{"id":5017,"date":"2026-06-21T23:57:16","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T23:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?post_type=module&#038;p=5017"},"modified":"2026-09-10T09:28:06","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T09:28:06","slug":"module-3","status":"publish","type":"module","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sv\/module\/module-3\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u00f6rebygga COVID-19-komplikationer hos h\u00f6griskpatienter genom beteendef\u00f6r\u00e4ndring"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Av David Simons, Pennsylvania State University; Ay\u015feg\u00fcl Bak\u0131r, Hacettepe University, Turkiet; Johanna Nurmi, Helsingfors universitet, Finland<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COVID-19 beskrivs ofta i d\u00e5tid och enbart som en luftv\u00e4gsinfektion. Men COVID-19 \u00e4r fortfarande en akut systemisk belastning p\u00e5 h\u00e4lsan, s\u00e4rskilt f\u00f6r h\u00f6griskpatienter med redan existerande hj\u00e4rt-k\u00e4rlsjukdomar, metabola sjukdomar, immunologiska tillst\u00e5nd eller lungsjukdomar. Det \u00e4r inte bara viruset som utg\u00f6r ett hot, utan ocks\u00e5 den kaskad av fysiologisk dekompensation som viruset kan utl\u00f6sa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Som v\u00e5rdpersonal k\u00e4nner vi till det kliniska sjukdomsf\u00f6rloppet. En patient med kroniskt obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) eller interstitiell lungsjukdom l\u00f6per kraftigt \u00f6kad risk f\u00f6r Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05485\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Denna s\u00e5rbarhet f\u00f6rst\u00e4rks ytterligare av metabola tillst\u00e5nd<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; hos patienter med d\u00e5ligt kontrollerad diabetes eller sv\u00e5r obesitas skapar kronisk l\u00e5ggradig inflammation och endoteldysfunktion f\u00f6ruts\u00e4ttningar f\u00f6r ett hyperinflammatoriskt svar. Som en f\u00f6ljd kan den systemiska inflammation som orsakas av COVID-19 l\u00e4tt utl\u00f6sa dekompenserad hj\u00e4rtsvikt, utbredd mikrovaskul\u00e4r trombos eller akut njurskada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hos immunosupprimerade individer skapar ett dysreglerat immunsvar och l\u00e5ngvarig virusuts\u00f6ndring en h\u00f6griskmilj\u00f6 f\u00f6r sekund\u00e4ra bakteriella infektioner, vilket snabbt kan f\u00f6rv\u00e4rra den kliniska bilden. Dessutom ser vi \u00f6kade niv\u00e5er av neurologiska komplikationer, inklusive <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-024-01402-y\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">akut encefalopati<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> och <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">delirium<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Dessa tillst\u00e5nd \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt allvarliga hos \u00e4ldre vuxna eftersom de ofta leder till en pl\u00f6tslig och kraftig f\u00f6rs\u00e4mring av f\u00f6rm\u00e5gan att klara aktiviteter i det dagliga livet, vilket p\u00e5verkar patientens sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndighet och \u00f6kar behovet av akut sjukhusv\u00e5rd och l\u00e5ngvarig intensivv\u00e5rd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00f6rdan av dessa komplikationer str\u00e4cker sig l\u00e5ngt bortom den enskilda patienten. N\u00e4r en \u00e4ldre vuxen f\u00f6rlorar sin funktionella grundniv\u00e5 till f\u00f6ljd av delirium, eller n\u00e4r en immunosupprimerad patient utvecklar sekund\u00e4r bakteriell pneumoni, kr\u00e4vs inte bara en kort sjukhusinl\u00e4ggning. Dessa patienter beh\u00f6ver komplexa och intensiva akuta insatser, multidisciplin\u00e4r behandling och ofta l\u00e5ngvarig rehabilitering. Detta skapar ringar p\u00e5 vattnet i hela v\u00e5rdsystemet. Intensivv\u00e5rdsavdelningar och geriatriska avdelningar n\u00e5r kapacitetstak, planerade ingrepp st\u00e4lls in och kontinuiteten i v\u00e5rden av andra kroniska sjukdomar st\u00f6rs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dessutom kan den l\u00e5ngvariga belastningen av att hantera dessa potentiellt f\u00f6rebyggbara f\u00f6rs\u00e4mringar och navigera komplexa utskrivningsprocesser f\u00f6r patienter som pl\u00f6tsligt f\u00f6rlorat sin sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndighet bidra till utbr\u00e4ndhet och moralisk stress hos v\u00e5rdpersonal. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.003\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moralisk stress<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> syftar till den starka k\u00e4nslan av inst\u00e4ngdhet som uppst\u00e5r n\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskor agerar p\u00e5 s\u00e4tt som st\u00e5r i konflikt med deras etiska eller professionella v\u00e4rderingar. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2016-26280-043\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utbr\u00e4ndhet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00e4r d\u00e4remot en kombination av arbetsrelaterad stress, emotionell utmattning, tvivel kring den egna kompetensen och produktiviteten samt ett \u00f6kat socialt och emotionellt avst\u00e5ndstagande. B\u00e5de moralisk stress och utbr\u00e4ndhet kan \u00f6ka niv\u00e5erna av <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857134\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00e5ngest, depression<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> och <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113129\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">somatiska symtom<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> samt p\u00e5verka patients\u00e4kerheten, viljan att l\u00e4mna yrket och den <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19204\/2022\/TCKL1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00f6vergripande kvaliteten i v\u00e5rden<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Den beteendem\u00e4ssiga bron<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gapet mellan en initialt mild infektion och en sjukhusinl\u00e4ggning \u00e4r ofta beteendem\u00e4ssigt. Varf\u00f6r dr\u00f6jer h\u00f6griskpatienter med att s\u00f6ka v\u00e5rd, eller tackar nej till tidig antiviral och immunmodulerande behandling n\u00e4r dessa \u00e4r som mest effektiva?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psykologisk forskning visar att patienter ofta felbed\u00f6mer sin risk under sjukdomens tidiga faser. En immunosupprimerad patient kan uppleva mild hosta och anta att det r\u00f6r sig om en vanlig \u00f6vre luftv\u00e4gsinfektion, utan att inse att tidsf\u00f6nstret f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rebygga komplikationer snabbt h\u00e5ller p\u00e5 att st\u00e4ngas. P\u00e5 liknande s\u00e4tt kan en \u00e4ldre vuxen i tidiga stadier av delirium ha sv\u00e5rt att korrekt bed\u00f6ma sin egen kliniska f\u00f6rs\u00e4mring eller f\u00f6ra sin egen talan i v\u00e5rden.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kognitiv och emotionell bias i riskuppfattning kan ocks\u00e5 bidra till f\u00f6rdr\u00f6jningar. En patient med hj\u00e4rtsvikt kan till exempel normalisera sm\u00e4rta orsakad av COVID-19 eftersom personen \u00e4r van vid kronisk br\u00f6stsm\u00e4rta. Patienten kan <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9780203553220-12\/defensive-denial-affect-self-regulation-health-threats-deborah-wiebe-carolyn-korbel\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">f\u00f6rneka<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> risken eftersom det k\u00e4nns \u00f6verv\u00e4ldigande att hantera ytterligare ett hot, eller uppvisa <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2949\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">optimismbias<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 s\u00e4rskilt n\u00e4r symtomen \u00e4r milda i b\u00f6rjan \u2013 och d\u00e4rmed inte f\u00f6rst\u00e5 att de tillh\u00f6r en h\u00f6griskgrupp.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tveksamhet inf\u00f6r behandling \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 vanligt. Patienter kan misstro nya l\u00e4kemedel, tona ned sina symtom f\u00f6r att undvika att vara en \u201cbelastning\u201d, eller k\u00e4nna sig \u00f6verv\u00e4ldigade av att beh\u00f6va navigera komplexa v\u00e5rdprocesser.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enbart klinisk kunskap r\u00e4cker inte f\u00f6r att \u00f6verbrygga detta gap. Om vi vill minska undvikbara sjukhusinl\u00e4ggningar, skydda v\u00e5ra patienter och samtidigt uppr\u00e4tth\u00e5lla v\u00e5rdens kapacitet, beh\u00f6ver vi integrera beteendevetenskap i v\u00e5ra rutinm\u00e4ssiga konsultationer. Vi beh\u00f6ver flytta fokus fr\u00e5n att passivt ge medicinsk information till att aktivt st\u00f6dja beteendef\u00f6r\u00e4ndring hos patienter och n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genom att anv\u00e4nda specifika <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">beteendef\u00f6r\u00e4ndringstekniker<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> kan h\u00f6griskpatienter och deras st\u00f6dpersoner f\u00e5 verktyg att agera innan komplikationerna blir allvarliga. Detta proaktiva arbetss\u00e4tt g\u00f6r patienten och deras n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende till aktiva deltagare i \u00f6vervakningen av den egna h\u00e4lsan, vilket i sin tur skyddar v\u00e5rdens kapacitet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Praktiska rekommendationer<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F\u00f6r att minska b\u00f6rdan av COVID-19-komplikationer b\u00f6r f\u00f6ljande tre evidensbaserade beteendef\u00f6r\u00e4ndringstekniker integreras i konsultationer med h\u00f6griskpatienter och deras n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Utforma tillsammans individanpassade handlingsplaner f\u00f6r sjukdomsdagar<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Undvik generella r\u00e5d som \u201dKontakta oss om du blir s\u00e4mre\u201d. H\u00f6griskpatienter, och s\u00e4rskilt n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende till \u00e4ldre vuxna med risk f\u00f6r delirium, beh\u00f6ver tydliga och objektiva kliniska signaler.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Hur det kan till\u00e4mpas:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Skriv ned en konkret plan. F\u00f6r respiratoriska och kognitiva risker kan tydliga tr\u00f6skelv\u00e4rden definieras: \u201dOm din syrem\u00e4ttnad sjunker under 92%, ELLER om du m\u00e4rker pl\u00f6tslig f\u00f6rvirring och sv\u00e5righeter med vardagliga aktiviteter, ring detta specifika telefonnummer till mottagningen omedelbart.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">F\u00f6r patienter med diabetes b\u00f6r etablerade r\u00e5d f\u00f6r hantering vid akut sjukdom till\u00e4mpas tydligt: definiera hur ofta blodsocker ska kontrolleras (t.ex. var fj\u00e4rde timme) och instruera patienten att omedelbart kontakta sin l\u00e4kare eller f\u00f6rskrivare f\u00f6r att bed\u00f6ma om vissa orala diabetesl\u00e4kemedel tillf\u00e4lligt b\u00f6r pausas (exempelvis SGLT2-h\u00e4mmare f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rebygga euglykemisk ketoacidos). S\u00e4kerst\u00e4ll att patienter och deras n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende vet hur eventuell utrustning f\u00f6r hemmonitorering ska anv\u00e4ndas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Personalisera hotbilden f\u00f6r att minska tveksamhet<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00e4r patienter tvekar inf\u00f6r tidig antiviral behandling eftersom symtomen k\u00e4nns \u201dmilda\u201d, b\u00f6r risken kopplas direkt till deras specifika samsjuklighet f\u00f6r att g\u00f6ra hotet mer konkret.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Hur det kan till\u00e4mpas:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att s\u00e4ga \u201dCOVID-19 \u00e4r farligt\u201d, personalisera konsekvensen:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201dEftersom ditt immunf\u00f6rsvar \u00e4r nedsatt kan viruset g\u00f6ra det l\u00e4ttare f\u00f6r en allvarlig bakteriell lunginflammation att utvecklas, \u00e4ven om du bara har ont i halsen just nu. Den h\u00e4r behandlingen hj\u00e4lper kroppen att bli av med viruset innan bakterier kan orsaka best\u00e5ende skador.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Aktivera det sociala st\u00f6dsystemet<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00e5rbara patienter v\u00e4ntar ofta med att s\u00f6ka v\u00e5rd eftersom det \u00e4r utmattande att navigera v\u00e5rdsystemet n\u00e4r man \u00e4r sjuk, eller f\u00f6r att akut kognitiv f\u00f6rs\u00e4mring g\u00f6r det sv\u00e5rt att agera.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Hur det kan till\u00e4mpas:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fr\u00e5ga vid ett rutinbes\u00f6k: \u201dOm du testar positivt imorgon, vem kan hj\u00e4lpa dig att ta dig till apoteket eller v\u00e5rdcentralen?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identifiera en \u201dv\u00e5rdst\u00f6djare\u201d (familjemedlem, granne eller annan n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende) och inkludera personen i handlingsplanen. Detta \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt viktigt f\u00f6r \u00e4ldre vuxna; om en utsedd n\u00e4rst\u00e5ende k\u00e4nner igen tecken p\u00e5 delirium kan tidig klinisk f\u00f6rs\u00e4mring uppt\u00e4ckas och \u00e5tg\u00e4rdas snabbare, vilket minskar risken f\u00f6r systemrelaterade f\u00f6rseningar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00d6versatt av Olga Perski<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5170,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false},"class_list":["post-5017","module","type-module","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"sv","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By David Simons, Pennsylvania State University; Ay\u015feg\u00fcl Bak\u0131r, Hacettepe University, T\u00fcrkiye; Johanna Nurmi, University of Helsinki, Finland Typically, COVID-19 is described in the past tense and solely as a respiratory infection. 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