bjumu sniedzo\u0161\u0101kie neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, cik liela vai maza ir to loma j\u016bsu darb\u0101.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>K\u0101 es varu palielin\u0101t sava darba iedvesmojo\u0161\u0101s sast\u0101vda\u013cas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? No atz\u012bm\u0113tajiem aspektiem izv\u0113lieties vienu l\u012bdz tr\u012bs visvair\u0101k iedvesmojo\u0161os, uz kuriem koncentr\u0113ties. P\u0113c tam apdom\u0101jiet, k\u0101 savam darbam var\u0113tu pievienot vair\u0101k \u0161\u0101du elementu. Piem\u0113ram, vai jums vajadz\u0113tu vair\u0101k sazin\u0101ties ar kol\u0113\u0123iem? S\u0101kt izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101t jaunas darba metodes? Censties apg\u016bt jaunas prasmes?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ko main\u012bt un kad? Pl\u0101nojiet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">! Izveidojiet konkr\u0113tu pl\u0101nu attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz liet\u0101m, ko izv\u0113l\u0113j\u0101ties main\u012bt vai dar\u012bt cit\u0101di. K\u0101 un kad realiz\u0113siet pl\u0101nu un k\u0101 izsekot person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anas projekta norisei?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Var s\u0101kt ar maziem pirmajiem sol\u012b\u0161iem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ies\u012bkst\u0113jus\u012b rut\u012bna, steiga un neva\u013ca var apgr\u016btin\u0101t person\u012bg\u0101 darba meistaro\u0161anu un jaunu darba veidu apg\u016b\u0161anu. Esiet paciet\u012bgi! Darba uzlabo\u0161ana prasa laiku. J\u016bs varat uzlabot sava darba meistaro\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti, s\u0101kot ar pavisam neliel\u0101m izmai\u0146\u0101m.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tulkoju\u0161as And\u017eela Ber\u0137e un Krist\u012bne M\u0101rtinsone<\/span>{:}{:my}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">oleh<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apakah bahagian kerja saya yang memberi saya motivasi, yang menarik dan yang paling bermanfaat untuk kesejahteraan saya? Apa yang boleh saya lakukan untuk mendapatkan faedah-faedah ini dengan lebih lagi dalam kerjaya saya?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selepas mula merasa tertekan, sedikit bosan dan \"dalam kebiasaan\" di tempat kerja, seorang jururawat dengan kerjaya yang panjang dan kepakaran profesional yang kuat mula bertanya kepada dirinya sendiri soalan-soalan ini. Jawapan kepada soalan-soalan ini menyebabkan beliau mula membimbing beberapa rakan sekerjanya yang lebih muda, membantu beliau berasa lebih cekap dalam kerja dan lebih rapat dengan rakan sekerjanya, dan sekali lagi mencari makna dalam rutin harian beliau. Perubahan kecil pada cara beliau melakukan kerjanya meningkatkan kesejahteraannya, dan yang penting, tidak menjejaskan keseluruhan operasi dan keberkesanan hospital. Sebaliknya, rakan sekerjanya berasa lebih disokong melalui bimbingannya dan keseluruhan suasana di tempat kerja bertambah baik.<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>Apakah itu kraf kerja?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contoh ini adalah salah satu cara yang banyak dan mudah untuk pekerja kraf kerja mereka. Proses yang dilakukan oleh jururawat ini adalah salah satu contoh \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kraf kerja<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\", iaitu cara yang dimulakan oleh pekerja untuk menambah baik kerja dan situasi kerja mereka untuk memberi manfaat kepada kesejahteraan dan kesihatan mental seseorang. Idea asasnya ialah dengan membuat perubahan yang mudah dan <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sedar<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pada beberapa aspek kerja, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kerja itu akan lebih sejajar dengan sumber-sumber penting kesejahteraan dan motivasi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sama ada anda kraf kerja anda sendiri atau memberi kaunseling kepada pesakit tentang cara kraf kerja mereka, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kajian menunjukkan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bahawa terdapat beberapa kemungkinan berguna untuk menukar kerja seseorang melalui kraf kerja. Satu pilihan ialah mempelajari perkara baharu dan mengembangkan diri secara profesional. Contohnya, jika saya kerap bertemu pesakit dan kami tidak mempunyai bahasa yang sama, bolehkah ia memberikan komunikasi yang lebih bermanfaat dan menambah makna kepada kerja harian saya jika saya mempelajari beberapa bahasa yang digunakan oleh pesakit saya?<\/span>\n\n<b>Bagaimana untuk kraf kerja?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mencari projek baru yang mencabar dan mencuba cara kerja yang baru juga boleh memerangi rutin dan kebosanan yang berlebihan di tempat kerja. Ini boleh dilakukan dengan mengenal pasti perkara yang pada mulanya menarik dan memberi motivasi dalam pekerjaan seseorang. Mungkin ada kemungkinan untuk menjadi antara yang pertama menguji perisian baharu secara sukarela kerana akan dilancarkan di seluruh organisasi. Dengan menawarkan diri untuk melakukan sesuatu yang kemudiannya akan menjadi wajib, seseorang mungkin mendapati usaha itu lebih menyenangkan dan lebih bermanfaat dari segi kecekapan profesionalnya.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mempromosikan sumber sosial dengan mengubah kekerapan dan kualiti interaksi dengan rakan sekerja dan pihak berkepentingan (cth., pelanggan, pesakit) juga boleh membawa kepada kesejahteraan dan makna yang lebih baik di tempat kerja. Sebagai contoh, jika saya ingin mendapatkan maklum balas daripada penyelia saya, saya boleh meminta maklum balas sedemikian. Sebagai penyelia, saya juga boleh memberi perhatian yang lebih baik kepada keperluan pekerja, menunjukkan minat terhadap mereka, dan lebih kerap bertanya khabar mereka. Sumber sosial juga boleh dipromosikan dalam interaksi harian dengan rakan sekerja, seperti dengan menunjukkan pertimbangan kepada orang lain, bertanya khabar mereka dan mengadakan perbualan tentang perkara yang tidak berkaitan dengan kerja.<\/span>\n\n<b>Apakah faedahnya?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Di samping itu, kebermaknaan kerja seseorang boleh dipupuk dengan mengingati mengapa kerja yang dilakukan oleh seseorang itu bernilai untuk orang lain, seperti untuk pesakit, rakan sekerja, atau masyarakat pada umumnya. Saya mungkin merasakan kekecewaan dan ketidakcukupan di tempat kerja semasa pandemik tetapi mengingatkan diri saya tentang segala perkara positif yang telah dicapai pada masa yang sangat mencabar, dan bukannya menumpukan hanya pada aspek yang tidak dicapai, mungkin memberikan rasa penglibatan dan makna di tempat kerja.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walaupun kraf kerja biasanya dilakukan oleh individu, pasukan kerja juga boleh berkumpul untuk mengenal pasti kekuatan mereka, mencipta pekerjaan individu mereka dan secara kolaboratif membangunkan cara berfungsi secara optimum sebagai satu pasukan. Dengan mencari cara baru untuk menyokong satu sama lain, termasuk penyelia dan pekerja bawahan, pasukan boleh menjadi lebih berdaya tahan dan dengan itu mengekalkan kesejahteraan mereka semasa kesusahan dan masa yang mencabar.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contoh-contoh kraf kerja ini adalah praktikal dan boleh dilakukan oleh ramai orang untuk memperbaiki keadaan kerja seseorang dan seterusnya kesejahteraan seseorang. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\/full\/html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pengetahuan penyelidikan terkumpul daripada psikologi kerja dan organisasi mencadangkan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> bahawa dengan membina kraf kerja seseorang, cara kerja dilakukan, dan hubungan sosial di tempat kerja, adalah berguna untuk memperbaiki keadaan seseorang di tempat kerja dan dengan itu memupuk kesejahteraan dan kesihatan mental seseorang. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kraf kerja juga boleh dilakukan dalam keadaan kerja yang sangat mencabar<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dan boleh mengurangkan kesan negatif beban kerja yang tinggi dan tuntutan emosi terhadap kesejahteraan pekerja. Walaupun matlamat utama kraf kerja adalah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan di tempat kerja<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kraf kerja juga dikaitkan dengan hasil berharga lain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> seperti peningkatan keberkesanan dan komitmen organisasi sebagai produk sampingan yang positif. Dengan menyokong amalan kepimpinan harian dan pembuatan kerja proaktif, pekerja boleh membina pengalaman kerja yang sihat, bermakna dan produktif dalam tetapan penjagaan kesihatan dan seterusnya.<\/span>\n\n<b>Cadangan praktikal<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apakah sebenarnya yang saya lakukan di tempat kerja saya?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mulakan kraf kerja dengan menyenaraikan semua tugas utama dan kecil yang anda lakukan dan orang yang berinteraksi dengan anda di tempat kerja. Ini memberikan gambaran keseluruhan kerja semasa anda dan tempat permulaan untuk kraf kerja.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apakah yang memberi inspirasi kepada saya?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Daripada senarai ini, tandakan tugas, cara bekerja, interaksi dan orang yang anda rasa paling memberi inspirasi, menarik dan bermanfaat di tempat kerja, tidak kira betapa besar atau kecilnya peranan mereka di tempat kerja anda pada masa ini.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bagaimanakah saya boleh meningkatkan bahagian kerja saya yang memberi inspirasi?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Daripada aspek yang ditandakan tadi, pilih satu hingga tiga aspek yang paling memberi inspirasi untuk anda berikan tumpuan. Kemudian, fikirkan cara anda boleh menambahkan lebih banyak elemen tersebut pada kerja anda. Sebagai contoh, adakah anda perlu mempunyai lebih banyak hubungan dengan rakan sekerja? Atau perlu mencuba amalan kerja baru? Atau cuba belajar kemahiran baru?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Apa yang perlu diubah dan bila? Rancang!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Buat rancangan konkrit mengenai perkara yang anda pilih untuk ubah atau lakukan secara berbeza. Bagaimana dan bila anda akan melaksanakan rancangan tersebut, dan bagaimana anda akan menjejaki kemajuan projek kraf kerja peribadi anda?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bermula dari kecil boleh membantu.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rutin lama dan tergesa-gesa boleh menyukarkan untuk mempelajari cara kerja yang baru melalui kraf kerja. Sabarlah! Membuat kerja lebih baik memerlukan masa dan bermula dengan penambahbaikan kecil boleh membantu anda membina keberkesanan anda sebagai seorang yang membuat kraf kerja.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diterjemahkan oleh Darlina Hani Fadil Azim<\/span>{:}{:pl}Janne Kaltiainen i Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finlandia\n\n<em>Jakie aspekty mojej pracy s\u0105 dla mnie motywuj\u0105ce, anga\u017cuj\u0105ce i najbardziej korzystne dla mojego samopoczucia? Co mog\u0119 zrobi\u0107, by by\u0142o ich wi\u0119cej? <\/em>\n\nGdy piel\u0119gniarka z d\u0142ugim sta\u017cem i du\u017cym do\u015bwiadczeniem zawodowym poczu\u0142a si\u0119 zestresowana, a jednocze\u015bnie znudzona rutyn\u0105 w swojej pracy, zacz\u0119\u0142a zadawa\u0107 sobie powy\u017csze pytania. Odpowiedzi sk\u0142oni\u0142y j\u0105 do podj\u0119cia mentoringu wobec m\u0142odszych kole\u017canek i koleg\u00f3w, co pomog\u0142o jej poczu\u0107 si\u0119 bardziej kompetentn\u0105 w pracy, pog\u0142\u0119bi\u0107 relacje z innymi, a tak\u017ce ponownie odnale\u017a\u0107 sens w codziennych czynno\u015bciach. Ta niewielka zmiana w sposobie wykonywania pracy poprawi\u0142a jej dobrostan zwi\u0105zany z prac\u0105, a co wa\u017cne, nie zaszkodzi\u0142a og\u00f3lnemu funkcjonowaniu i efektywno\u015bci szpitala. To raczej jej kole\u017canki i koledzy poczuli si\u0119 bardziej wspierani, a og\u00f3lna atmosfera w pracy uleg\u0142a poprawie.\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<strong>Czym jest\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>przekszta\u0142canie pracy (ang. job crafting)?<\/strong>\n\nOpisane dzia\u0142anie jest jednym z licznych i prostych sposob\u00f3w, w jaki pracownicy mog\u0105 kszta\u0142towa\u0107 swoje miejsca pracy. Proces, kt\u00f3ry podj\u0119\u0142a opisywana piel\u0119gniarka, jest jednym z przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w \"job craftingu\", czyli inicjowanych przez pracownik\u00f3w sposob\u00f3w modyfikacji pracy i jej warunk\u00f3w w celu poprawy samopoczucia i zdrowia psychicznego. Podstawow\u0105 ide\u0105 jest to, \u017ce poprzez wprowadzenie prostych, \u015bwiadomych zmian w niekt\u00f3rych aspektach wykonywania pracy b\u0119dzie ona lepiej wsp\u00f3\u0142gra\u0142a z czynnikami wa\u017cnymi dla dobrego samopoczucia i motywacji. Niezale\u017cnie od tego, czy to Ty kszta\u0142tujesz swoj\u0105 w\u0142asn\u0105 prac\u0119, czy doradzasz pacjentowi, jak ma to zrobi\u0107, badania pokazuj\u0105, \u017ce istnieje kilka u\u017cytecznych mo\u017cliwo\u015bci zmiany pracy poprzez jej przekszta\u0142cenie. Jedn\u0105 z opcji jest uczenie si\u0119 nowych rzeczy i rozw\u00f3j zawodowy. Na przyk\u0142ad, je\u015bli regularnie spotykasz si\u0119 z pacjentami, z kt\u00f3rymi brakuje wam wsp\u00f3lnego j\u0119zyka, czy nauczenie si\u0119 ich j\u0119zyka mog\u0142oby zapewni\u0107 bardziej satysfakcjonuj\u0105c\u0105 komunikacj\u0119 i doda\u0107 znaczenia Twojej pracy?\n\n<strong>Jak przekszta\u0142ca\u0107 prac\u0119? <\/strong>\n\nZnalezienie ambitnych projekt\u00f3w i wypr\u00f3bowanie nowych sposob\u00f3w pracy r\u00f3wnie\u017c mo\u017ce przeciwdzia\u0142a\u0107 nadmiernej rutynie i nudzie w pracy. Mo\u017cna to zrobi\u0107 poprzez identyfikacj\u0119 rzeczy, kt\u00f3re pocz\u0105tkowo w pracy by\u0142y anga\u017cuj\u0105ce i motywuj\u0105ce. Sprawd\u017a, czy istnieje mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 bycia jedn\u0105 z pierwszych os\u00f3b dobrowolnie testuj\u0105cych nowe oprogramowanie, kt\u00f3re ma zosta\u0107 uruchomione w ca\u0142ej organizacji. Zg\u0142aszaj\u0105c si\u0119 na ochotnika do zrobienia czego\u015b, co p\u00f3\u017aniej i tak \u00a0stanie si\u0119 obowi\u0105zkowe, mo\u017cna uzna\u0107 ten wysi\u0142ek za przyjemniejszy i bardziej satysfakcjonuj\u0105cy z punktu widzenia swoich kompetencji zawodowych.\n\nRozwijanie zasob\u00f3w spo\u0142ecznych poprzez zmian\u0119 cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci i jako\u015bci interakcji ze wsp\u00f3\u0142pracownikami i interesariuszami (np. klientami, pacjentami) mo\u017ce r\u00f3wnie\u017c prowadzi\u0107 do lepszego samopoczucia i nadawania pracy sensu. Na przyk\u0142ad, je\u015bli brakuje mi informacji zwrotnej od mojego prze\u0142o\u017conego, mog\u0119 o ni\u0105 poprosi\u0107. Jako prze\u0142o\u017cony mog\u0119 z kolei zwraca\u0107 wi\u0119ksz\u0105 uwag\u0119 na potrzeby pracownik\u00f3w, okazywa\u0107 im zainteresowanie i cz\u0119\u015bciej pyta\u0107, jak sobie radz\u0105. Zasoby spo\u0142eczne mog\u0105 by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c promowane w codziennych interakcjach ze wsp\u00f3\u0142pracownikami, np. poprzez okazywanie szacunku, pytanie o samopoczucie i rozmowy o sprawach niezwi\u0105zanych z prac\u0105.\n\n<strong>Jakie s\u0105 korzy\u015bci? <\/strong>\n\nZnaczenie pracy mo\u017ce by\u0107 wzmocnione przez przypominanie sobie, dlaczego nasza praca jest warto\u015bciowa dla innych- pacjent\u00f3w, wsp\u00f3\u0142pracownik\u00f3w \u00a0lub ca\u0142ego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa. By\u0107 mo\u017ce podczas pandemii pracy towarzyszy\u0142a g\u0142\u00f3wnie frustracja i niedosyt, ale pami\u0119tanie o wszystkim, co pozytywnego uda\u0142o si\u0119 w\u00f3wczas osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 zamiast skupiania si\u0119 tylko na tym, co si\u0119 nie powiod\u0142o, mo\u017ce da\u0107 poczucie zaanga\u017cowania i znaczenia w pracy.\n\nMimo \u017ce praca jest zazwyczaj wykonywana przez pojedyncze osoby zespo\u0142y robocze mog\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c spotyka\u0107 si\u0119, aby zidentyfikowa\u0107 swoje mocne strony, przekszta\u0142ca\u0107 swoje jednostkowe prace oraz wsp\u00f3lnie opracowa\u0107 sposoby optymalnego funkcjonowania jako zesp\u00f3\u0142. Znajduj\u0105c nowe sposoby wzajemnego wspierania si\u0119, anga\u017cuj\u0105ce prze\u0142o\u017conych i podw\u0142adnych, zesp\u00f3\u0142 mo\u017ce sta\u0107 si\u0119 bardziej odporny, a tym samym zachowa\u0107 dobre samopoczucie w trudnych i wymagaj\u0105cych czasach.\n\nTe przyk\u0142ady job craftingu s\u0105 praktyczne i mo\u017cliwe do wykonania przez wiele os\u00f3b w celu poprawy warunk\u00f3w pracy, a tym samym swojego dobrostanu. Zgromadzona wiedza badawcza z zakresu psychologii pracy i organizacji sugeruje, \u017ce poprzez kszta\u0142towanie zada\u0144 zawodowych, sposob\u00f3w ich wykonywania oraz relacji spo\u0142ecznych w miejscu pracy mo\u017cna poprawi\u0107 warunki pracy, a w konsekwencji tak\u017ce swoje samopoczucie i zdrowie psychiczne. Job crafting jest mo\u017cliwy nawet w bardzo wymagaj\u0105cych warunkach pracy i mo\u017ce z\u0142agodzi\u0107 negatywny wp\u0142yw du\u017cego obci\u0105\u017cenia prac\u0105 i wymaga\u0144 emocjonalnych na samopoczucie pracownika. Chocia\u017c g\u0142\u00f3wnym celem przekszta\u0142cania pracy jest poprawa samopoczucia, job crafting wi\u0105\u017ce si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c z innymi cennymi rezultatami, takimi jak zwi\u0119kszona efektywno\u015b\u0107 i zaanga\u017cowanie organizacyjne. Dzi\u0119ki wspieraniu okre\u015blonych praktyk przyw\u00f3dczych i proaktywnego przekszta\u0142cania pracy pracownicy mog\u0105 budowa\u0107 zdrowe, znacz\u0105ce i produktywne do\u015bwiadczenia zawodowe w plac\u00f3wkach opieki zdrowotnej i nie tylko.\n\n<strong>Zalecenia praktyczne: <\/strong>\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>Co w\u0142a\u015bciwie robi\u0119 w mojej pracy?<\/strong> Zacznij przekszta\u0142canie pracy od wypisania wszystkich wi\u0119kszych i mniejszych zada\u0144, kt\u00f3re wykonujesz, i ludzi, z kt\u00f3rymi masz kontakt w pracy. W ten spos\u00f3b uzyskasz przegl\u0105d swojej obecnej pracy i punkt wyj\u015bcia do jej modyfikacji.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Co mnie inspiruje?<\/strong> Z tej listy zaznacz zadania, sposoby pracy, interakcje i osoby, kt\u00f3re uwa\u017casz za najbardziej inspiruj\u0105ce, anga\u017cuj\u0105ce i nagradzaj\u0105ce w pracy, niezale\u017cnie od tego, jak du\u017ca lub ma\u0142a jest ich obecna rola w Twojej pracy.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Jak mog\u0119 zwi\u0119kszy\u0107 inspiruj\u0105ce elementy mojej pracy? <\/strong>Z tych zaznaczonych aspekt\u00f3w wybierz jeden do trzech najbardziej inspiruj\u0105cych, na kt\u00f3rych warto si\u0119 skupi\u0107. Nast\u0119pnie przeprowad\u017a burz\u0119 m\u00f3zg\u00f3w, w jaki spos\u00f3b m\u00f3g\u0142by\u015b doda\u0107 wi\u0119cej tych element\u00f3w do swojej pracy. Na przyk\u0142ad, czy musia\u0142aby\u015b mie\u0107 wi\u0119cej kontakt\u00f3w ze wsp\u00f3\u0142pracownikami? Zacz\u0105\u0107 pr\u00f3bowa\u0107 nowych metod pracy? Albo nauczy\u0107 si\u0119 nowej umiej\u0119tno\u015bci?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Co zmieni\u0107 i kiedy? Zaplanuj!<\/strong> Stw\u00f3rz konkretny plan dotycz\u0105cy rzeczy, kt\u00f3re postanowi\u0142e\u015b zmieni\u0107 lub robi\u0107 inaczej. Jak i kiedy wprowadzisz ten plan w \u017cycie i jak b\u0119dziesz \u015bledzi\u0107 post\u0119py w realizacji Twojego osobistego projektu job craftingu?<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Rozpoczynanie od ma\u0142ych rzeczy mo\u017ce pom\u00f3c.<\/strong> Stare nawyki, presja i po\u015bpiech mog\u0105 utrudni\u0107 nauk\u0119 nowych sposob\u00f3w pracy poprzez jej przekszta\u0142canie. B\u0105d\u017a cierpliwa! Ulepszanie pracy wymaga czasu, a rozpocz\u0119cie od drobnych usprawnie\u0144 mo\u017ce pom\u00f3c Ci w budowaniu poczucia Twojej skuteczno\u015bci jako \u201ejob crafterki\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nPrzet\u0142umaczone przez Zuzann\u0119 Kwiss\u0119-Gajewsk\u0105 i Ew\u0119 Gruszczy\u0144sk\u0105{:}{:ru}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Janne Kaltiainen \u0438 Jari Hakanen, \u0424\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f, \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f? \u0427\u0442\u043e \u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443, \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435, \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c.<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0434\u0436\u043e\u0431-\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u00bb - \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u00ab<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0451 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044f \u0432\u044b\u0443\u0447\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b?<\/span>\n\n<b>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e (\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u0442\u043e) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438) \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044f \u0436\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u200b\u200b\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439.<\/span>\n\n<b>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u044f \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c (\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439) \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/span>\n\n<b>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b> \u0427\u0435\u043c \u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b> \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b> \u041a\u0430\u043a \u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0418\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d-\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438? \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b? \u0418\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b> \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430? \u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d! <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b> \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435! \u0423\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u044b \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434: \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d<\/span>{:}{:sk}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Janne Kaltiainen a Jari Hakanen, F\u00ednsky in\u0161tit\u00fat pracovn\u00e9ho zdravia, F\u00ednsko<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ktor\u00e9 \u010dasti mojej pr\u00e1ce pova\u017eujem za motivuj\u00face, p\u00fatav\u00e9 a najprospe\u0161nej\u0161ie pre moju pohodu? \u010co m\u00f4\u017eem urobi\u0165, aby bolo v mojej pr\u00e1ci tak\u00fdchto vec\u00ed viac?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Po tom, \u010do sa v pr\u00e1ci za\u010dala c\u00edti\u0165 vystresovan\u00e1 a mierne znuden\u00e1 vo dobre zn\u00e1mych vychoden\u00fdch ko\u013eaj\u00e1ch, si zdravotn\u00e1 sestra s dlhou kari\u00e9rou a siln\u00fdmi odborn\u00fdmi znalos\u0165ami za\u010dala kl\u00e1s\u0165 podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Odpovede ju viedli k tomu, \u017ee za\u010dala mentorova\u0165 niektor\u00fdch svojich mlad\u0161\u00edch kolegov. To jej pomohlo c\u00edti\u0165 sa kompetentnej\u0161iu vo svojej pr\u00e1ci, by\u0165 viac prepojenou s kolegami a op\u00e4\u0165 n\u00e1js\u0165 zmysel vo svojich ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch rutin\u00e1ch. T\u00e1to mal\u00e1 zmena v sp\u00f4sobe, ak\u00fdm vykon\u00e1vala svoju pr\u00e1cu, zlep\u0161ila jej pracovn\u00fa pohodu, a \u010do je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, nepo\u0161kodila celkov\u00fa prev\u00e1dzku a efektivitu nemocnice. Sk\u00f4r sa jej kolegovia prostredn\u00edctvom tohto mentorstva c\u00edtili lep\u0161ie podporovan\u00ed a zlep\u0161ila sa celkov\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra v pr\u00e1ci.<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>\u010co je to \u201cjob crafting\u201d?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tento pr\u00edklad je jedn\u00fdm z mnoh\u00fdch a jednoduch\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov, ako m\u00f4\u017eu zamestnanci dotv\u00e1ra\u0165 svoju pr\u00e1cu. Zmeny, ktor\u00fd t\u00e1to zdravotn\u00e1 sestra uskuto\u010dnila, s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z pr\u00edkladov tzv. \u201e<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job craftingu\u201c \u010di\u017ee dotv\u00e1rania pr\u00e1ce<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ktor\u00fd je o sp\u00f4soboch, ktor\u00e9 iniciuj\u00fa zamestnanci na zlep\u0161enie svojej pr\u00e1ce a pracovn\u00fdch podmienok s cie\u013eom prispie\u0165 k svojej pohode a du\u0161evn\u00e9mu zdraviu. Z\u00e1kladnou my\u0161lienkou je, \u017ee vykonan\u00edm jednoduch\u00fdch, vedom\u00fdch zmien v niektor\u00fdch aspektoch pr\u00e1ce sa <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t\u00e1to pr\u00e1ca lep\u0161ie zlad\u00ed s d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi zdrojmi pohody a motiv\u00e1cie<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010ci u\u017e si dotv\u00e1rate svoju vlastn\u00fa pr\u00e1cu alebo rad\u00edte pacientovi, ako si dotvori\u0165 t\u00fa svoju, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">v\u00fdskum ukazuje<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u017ee existuje nieko\u013eko u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov, ako zmeni\u0165 svoju pr\u00e1cu prostredn\u00edctvom jej dotv\u00e1rania. Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je u\u010di\u0165 sa nov\u00e9 veci a profesion\u00e1lne sa rozv\u00edja\u0165. Ak sa napr\u00edklad pravidelne stret\u00e1vate s pacientmi a ch\u00fdba v\u00e1m vo va\u0161ej komunik\u00e1cii spolo\u010dn\u00fd jazyk, mohlo by to vytvori\u0165 priestor pre u\u017eito\u010dnej\u0161iu komunik\u00e1ciu a prida\u0165 zmysel va\u0161ej ka\u017edodennej pr\u00e1ci, keby ste sa nau\u010dili jazyk, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eu va\u0161i pacienti pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165.<\/span>\n\n<b>Ako sa rob\u00ed \u201cjob crafting\u201d?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H\u013eadanie nov\u00fdch n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch projektov a sk\u00fa\u0161anie nov\u00fdch foriem pr\u00e1ce m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 jedn\u00fdm zo sp\u00f4sobov ako bojova\u0165 proti nadmernej rutine a nude v pr\u00e1ci. D\u00e1 sa to dosiahnu\u0165 identifik\u00e1ciou vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 boli na za\u010diatku v pr\u00e1ci zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 a motivuj\u00face. Mo\u017eno existuje mo\u017enos\u0165 by\u0165 medzi prv\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed dobrovo\u013ene otestuj\u00fa nov\u00fd softv\u00e9r, ktor\u00fd sa m\u00e1 spusti\u0165 v celej organiz\u00e1cii. Ak sa dobrovo\u013ene prihl\u00e1site k nie\u010domu, \u010do sa nesk\u00f4r stane povinn\u00fdm, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 toto \u00fasilie pr\u00edjemnej\u0161ie a pr\u00ednosnej\u0161ie z h\u013eadiska va\u0161ej odbornej sp\u00f4sobilosti.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podpora soci\u00e1lnych zdrojov zmenou frekvencie a kvality interakci\u00ed s kolegami a zainteresovan\u00fdmi stranami (napr. z\u00e1kazn\u00edkmi, pacientmi) m\u00f4\u017ee tie\u017e vies\u0165 k lep\u0161ej pohode a zmysluplnosti v pr\u00e1ci. Napr\u00edklad, ak t\u00fa\u017eite po sp\u00e4tnej v\u00e4zbe od svojho nadriaden\u00e9ho, m\u00f4\u017eete o \u0148u po\u017eiada\u0165. Ako nadriaden\u00fd si m\u00f4\u017eete lep\u0161ie v\u0161\u00edma\u0165 potreby zamestnancov, prejavova\u0165 o nich z\u00e1ujem a \u010dastej\u0161ie sa p\u00fdta\u0165, ako sa im dar\u00ed. Soci\u00e1lne zdroje m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 podporovan\u00e9 aj v ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch interakci\u00e1ch s kolegami, napr\u00edklad prejavovan\u00edm pozornosti ostatn\u00fdm, p\u00fdtan\u00edm sa, ako sa im dar\u00ed, a rozhovormi o veciach, ktor\u00e9 nes\u00favisia s pr\u00e1cou.<\/span>\n\n<b>Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u00fdhody?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zmysluplnos\u0165 svojej pr\u00e1ce mo\u017eno podpori\u0165 t\u00fdm, \u017ee si pripomeniete, pre\u010do je pr\u00e1ca, ktor\u00fa rob\u00edte, hodnotn\u00e1 pre ostatn\u00fdch, napr\u00edklad pre pacientov, kolegov alebo spolo\u010dnos\u0165 ako celok. Mo\u017eno ste po\u010das pand\u00e9mie poci\u0165ovali frustr\u00e1ciu a nedostato\u010dnos\u0165 v pr\u00e1ci. M\u00f4\u017eete si pripom\u00edna\u0165 v\u0161etko pozit\u00edvne, \u010do ste dosiahli vo ve\u013emi n\u00e1ro\u010dnom obdob\u00ed, namiesto toho, aby ste sa s\u00fastre\u010fovali len na aspekty, ktor\u00e9 sa nedosiahli. To v\u0161etko m\u00f4\u017ee prinies\u0165 lep\u0161\u00ed pocit anga\u017eovanosti a zmysluplnosti va\u0161ej pr\u00e1ce.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aj ke\u010f dotv\u00e1ranie pr\u00e1ce zvy\u010dajne vykon\u00e1va jednotlivec, aj pracovn\u00e9 t\u00edmy sa m\u00f4\u017eu spoji\u0165, aby identifikovali svoje siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, vytvorili svoje individu\u00e1lne \u00falohy a spolo\u010dne vyvinuli sp\u00f4soby optim\u00e1lneho fungovania t\u00edmu. N\u00e1jden\u00edm nov\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov vz\u00e1jomnej podpory, vr\u00e1tane nadriaden\u00fdch a podriaden\u00fdch, sa t\u00edm m\u00f4\u017ee sta\u0165 odolnej\u0161\u00edm, a udr\u017ea\u0165 si tak svoju pohodu po\u010das \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch obdob\u00ed.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tieto pr\u00edklady dotv\u00e1rania pr\u00e1ce na zlep\u0161enie pracovn\u00fdch podmienok a t\u00fdm aj celkovej pohody v pr\u00e1ci s\u00fa praktick\u00e9 a pre mnoh\u00fdch uskuto\u010dnite\u013en\u00e9. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nahromaden\u00e9 v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 poznatky z pracovnej a organiza\u010dnej psychol\u00f3gie nazna\u010duj\u00fa<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u017ee vytvoren\u00edm pracovn\u00fdch \u00faloh, sp\u00f4sobov pr\u00e1ce a soci\u00e1lnych vz\u0165ahov v pr\u00e1ci je mo\u017en\u00e9 zlep\u0161i\u0165 podmienky v pr\u00e1ci, a t\u00fdm podpori\u0165 svoju pohodu a du\u0161evn\u00e9 zdravie. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cJob crafting\u201d je mo\u017en\u00fd aj vo ve\u013emi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch podmienkach<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a m\u00f4\u017ee zmierni\u0165 negat\u00edvne dopady vysokej pracovnej z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee a emocion\u00e1lnych n\u00e1rokov na pohodu zamestnancov. Zatia\u013e \u010do prim\u00e1rnym cie\u013eom dotv\u00e1rania pr\u00e1ce je zlep\u0161i\u0165 pohodu v pr\u00e1ci, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup je spojen\u00fd aj s \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi cenn\u00fdmi d\u00f4sledkami<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ako je napr\u00edklad zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 efektivita. Podporou ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch prakt\u00edk vedenia a proakt\u00edvneho dotv\u00e1rania pr\u00e1ce m\u00f4\u017eu zamestnanci budova\u0165 zdrav\u00e9, zmyslupln\u00e9 a produkt\u00edvne pracovn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti v zdravotn\u00edckom prostred\u00ed aj mimo neho.<\/span>\n\n<b>Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u010co vlastne rob\u00edm vo svojej pr\u00e1ci?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Za\u010dnite \u201cjob crafting\u201d zoznamom v\u0161etk\u00fdch hlavn\u00fdch a men\u0161\u00edch \u00faloh, ktor\u00e9 rob\u00edte, a \u013eud\u00ed, s ktor\u00fdmi v pr\u00e1ci komunikujete. To pon\u00faka preh\u013ead o va\u0161ej s\u00fa\u010dasnej pr\u00e1ci a v\u00fdchodiskov\u00e9 miesto pre jej dotvorenie.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u010co ma in\u0161piruje?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> V tomto zozname ozna\u010dte \u00falohy, sp\u00f4soby pr\u00e1ce, interakcie a \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed v\u00e1s v pr\u00e1ci najviac in\u0161piruj\u00fa, zap\u00e1jaj\u00fa a odme\u0148uj\u00fa, bez oh\u013eadu na to, ak\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00e1 alebo mal\u00e1 je ich \u00faloha vo va\u0161ej pr\u00e1ci.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ako m\u00f4\u017eem roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 in\u0161pirat\u00edvne \u010dasti mojej pr\u00e1ce?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Z t\u00fdchto ozna\u010den\u00fdch aspektov vyberte jeden a\u017e tri najin\u0161pirat\u00edvnej\u0161ie, na ktor\u00e9 sa zamerajte. Potom sa zamyslite nad t\u00fdm, ako by ste mohli do svojej pr\u00e1ce prida\u0165 viac t\u00fdchto prvkov. Potrebovali by ste napr\u00edklad viac kontaktu s kolegami? Za\u010da\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 nov\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 postupy? Alebo sa sk\u00fasi\u0165 nau\u010di\u0165 nov\u00fa zru\u010dnos\u0165?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u010co zmeni\u0165 a kedy? Pl\u00e1nujte!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Urobte si konkr\u00e9tny pl\u00e1n t\u00fdkaj\u00faci sa vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 ste sa rozhodli zmeni\u0165 alebo urobi\u0165 inak. Ako a kedy uvediete pl\u00e1n do praxe a ako budete sledova\u0165 postup v\u00e1\u0161ho osobn\u00e9ho projektu v r\u00e1mci \u201cjob crafting\u201d?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Za\u010dnite v malom.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Star\u00e9 rutiny a zhon m\u00f4\u017eu s\u0165a\u017ei\u0165 osvojenie si nov\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov pr\u00e1ce prostredn\u00edctvom \u201cjob crafting\u201d. Bu\u010fte trpezliv\u00ed! Zlep\u0161ovanie pr\u00e1ce si vy\u017eaduje \u010das a za\u010da\u0165 s men\u0161\u00edmi vylep\u0161eniami v\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 vybudova\u0165 si lep\u0161iu efektivitu v dotv\u00e1ran\u00ed pr\u00e1ce v bud\u00facnosti.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Prelo\u017eila Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1]<\/span>{:}{:es}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">por Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finlandia<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 partes de mi trabajo me resultan motivantes, atractivas y m\u00e1s beneficiosas para mi bienestar? \u00bfQu\u00e9 puedo hacer para conseguir m\u00e1s de estas cosas en mi trabajo?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despu\u00e9s de empezar a sentirse estresada, ligeramente aburrida y \"estancada\" en el trabajo, una enfermera con una larga carrera y gran experiencia profesional empez\u00f3 a hacerse estas preguntas. Las respuestas a estas preguntas la llevaron a empezar a ser mentora de algunas de sus colegas m\u00e1s j\u00f3venes, lo que la ayud\u00f3 a sentirse m\u00e1s competente en su trabajo y m\u00e1s conectada con sus compa\u00f1eros, y a encontrar de nuevo el sentido de sus rutinas diarias. Este peque\u00f1o cambio en la forma de hacer su trabajo mejor\u00f3 su bienestar laboral y, lo que es m\u00e1s importante, no perjudic\u00f3 el funcionamiento general ni la eficacia del hospital. Por el contrario, sus compa\u00f1eros se sintieron m\u00e1s apoyados por esta tutor\u00eda y el ambiente general del trabajo mejor\u00f3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el job crafting o redise\u00f1o del trabajo?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Este ejemplo es una de las numerosas y sencillas maneras en que los empleados pueden crear y modificar sus puestos de trabajo. El proceso que emprendi\u00f3 esta enfermera es un ejemplo de \"<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">job crafting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\", que consiste en formas iniciadas por los empleados para mejorar el trabajo y las condiciones laborales en beneficio de su bienestar y su salud mental. La idea fundamental es que al realizar cambios sencillos y conscientes en algunos aspectos del trabajo, \u00e9ste <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">se alinear\u00e1 mejor con importantes fuentes de bienestar y motivaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tanto si se trata de dise\u00f1ar el propio trabajo como de asesorar a un paciente sobre c\u00f3mo dise\u00f1ar el suyo, la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">investigaci\u00f3n demuestra<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que existen varias posibilidades \u00fatiles para cambiar el trabajo de uno mismo mediante la elaboraci\u00f3n de trabajos. Una opci\u00f3n es aprender cosas nuevas y desarrollarse profesionalmente. Por ejemplo, si me re\u00fano regularmente con pacientes y carecemos de un lenguaje com\u00fan, \u00bfpodr\u00eda proporcionar una comunicaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s gratificante y a\u00f1adir significado a mi trabajo diario si aprendiera algo del lenguaje que mis pacientes pueden utilizar?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<b>\u00bfC\u00f3mo hacer job crafting?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encontrar nuevos proyectos desafiantes y probar nuevas formas de trabajar tambi\u00e9n puede combatir la excesiva rutinizaci\u00f3n y el aburrimiento en el trabajo. Esto puede hacerse identificando las cosas que inicialmente eran atractivas y motivadoras en el propio trabajo. Tal vez exista la posibilidad de ser uno de los primeros en probar voluntariamente un nuevo software que se va a lanzar en toda la organizaci\u00f3n. Al ofrecerse para hacer algo que luego ser\u00e1 obligatorio, uno puede encontrar el esfuerzo m\u00e1s agradable y m\u00e1s gratificante en t\u00e9rminos de su competencia profesional.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fomentar los recursos sociales modificando la frecuencia y la calidad de las interacciones con los compa\u00f1eros y las partes interesadas o stakeholders (por ejemplo, los clientes, los pacientes) tambi\u00e9n puede conducir a un mayor bienestar y sentido del trabajo. Por ejemplo, si anhelo que mi supervisor me d\u00e9 su opini\u00f3n, podr\u00eda pedirla. Como supervisor, tambi\u00e9n podr\u00eda prestar m\u00e1s atenci\u00f3n a las necesidades de los empleados, mostrar inter\u00e9s por ellos y preguntarles con m\u00e1s frecuencia c\u00f3mo les va. Los recursos sociales tambi\u00e9n pueden fomentarse en las interacciones cotidianas con los compa\u00f1eros, por ejemplo, mostrando consideraci\u00f3n a los dem\u00e1s, preguntando c\u00f3mo les va y manteniendo conversaciones sobre asuntos no relacionados con el trabajo.<\/span>\n\n<b>\u00bfCu\u00e1les son los beneficios?\u00a0<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adem\u00e1s, el sentido del propio trabajo puede fomentarse recordando por qu\u00e9 el trabajo que uno hace es valioso para otros, como para los pacientes, los compa\u00f1eros o la sociedad en general. Es posible que haya sentido frustraci\u00f3n e insuficiencia en el trabajo durante la pandemia, pero recordar todo lo positivo que se logr\u00f3 durante los tiempos altamente exigentes, en lugar de centrarse s\u00f3lo en los aspectos que no se lograron, puede proporcionar una sensaci\u00f3n de compromiso y significado en el trabajo.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aunque el job crafting lo suele hacer un individuo, los equipos de trabajo tambi\u00e9n pueden reunirse para identificar sus puntos fuertes, elaborar sus trabajos individuales y desarrollar en colaboraci\u00f3n formas de funcionar \u00f3ptimamente como equipo. Al encontrar nuevas formas de apoyarse mutuamente, incluidos los supervisores y los subordinados, el equipo puede ser m\u00e1s resistente y mantener as\u00ed su bienestar durante las dificultades y los momentos dif\u00edciles.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estos ejemplos de job crafting son pr\u00e1cticos y factibles para que muchos mejoren sus condiciones de trabajo y, por tanto, su bienestar. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La investigaci\u00f3n acumulada en el \u00e1mbito de la psicolog\u00eda del trabajo y de las organizaciones sugiere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que, si se adaptan las tareas laborales, las formas de trabajo y las relaciones sociales en el trabajo, es posible mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y, por tanto, fomentar el bienestar y la salud mental. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El job crafting es posible incluso en condiciones de trabajo muy exigentes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> y puede mitigar los efectos negativos de la alta carga de trabajo y las exigencias emocionales en el bienestar de los empleados. Aunque el objetivo principal del job crafting es mejorar el bienestar en el trabajo, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el job crafting tambi\u00e9n se asocia a otros resultados valiosos<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> como el aumento de la eficacia y el compromiso organizativo como subproductos positivos. Si se apoyan las pr\u00e1cticas de liderazgo cotidianas y la elaboraci\u00f3n proactiva de los puestos de trabajo, los empleados pueden construir experiencias laborales saludables, significativas y productivas en los entornos sanitarios y en otros \u00e1mbitos.<\/span>\n\n<b>Recomendaciones pr\u00e1cticas\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b> \u00bfQu\u00e9 hago realmente en mi trabajo? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empieza el job crafting haciendo una lista de todas las tareas principales y secundarias que realizas y de las personas con las que te relacionas en el trabajo. Esto ofrece una visi\u00f3n general de tu trabajo actual y un punto de partida para su elaboraci\u00f3n.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<b>\u00bfQu\u00e9 me inspira? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A partir de esta lista, marque las tareas, las formas de trabajar, las interacciones y las personas que le resulten m\u00e1s inspiradoras, atractivas y gratificantes en el trabajo, independientemente de lo grande o peque\u00f1o que sea su papel actualmente en su trabajo.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b> \u00bfC\u00f3mo puedo aumentar los aspectos inspiradores de mi trabajo? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De esos aspectos marcados, elige de uno a tres de los m\u00e1s inspiradores para centrarte en ellos. A continuaci\u00f3n, haz una lluvia de ideas sobre c\u00f3mo podr\u00edas a\u00f1adir m\u00e1s de esos elementos a tu trabajo. Por ejemplo, \u00bfnecesitas tener m\u00e1s contacto con los compa\u00f1eros? \u00bfEmpezar a probar nuevas pr\u00e1cticas de trabajo? \u00bfO intentar aprender una nueva habilidad?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<b>\u00bfQu\u00e9 cambiar y cu\u00e1ndo? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Planifica. Haz un plan concreto sobre las cosas que has decidido cambiar o hacer de forma diferente. \u00bfC\u00f3mo y cu\u00e1ndo pondr\u00e1s el plan en marcha, y c\u00f3mo har\u00e1s un seguimiento del progreso de tu proyecto personal de job crafting?\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b> Empezar con algo peque\u00f1o puede ayudar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Las viejas rutinas, las prisas y las precipitaciones pueden dificultar el aprendizaje de nuevas formas de trabajo a trav\u00e9s del job crafting. Tenga paciencia. Mejorar el trabajo lleva tiempo y empezar con peque\u00f1as mejoras puede ayudarte a aumentar tu eficacia remodelando tu trabajo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Traducido por Luis Garcia-Gonzalez y Alberto Aibar]<\/span>{:}{:tr}<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by Janne Kaltiainen and Jari Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015fimin hangi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 motive edici, \u00e7ekici ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ma yararl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum? Bunlar\u0131 daha da fazlala\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in neler yapabilirim?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Akci\u011fer kanseri te\u015fhisi alan ve i\u015finde olduk\u00e7a profesyonel bir bilir ki\u015fi haline gelen bir hem\u015fire, i\u015f yerinde stresli, biraz da s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve monotonluk hissetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra kendine bu sorular\u0131 sormaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131, onun daha gen\u00e7 i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131na ak\u0131l hocal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmas\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fiyle alakal\u0131 daha yetkin hissetmesini ve i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131na daha ba\u011fl\u0131 hissetmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam rutininde de bir anlam bulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130\u015fini yap\u0131\u015f \u015fekline dair ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik, i\u015f hayat\u0131ndaki iyi olu\u015funu geli\u015ftirdi ve daha \u00f6nemlisi, hastanenin genel i\u015fleyi\u015fine ve etkinli\u011fine de zarar vermedi. Aksine, i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 bu ak\u0131l hocal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte daha desteklenmi\u015f hissetti ve i\u015f ortam\u0131ndaki genel atmosfer iyile\u015fti.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<b>\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi nedir?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yukardaki \u00f6rnek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n mesleki becerilerini art\u0131racak \u00e7ok say\u0131daki basit yollardan yaln\u0131zca biridir. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n kendisi taraf\u0131ndan, iyi olu\u015funu ve mental sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik olarak i\u015f ve i\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesidir ve hem\u015firenin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, i\u015fin baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinde basit ve bilin\u00e7li de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaparak i\u015fin \u00f6nemli <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">iyi olu\u015f ve motivasyon kaynaklar\u0131 ile daha iyi uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/a>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130ster kendi i\u015finizde beceriklili\u011finizi art\u0131r\u0131n, ister bir dan\u0131\u015fana i\u015f beceriklili\u011finin nas\u0131l art\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair rehberlik ediyor olun, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001879111000789\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar g\u00f6steriyor ki<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> i\u015f beceriklili\u011fi ile ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklini de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin bir\u00e7ok i\u015fe yarar yolu vard\u0131r. Bunlardan biri yeni \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenmek ve ki\u015finin kendi profesyonelli\u011fini art\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin d\u00fczenli olarak dan\u0131\u015fanlarla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorsam ve aram\u0131zda ortak bir dil yoksa, dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131m\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dili \u00f6\u011frenmek daha faydal\u0131 bir ileti\u015fim olu\u015fturmaya ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015f hayat\u0131ma bir anlam katmaya yarayabilir mi?<\/span>\n\n<b>\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi nas\u0131l art\u0131r\u0131labilir?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daha zorlay\u0131c\u0131 projeler bulmak ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 yollar denemek, i\u015f yerinde rutinle\u015fme ve can s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 giderebilir. Bu da ki\u015finin i\u015fine dair kendisini motive eden ve ona \u00e7ekici gelen yollar\u0131 belirlemesiyle yap\u0131labilir. Belki de \u015firket kapsam\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lacak yeni bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak test eden ilk ki\u015filerden biri olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Daha sonra zorunlu hale gelecek bir \u015feyi yapmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fi mesleki yeterlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7abay\u0131 daha keyifli ve daha \u00f6d\u00fcllendirici bulabilir.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer ile (\u00f6rne\u011fin m\u00fc\u015fteriler, hastalar) etkile\u015fimlerin s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kalitesini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek sosyal kaynaklar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek, i\u015fte daha fazla iyi olu\u015fa ve yap\u0131lan i\u015fteki anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa katk\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, y\u00f6neticimden geri bildirim almak istersem bunu ondan rica edebilirim. Bir y\u00f6netici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na daha dikkat edebilir, onlara ilgi g\u00f6sterebilir ve nas\u0131l olduklar\u0131n\u0131 daha s\u0131k sorabilirim. Sosyal kaynaklar meslekta\u015flar ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck etkile\u015fimlerde ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeterek, nas\u0131l olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sorarak ve i\u015fle ilgili olmayan konular hakk\u0131nda konu\u015farak da te\u015fvik edilebilir.<\/span>\n\n<b>Faydalar\u0131 nedir?<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u015finin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin neden dan\u0131\u015fanlar, meslekta\u015flar\u0131 veya genel olarak toplum i\u00e7in de\u011ferli oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatarak da yap\u0131lan i\u015fin anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik edilebilir. Pademi s\u00fcresince i\u015f yerinde engellenmi\u015flik ve yetersizlik hissetmi\u015f olabilirim, ancak yaln\u0131zca ula\u015f\u0131lamayan y\u00f6nlere odaklanmak yerine son derece zorlu zamanlarda ba\u015far\u0131lan olumlu \u015feyleri kendime hat\u0131rlatmak, yap\u0131lan i\u015fle bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ve anlam olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fi genellikle bir ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lsa da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ekipleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nlerini belirlemek, bireysel i\u015flerini geli\u015ftirmek ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde bir ekip olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yollar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir araya gelebilirler. Y\u00f6neticiler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n birbirlerini desteklemenin yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak ekibi zorluklar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha esnek hale gelebilir ve ekip bu zamanlarda iyi olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilir.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu i\u015f beceriklili\u011fi \u00f6rnekleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iyi olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek ad\u0131na bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi i\u00e7in pratik ve uygulanabilir y\u00f6ntemlerdir. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/CDI-08-2021-0216\/full\/html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">End\u00fcstri ve \u00f6rg\u00fct psikolojisinden elde edilen ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ki\u015finin g\u00f6revlerini, i\u015fin yap\u0131lma bi\u00e7imlerini ve i\u015fteki sosyal ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirerek ko\u015fullar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmenin ki\u015finin iyi olu\u015funu ve zihinsel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesi zorlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ve fazla i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn olumsuz etkilerini ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n iyi olu\u015funa dair duygusal talepleri azaltabilir. \u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011finin temel amac\u0131 i\u015f yerinde iyi olu\u015fu art\u0131rmak olsa da <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1080\/1359432x.2018.1527767\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0ayn\u0131 zamanda olumlu yan etkiler<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> olarak artan etkinlik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k gibi de\u011ferli sonu\u00e7larla da ili\u015fkilidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar g\u00fcnl\u00fck liderlik ve proaktif i\u015f beceriklili\u011fini destekleyerek sa\u011fl\u0131k ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, anlaml\u0131 ve \u00fcretken bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma deneyimi ya\u015fayabilirler.<\/span>\n\n<b>Pratik \u00d6neriler<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0130\u015fimde asl\u0131nda neler yap\u0131yorum? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0130\u015f beceriklili\u011fini art\u0131rmaya, i\u015finizde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6revleri ve i\u015fte temas halinde oldu\u011funuz insanlar\u0131 listeleyerek ba\u015flayabilirsiniz. Bu, i\u015finize dair genel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunar ve beceriklili\u011fi art\u0131rmaya dair bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 belirlemenizi sa\u011flar.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bana ilham veren \u015feyler ne? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu listeden g\u00f6revin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n en ilham verici, ilgi \u00e7ekici ve tatmin edici buldu\u011funuz g\u00f6revleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerini, etkile\u015fimleri ve ki\u015fileri i\u015faretleyin.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0130\u015fimde bana ilham veren \u015feyleri nas\u0131l art\u0131rabilirim? <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bu i\u015faretli y\u00f6nlerden odaklanmak i\u00e7in en ilham verici olanlardan 1-3 tanesini se\u00e7in. Ard\u0131ndan bunlar\u0131 daha fazla nas\u0131l yapabilece\u011finize dair bir beyin f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 yap\u0131n. \u00d6rne\u011fin, meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131zla daha fazla ileti\u015fim kurman\u0131z m\u0131 gerekiyor? Yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 denemeye mi ba\u015flayacaks\u0131n\u0131z? Ya da yeni bir beceri \u00f6\u011frenmeyi mi deneyeceksiniz?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Neleri, ne zaman de\u011fi\u015ftireceksiniz? Plan yap\u0131n!<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> De\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi veya farkl\u0131 yapmay\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011finiz \u015feylerle ilgili somut bir plan yap\u0131n. Plan\u0131 nas\u0131l ve ne zaman eyleme ge\u00e7ireceksiniz ve ki\u015fisel i\u015f beceriklili\u011finizin ilerlemesini nas\u0131l izleyeceksiniz?<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlarla ba\u015flamak i\u015fe yarayabilir.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Eski rutinler, aceleci olmak, i\u015f beceriklili\u011fini art\u0131rman\u0131n yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Sab\u0131rl\u0131 olun. \u0130\u015fi daha iyi hale getirmek zaman al\u0131r ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck iyile\u015ftirmelerle ba\u015flamak, i\u015f beceriklili\u011fi i\u00e7in etkinli\u011finizi art\u0131rman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Translated by Alper Erdem]<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edited by National Editor Selen Ozbek, MSc<\/span>{:}{:ja}<strong>\u30e4\u30f3\u30cd\u30fb\u30ab\u30eb\u30c6\u30a3\u30a2\u30a4\u30cd\u30f3 \uff06\u30e4\u30ea\u30fb\u30cf\u30ab\u30cd\u30f3\u3001\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u7523\u696d\u885b\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08\u30d5\u30a3\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\uff09<\/strong>\n\n\u79c1\u306f\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306e\u3069\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3084\u308b\u6c17\u3084\u9b45\u529b\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u5e78\u798f\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3068\u3066\u3082\u5927\u4e8b\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046?\u00a0\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3068\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u5165\u308c\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3088\u3044\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046?\n\n\u30ad\u30e3\u30ea\u30a2\u304c\u9577\u304f\u5c02\u9580\u7684\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u3082\u8c4a\u5bcc\u306a\u3042\u308b\u770b\u8b77\u5e2b\u306f\u3001\u8077\u5834\u3067\u30b9\u30c8\u30ec\u30b9\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3001\u5c11\u3057\u9000\u5c48\u3057\u3001\u300c\u30de\u30f3\u30cd\u30ea\u5316\u300d\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u81ea\u554f\u81ea\u7b54\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7b54\u3048\u304c\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u5f8c\u8f29\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3084\u540c\u50da\u3068\u306e\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5f37\u304f\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u65e5\u3005\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u306b\u518d\u3073\u610f\u5473\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306e\u3084\u308a\u65b9\u3092\u5c11\u3057\u5909\u3048\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u4e0a\u306e\u5e78\u798f\u611f\u306f\u5411\u4e0a\u3057\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u75c5\u9662\u306e\u904b\u55b6\u3068\u52b9\u7387\u306b\u652f\u969c\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3080\u3057\u308d\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u540c\u50da\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3068\u3066\u3082\u3088\u304f\u30b5\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u3001\u8077\u5834\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u96f0\u56f2\u6c17\u3082\u826f\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<!--more-->\n\n<strong>\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u306f\uff1f<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n\u3053\u306e\u4f8b\u306f\u5f93\u696d\u54e1\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6570\u591a\u304f\u3042\u308b\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\uff11\u3064\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u770b\u8b77\u5e2b\u304c\u884c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/asset-pdf.scinapse.io\/prod\/2113953571\/2113953571.pdf\">\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0<\/a>\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5e78\u798f\u3068\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f93\u696d\u54e1\u81ea\u3089\u304c\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3084\u52b4\u50cd\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3059\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306e\u3042\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u5c11\u3057\u3060\u3051\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1002\/hrm.22054\">\u305d\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u5e78\u798f\u3084\u30e2\u30c1\u30d9\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u00a0<\/a>\n\n\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u306e\u3082\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u624b\u52a9\u3051\u3092\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u3067\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u6709\u7528\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.05.009\">\u7814\u7a76\u306b<\/a>\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5b66\u3073\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6210\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5b9a\u671f\u7684\u306b\u4f1a\u3046\u60a3\u8005\u3068\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u4f7f\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u5b66\u3079\u3070\u3001\u3088\u308a\u6709\u76ca\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306b\u3082\u3084\u308a\u304c\u3044\u304c\u751f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f\n\n<strong>\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u306f\uff1f<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30c1\u30e3\u30ec\u30f3\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u306a\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u305f\u308a\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u50cd\u304d\u65b9\u3092\u8a66\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\u305f\u30eb\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u5316\u3084\u30de\u30f3\u30cd\u30ea\u5316\u3092\u6253\u7834\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u4ee5\u524d\u306f\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u3067\u3084\u308b\u6c17\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u4f55\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u4e88\u5b9a\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u3092\u521d\u3081\u3066\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u4eba\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u5f8c\u3067\u7fa9\u52d9\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u81ea\u3089\u9032\u3093\u3067\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4f5c\u696d\u304c\u3088\u308a\u697d\u3057\u304f\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\u3084\u308a\u304c\u3044\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\u3002\n\n\u540c\u50da\u3084\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30af\u30db\u30eb\u30c0\u30fc\uff08\u9867\u5ba2\u3001\u60a3\u8005\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3068\u306e\u4ea4\u6d41\u306e\u983b\u5ea6\u3084\u8cea\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3084\u308a\u304c\u3044\u3084\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4e0a\u53f8\u304b\u3089\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u304c\u6b32\u3057\u3044\u306a\u3089\u3001\u305d\u3046\u8a00\u3044\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e0a\u53f8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f93\u696d\u54e1\u306e\u30cb\u30fc\u30ba\u306b\u3082\u3063\u3068\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u6255\u3063\u3066\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u69d8\u5b50\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3068\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u5c0b\u306d\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u540c\u50da\u3068\u8a71\u3059\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3082\u3001\u76f8\u624b\u3092\u6c17\u9063\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u69d8\u5b50\u3092\u5c0b\u306d\u305f\u308a\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3068\u306f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u3044\u8a71\u3092\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u80b2\u3080\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\n\n<strong>\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u30e1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\uff1f<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\n\n\u307e\u305f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u60a3\u8005\u3084\u540c\u50da\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3078\u306e\u3084\u308a\u304c\u3044\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30d1\u30f3\u30c7\u30df\u30c3\u30af\u6642\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3078\u306e\u4e0d\u6e80\u3084\u7269\u8db3\u308a\u306a\u3055\u3092\u611f\u3058\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u9054\u6210\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u9762\u3070\u304b\u308a\u306b\u76ee\u3092\u5411\u3051\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u9054\u6210\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4f55\u3067\u3082\u3044\u3044\u304b\u3089\u601d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href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.se\/10.1007\/s12529-017-9638-3\">\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306f\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u904e\u9177\u306a\u52b4\u50cd\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u3082\u5b9f\u8df5\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a<\/a>\u3001\u9ad8\u8ca0\u8377\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u91cf\u3068\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u304c\u5f93\u696d\u54e1\u306e\u5e78\u798f\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u30c0\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b8\u30e7\u30d6\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u4e3b\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u8077\u5834\u3067\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u30a4\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u526f\u7523\u7269\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u696d\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u3084\u7d44\u7e54\u3078\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30c3\u30c8\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u306a\u3069\u3001<a 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