{"id":2360,"date":"2021-11-25T14:38:11","date_gmt":"2021-11-25T14:38:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2360"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:06:19","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:06:19","slug":"helping-patients-manage-their-condition-illness-representations-matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/2021\/11\/helping-patients-manage-their-condition-illness-representations-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"Dan\u0131\u015fanlara sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelme konusunda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olma: Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etmenin \u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Yael Benyamini, Tel Aviv University, Israel and Evangelos C. Karademas, University of Crete, Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anna ve Mary, 45 ya\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Avrupa \u015fehrinde ya\u015fayan her ikisi de sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Her ikisi de bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131n COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmekte, s\u00fcrekli bu konu hakk\u0131nda haberler duyup \u00e7e\u015fitli okumalar yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Anna, ya\u015f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalan\u0131rsa iyile\u015fece\u011fine inanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n olduk\u00e7a ciddi bir hastal\u0131k oldu\u011funa inanmakta ve e\u011fer ki bu hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalan\u0131rsa uzun s\u00fcreli bir\u00e7ok rahats\u0131z edici semptomlar ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n endi\u015fesini ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. M\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca evden \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p, maskesiz d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya asla \u00e7\u0131kmamakla birlikte a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir sonraki dozunu beklemektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mary ise COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u201ciyi bir halkla ili\u015fkilere ba\u011fl\u0131 bir grip\u201d oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Herhangi altda yatan t\u0131bbi bir durum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fulda, hastal\u0131\u011fa yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimal hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla hissetmeyece\u011fini veya en k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimal di\u011fer hasta oldu\u011fu zamanlarda ki gibi birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn evde istirahat etmesi gerekece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. \u0130\u015f yerinde bir\u00e7ok insanla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmekte, sosyal ortamlarda ve sadece kesin gereklili\u011fi olan yerlerde maskesini takmaktad\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131 olman\u0131n bir mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekte ve a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olas\u0131 yan etkilerinden korkmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Anna ve Mary\u2019nin ortak bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi mevcuttur. Olaylara ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde bakmamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, her ikisi de ayn\u0131 tehdit edici duruma mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. COVID-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, kalp hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, eklem a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 gibi bir sa\u011fl\u0131k tehditi, veya herhangi di\u011fer problemler ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bedensel duyumlar\u0131m\u0131zla, ki\u015fisel ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizle, etraf\u0131m\u0131zdakilerle ve medya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sa\u011fl\u0131k tehditi hakk\u0131nda bilgi toplamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Asl\u0131nda amac\u0131m\u0131z hastal\u0131k hakk\u0131nda tutarl\u0131 bir \u00f6yk\u00fc olu\u015fturmakt\u0131r. Bunu yaparken, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lama veya hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etme konusunda be\u015f ana par\u00e7ay\u0131 hesaplay\u0131p birle\u015ftirmeyi deneriz. Bu be\u015f ana par\u00e7a: <\/span>kimlik, nedenler<\/b>, <\/span>sonu\u00e7lar, s\u00fcre\u00e7,<\/b> ve hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/span>iyile\u015ftirme<\/b> veya <\/span>kontrol edebilmekten<\/b> olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hastal\u0131k hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00f6nemli midir? Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edi\u015f \u015feklimiz t\u0131bbi a\u00e7\u0131dan do\u011fru olamayabilir fakat bu ifade edi\u015f \u015fekli ne hissetti\u011fimizi, hastal\u0131k hakk\u0131nda neler yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, hastal\u0131kla nas\u0131l ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, semptomlar\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in neler yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne \u015fekilde kontrol edece\u011fimizi veya iyile\u015ftirece\u011fimizi veya m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ne \u015fekilde hayat\u0131m\u0131za entegre edece\u011fimizi belirler. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar olumsuz hastal\u0131k ifade ediminin (\u00f6rn., hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a tehdit edici, uzun s\u00fcreli veya kontrol edilemez\/iyile\u015ftirilemez \u015fekilde alg\u0131laman\u0131n), daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaliteli ya\u015fam, daha yava\u015f iyile\u015fme ve <\/span>kanser<\/span> veya <\/span>diyabet<\/span> gibi bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131kta daha k\u00f6t\u00fc i\u015flevsel duruma gelme gibi ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamac\u0131lar olarak dan\u0131\u015fanlara, var olan hastal\u0131klar\u0131 veya hastal\u0131k riski ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 konu ile \u00a0 alakal\u0131 alg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131 yarg\u0131lamayacak \u015fekilde sormal\u0131y\u0131z. Basit bir \u015fekilde onlara, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n nedeni hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri veya en \u00e7ok endi\u015felendikleri semptomlar\u0131n neler oldu\u011fu, tedavilerinin i\u015fe yaray\u0131p yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya hastal\u0131kla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak veya hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenebilmek i\u00e7in neler yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi sorular y\u00f6nelterek onlardan sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini kendi c\u00fcmleleri ile ifade etmelerini isteyebiliriz. Hatta dan\u0131\u015fanlardan <\/span>hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmelerini<\/span> bile<\/span> isteyebiliriz. \u00c7izmek, hastal\u0131k hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve ne hissettiklerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karma konusunda olduk\u00e7a etkili olabilir. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman dan\u0131\u015fanlar kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc genellikle sorulmamaktad\u0131r. Dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n, hastal\u0131klar\u0131na nas\u0131l bakt\u0131klar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na nas\u0131l ba\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rn., tavsiyeye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k) anlamak ve bunlara de\u011finmek dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n adaptasyonunu kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011finden, dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edi\u015flerini sorgulamak <\/span>hekimler<\/span> ve di\u011fer <\/span>sa\u011fl\u0131k uzmanlar\u0131<\/span> i\u00e7in \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Mary\u2019nin, a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n potansiyel yan etkilerinin COVID-19\u2019un etkileri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz oldu\u011funu fark etmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak onun a\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki ilk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini sa\u011flayabilir. Bunu yapmak, dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ifadelerine uyarlanm\u0131\u015f olan daha sistematik bireysel veya grup m\u00fcdahalesinde maksimum verimlili\u011fi yakalamak ad\u0131na ilk basamak olabilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fmaya te\u015fvik etmek, uyumsuz alg\u0131lar\u0131 belirleme konusunda da yararl\u0131 olabilir. Fakat dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ile alakal\u0131 ifadelerini de\u011fi\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma karar\u0131 dikkatli bir \u015fekilde al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, dan\u0131\u015fan hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile alakal\u0131 pek do\u011fru olmayan ifadelere sahip olabilir fakat bu ifadeler ayn\u0131 zamanda bu dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n anksiyetesini iyile\u015ftirme konusunda yararl\u0131 olabilir. Uygulamac\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etmenin, ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, eylem plan\u0131, sonu\u00e7 de\u011ferlendirmesi gibi konular\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f ve dinamik \u00f6z d\u00fczenleyici sistemin sadece bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu unutmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden uygulamac\u0131, dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n deneyimini ve durumunu t\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131lardan ele al\u0131p de\u011ferlendirme yapmal\u0131 ve dan\u0131\u015fan ile i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7in nas\u0131l ve hangi ifadelere m\u00fcdahale edilece\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 almal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya (soyut\/bili\u015fsel) ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131ya (somut\/davran\u0131\u015fsal) m\u00fcdahale stratejilerinin<\/span> her ikisi de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilir. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n ifade bi\u00e7imi ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011finden, <\/span>anne-baba ve partner<\/span> gibi aile bireylerinin ifadelerini de inceleyip tart\u0131\u015fmak e\u015fit derece de \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pratik Tavsiyeler<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edi\u015fi de\u011ferlendirin<\/b> \u2013 dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131na nas\u0131l bir a\u00e7\u0131klama olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131n\u0131z: Onlara sa\u011fl\u0131k problemlerinin hikayesini t\u0131p dilinde de\u011fil kendi kelimeleri ile anlatmalar\u0131 konusunda f\u0131rsat sununuz ve a\u00e7\u0131k sorular veya \u00e7izim tekni\u011fi kullanarak ifadelerini yarg\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde daha da soru\u015fturunuz. Partner veya di\u011fer aile \u00fcyeleri veya bak\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ba\u015fvurabilirsiniz (bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131nkinden farkl\u0131 olabilip sunacaklar\u0131 deste\u011fi etkileyebilir).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Tedavi ile alakal\u0131 ifade edi\u015fi de\u011ferlendirin \u2013 <\/b>\u00c7o\u011fu zaman dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n, tedavinin verimlili\u011fi, yararlar\u0131, riskleri, ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda <\/span>t\u0131bbi tavsiyeye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileyecek<\/span> kendilerine ait g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri vard\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Do\u011fru olmayan veya faydas\u0131z olan veya irrasyonal inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015fa veya iyi olma haline olan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyin. <\/b>Dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na anlam y\u00fckleme bi\u00e7iminin onun a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan psikolojik anlamda do\u011fru oldu\u011funu l\u00fctfen hat\u0131rlay\u0131n\u0131z (onlara bu anlam y\u00fckleme mant\u0131kl\u0131 gelmektedir). O y\u00fczden, ifade edi\u015f sizlerin a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilirken dan\u0131\u015fan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilmektedir.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Dan\u0131\u015fana, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fme konusunda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olunuz <\/b>\u2013 Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ifade edili\u015fi a\u011fer ki i\u015flevsiz davran\u0131\u015flarla ili\u015fkili ise veya iyi olu\u015fu uzun s\u00fcrede tehdit ediyorsa, (a) do\u011fru bilgi vererek (b) daha i\u015flevsel ifade edili\u015fe sahip olan dan\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00f6rneklerini vererek (veya dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131n onlarla etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7mesine izin vererek), (c) <\/span>spesifik m\u00fcdahale teknikler<\/span>i<\/span> kullanarak, dan\u0131\u015fanlara hastal\u0131k ifade edi\u015flerini de\u011fi\u015fmeleri konusunda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilirsiniz. K\u0131sa mesajlar bile bu g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlenebilir!\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131, hastal\u0131kla alakal\u0131 i\u015flevsel eylem plan\u0131 geli\u015ftirmesi konusunda destekleyin. <\/b>Bu eylem plan\u0131 ifade edili\u015fleri ile tutarl\u0131 olup ayn\u0131 derecede i\u015flevsellik bar\u0131nd\u0131rmal\u0131 ve hayatlar\u0131 ile alakal\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hastal\u0131k ifade edili\u015f bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6zellikle hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileri safhalar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmesi kolay de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden, baz\u0131 zamanlarda ifade edili\u015ften \u00e7ok davran\u0131\u015flara odaklanmak daha iyi olabilir.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Translated by [Begum Cakmak, Social Psychologist, MSc (Research)]<\/span><\/p>\n

    Turkish National Editor: Dr Gulcan Garip, Health Psychologist, University of Derby<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    By Yael Benyamini, Tel Aviv University, Israel and Evangelos C. Karademas, University of Crete, Greece Anna and Mary are both healthy 45-year-old women, living in a large European city. Each of them knows several people who have contracted COVID-19 and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2376,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,28,45,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-assessment","category-communication","category-illness-representation","category-stress-and-coping"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"tr","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2360"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2360\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4569,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2360\/revisions\/4569"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2360"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2360"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}