{"id":846,"date":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","date_gmt":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=846"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","slug":"planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2018\/03\/planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping\/","title":{"rendered":"Pl\u00e1novanie intervenci\u00ed na zmenu spr\u00e1vania zalo\u017een\u00fdch na te\u00f3rii a d\u00f4kazoch: Interven\u010dn\u00e9 mapovanie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti existuje \u0161irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la kampan\u00ed a intervenci\u00ed na zlep\u0161enie verejn\u00e9ho zdravia a na zmenu so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiaceho spr\u00e1vania, ale mnoh\u00e9 z nich nie s\u00fa &#8220;zalo\u017een\u00e9 na te\u00f3rii a d\u00f4kazoch&#8221;. Tento pr\u00edspevok stru\u010dne opisuje procesy, ktor\u00e9 psychol\u00f3govia v oblasti zdravia prij\u00edmaj\u00fa pri rozv\u00edjan\u00ed intervenci\u00ed a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, ako sa tieto l\u00ed\u0161ia od (a zlep\u0161uj\u00fa) podobn\u00e9 procesy be\u017ene vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 inde.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kroky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pl\u00e1novanie interven\u010dn\u00fdch zmien v\u00a0oblasti spr\u00e1vania je procesom, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 svoje z\u00e1konit\u00e9 kroky, a ktor\u00fd \u010dasto zah\u0155\u0148a uskuto\u010dnenie dvoch krokov vpred a jedn\u00e9ho kroku sp\u00e4\u0165. Toto je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, preto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd krok vych\u00e1dza z predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich krokov a nepozornos\u0165 v jednom kroku m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k chyb\u00e1m a neprimeran\u00fdm rozhodnutiam v inom. Protokol pre Mapovanie intervenci\u00ed (MI) identifikuje \u0161es\u0165 krokov v tvorbe intervencie, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa jeho realiz\u00e1torom vytvori\u0165 intervenciu na z\u00e1klade te\u00f3rie a d\u00f4kazov:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Krok 1: Zhodnotenie potrieb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V tomto kroku probl\u00e9m posudzuje pl\u00e1novacia skupina pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faca zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch str\u00e1n &#8211; vr\u00e1tane cie\u013eovej popul\u00e1cie, zainteresovan\u00fdch str\u00e1n, odborn\u00edkov, v\u00fdskumn\u00edkov a bud\u00facich implement\u00e1torov. Patr\u00ed sem aj identifik\u00e1cia pr\u00ed\u010din probl\u00e9mu z h\u013eadiska spr\u00e1vania a prostredia, ako aj determinanty t\u00fdchto behavior\u00e1lnych a environment\u00e1lnych pr\u00ed\u010din. Tieto diely sa potom m\u00f4\u017eu zobrazi\u0165 ako &#8220;logick\u00fd model&#8221; probl\u00e9mu &#8211; ako je (v zjednodu\u0161enej forme) uveden\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ie v s\u00favislosti s prevenciou STI\/HIV u dospievaj\u00facich &#8211; ktor\u00fd pon\u00faka jasn\u00fd obraz o tom, ako jednotliv\u00e9 diely navz\u00e1jom zapadaj\u00fa dohromady.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-887 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-15.jpg 720w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-15-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-15-230x173.jpg 230w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-15-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-15-480x360.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2: Identifik\u00e1cia cie\u013eov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ako n\u00e1hle je probl\u00e9m a jeho pr\u00ed\u010diny jasne definovan\u00fd, m\u00f4\u017eu sa definova\u0165 aj konkr\u00e9tne v\u00fdsledky programu a ciele. To zah\u0155\u0148a \u0161pecifik\u00e1ciu toho, ako sa bud\u00fa musie\u0165 zmeni\u0165 determinanty spr\u00e1vania jednotlivcov a agentov v oblasti ich prostredia (rozhodovacie org\u00e1ny) s cie\u013eom zmierni\u0165 probl\u00e9m. Napr\u00edklad z logick\u00e9ho modelu uveden\u00e9ho vy\u0161\u0161ie je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee na podporu u\u017e\u00edvania kond\u00f3mov u adolescentov by intervencia mala zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 vn\u00edmanie rizika, ako aj vn\u00edman\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 kond\u00f3mov na zn\u00ed\u017eenie vn\u00edman\u00e9ho rizika. Intervencia by mala tie\u017e priamo ovplyvni\u0165 partnera, ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9, v kombin\u00e1cii s vylep\u0161ovan\u00edm vlastnej vn\u00edmanej \u00fa\u010dinnosti v r\u00e1mci vyjedn\u00e1vac\u00edch procesov u dospievaj\u00facich. Napokon, v z\u00e1vislosti od existuj\u00facich spolo\u010densk\u00fdch noriem mo\u017eno u\u013eah\u010di\u0165 pr\u00edstup k slu\u017eb\u00e1m pl\u00e1novania rodiny.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 3: Dizajn intervencie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vytvor\u00ed sa s\u00favisl\u00e1 a realizovate\u013en\u00e1 intervencia. Vyber\u00fa sa met\u00f3dy intervencie zalo\u017een\u00e9 na te\u00f3rii a praktick\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie pre zmenu (determinantov) spr\u00e1vania a vygeneruj\u00fa sa t\u00e9my programu, komponenty, rozsah a postupnos\u0165. MI rozli\u0161uje met\u00f3dy (alebo techniky) zameran\u00e9 na zmenu spr\u00e1vania, ktor\u00e9 sa uk\u00e1zali ako \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 pri zmene determinantov spr\u00e1vania a\/alebo pri zmene environment\u00e1lnych pr\u00ed\u010din. Napr\u00edklad vn\u00edmanie rizika m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 pomocou inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o rizik\u00e1ch zalo\u017een\u00fdch na scen\u00e1ri. Seba\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 sa m\u00f4\u017ee zlep\u0161i\u0165 modelovan\u00edm a sp\u00e4tnou v\u00e4zbou. Advok\u00e1cia a lobovanie m\u00f4\u017eu ovplyvni\u0165 rozhodovanie na politickej \u00farovni. V\u0161etky tieto met\u00f3dy zmeny vy\u017eaduj\u00fa preklad do praktick\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ber\u00fac do \u00favahy te\u00f3riu a parametre zalo\u017een\u00e9 na d\u00f4kazoch. Napr\u00edklad: u\u010diaci sa identifikuje s modelom, u\u010diaci si uvedomuje, \u017ee model je posilnen\u00fd, u\u010diaci sa m\u00e1 dostato\u010dn\u00fa seba\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 a zru\u010dnosti pre akciu a model sl\u00fa\u017ei ako model zvl\u00e1dania namiesto modelu majstrovstva.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 4: Tvorba intervencie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tento krok je skuto\u010dnou tvorbou intervencie. \u0160trukt\u00fara programu je vylep\u0161en\u00e1 a spr\u00e1vy a materi\u00e1ly s\u00fa navrhovan\u00e9, predbe\u017ene testovan\u00e9 a vyroben\u00e9. V pr\u00edpade vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho pr\u00edkladu bol holandsk\u00fd program &#8220;Long Live Love&#8221; vyvinut\u00fd, realizovan\u00fd a opakovane preuk\u00e1zal, \u017ee podporuje propag\u00e1ciu bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ieho sexu u adolescentov v \u0161kol\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 5: Implement\u00e1cia pl\u00e1nu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vypracuje sa pl\u00e1n implement\u00e1cie programu. Identifikuj\u00fa sa potenci\u00e1lny u\u017e\u00edvatelia programu, \u0161pecifikuj\u00fa sa v\u00fdkonnostn\u00e9 ciele a ciele zmien pre pou\u017eitie programu a implementuje sa intervencia, op\u00e4\u0165 pomocou krokov MI. V pr\u00edpade vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho pr\u00edkladu sa intervencia zamerala 14- a\u017e 15-ro\u010dn\u00fdch adolescentov na \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Implement\u00e1cia intervencie sa zamerala na \u0161\u00edrenie do \u0161k\u00f4l, prijatie riadite\u013emi \u0161k\u00f4l a u\u010dite\u013eov, spr\u00e1vnu realiz\u00e1ciu u\u010dite\u013emi a nakoniec na in\u0161titucionaliz\u00e1ciu z\u00e1sahu riadite\u013emi \u0161k\u00f4l a \u0161kolsk\u00fdmi radami.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 6: Hodnotenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti pl\u00e1nu <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rozvoj z\u00e1sahu nie je koncom cesty. Je tie\u017e d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pos\u00fadi\u0165, \u010di intervencia dosiahla svoje ciele (t. j. hodnotenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti) a \u010di bol z\u00e1sah implementovan\u00fd pod\u013ea o\u010dak\u00e1vania (t.j. hodnotenie procesu). \u010cinnosti pre kroky 5 a 6 by mali za\u010da\u0165 \u010do najsk\u00f4r v procese pl\u00e1novania. Inform\u00e1cie z t\u00fdchto hodnoten\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00e9 na spresnenie a zlep\u0161enie z\u00e1sahov, pohybuj\u00fac sa tam a sp\u00e4\u0165 medzi krokmi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160ir\u0161ie perspekt\u00edvy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pl\u00e1novanie intervenci\u00ed zameran\u00fdch na zmenu spr\u00e1vania by malo v\u017edy:<\/p>\n<p>(1) pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 behavior\u00e1lne te\u00f3rie a d\u00f4kazy ako z\u00e1klady;<\/p>\n<p>(2) prija\u0165 ekologick\u00fd pr\u00edstup k hodnoteniu a intervenci\u00ed v (zdravotn\u00fdch) probl\u00e9moch; a<\/p>\n<p>(3) uisti\u0165 sa, \u017ee sa na intervencii z\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00fa akt\u00e9ri vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch cie\u013eov\u00fdch komunit\u00e1ch a in\u00fdch pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch zainteresovan\u00fdch stran\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Osoba so zdravotn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou syst\u00e9mu, rovnako ako potenci\u00e1lne rie\u0161enie pre zdravotn\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Preto \u0161irok\u00e1 \u00fa\u010das\u0165 na r\u00f4znych \u00farovniach syst\u00e9mu m\u00f4\u017ee prinies\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u0161k\u00e1lu zru\u010dnost\u00ed, poznatkov a odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed pre potreby projektu a m\u00f4\u017ee zlep\u0161i\u0165, nako\u013eko aplikovate\u013en\u00e1 je intervencia v re\u00e1lnom svete a ako najlep\u0161ie ju vyhodnoti\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 procesy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>MI tie\u017e navrhuje &#8220;k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 procesy&#8221;, k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 akcie pre aplik\u00e1ciu te\u00f3rie a d\u00f4kazov: kladenie ot\u00e1zok a\u00a0h\u013eadanie odpoved\u00ed ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 brainstormingu, presk\u00famanie existuj\u00facich empirick\u00fdch zisten\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvanie te\u00f3rie, identifik\u00e1cia a rie\u0161enie potrieb v r\u00e1mci nov\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu a nakoniec formulovanie pracovn\u00e9ho zoznamu odpoved\u00ed. Obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 proces pr\u00edstupu k a uplat\u0148ovanie te\u00f3rie je v\u00fdzvou, pre ktor\u00fa s\u00fa psychol\u00f3govia v oblasti zdravia \u0161peci\u00e1lne vy\u0161kolen\u00ed. Preh\u013ead\u00e1vaj\u00fac literat\u00faru na dan\u00fa t\u00e9mu, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pri pl\u00e1novan\u00ed programu nach\u00e1dza teoretick\u00e9 n\u00e1pady, rovnako ako koncepty, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 spojen\u00e9 s te\u00f3riami. Napokon, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 u\u017e existuj\u00face a dobre zn\u00e1me te\u00f3rie, napr\u00edklad te\u00f3ria determinantov pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania sa alebo samoregula\u010dn\u00e9 te\u00f3rie pre zmenu spr\u00e1vania.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 pl\u00e1novacia skupina pre intervenciu zameran\u00fa na zmenu spr\u00e1vania by mala ma\u0165 ako jedn\u00e9ho z jej \u010dlenov odborn\u00edka na v oblasti spr\u00e1vania ako napr\u00edklad dobre vy\u0161kolen\u00e9ho psychol\u00f3ga v oblasti zdravia.<\/li>\n<li>Pri rozv\u00edjan\u00ed intervenci\u00ed v oblasti zmeny spr\u00e1vania pou\u017e\u00edvajte te\u00f3riu a d\u00f4kazy, postupujte syst\u00e9movo a zlep\u0161ujte \u00fa\u010das\u0165 na intervencii.<\/li>\n<li>Pl\u00e1novanie intervenci\u00ed na zmenu spr\u00e1vania je procesom, ktor\u00fd ide krok za krokom, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fd krok vych\u00e1dza z t\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 mu predch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa. Protokol MI m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 vies\u0165 tieto osoby pomocou t\u00fdchto krokov.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 procesy&#8221; m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 psychol\u00f3govi v oblasti zdravia pri h\u013eadan\u00ed teoretick\u00fdch odpoved\u00ed pri pl\u00e1novan\u00ed ot\u00e1zok.<\/li>\n<li>Obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre pl\u00e1novanie intervenci\u00ed s\u00fa: identifik\u00e1cia premenliv\u00fdch a d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch determinantov spr\u00e1vania, s prihliadnut\u00edm na teoretick\u00e9 parametre, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa efekt\u00edvnos\u0165 met\u00f3d zmeny spr\u00e1vania a zabezpe\u010denie toho, aby sa intervencia realizovala pod\u013ea pl\u00e1nu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA A wide range of campaigns and interventions to improve public health and change health behaviors currently exists, but many of these are not \u201ctheory- and evidence-based\u201d. 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