{"id":807,"date":"2018-01-07T20:10:20","date_gmt":"2018-01-07T20:10:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=807"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:41:48","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:41:48","slug":"social-support-and-health-behavior-how-to-move-from-well-intentioned-to-skilled-support","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2018\/01\/social-support-and-health-behavior-how-to-move-from-well-intentioned-to-skilled-support\/","title":{"rendered":"Soci\u00e1lna opora a so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiace spr\u00e1vanie: Ako prejs\u0165 od dobre mienenej ku kvalifikovanej podpore"},"content":{"rendered":"

Urte Scholz, University of Zurich & Gertraud (Turu) Stadler, University of Aberdeen<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Soci\u00e1lna opora sa zd\u00e1 by\u0165 v\u00fdlu\u010dne pozit\u00edvnou vecou. \u010co m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 na troche pomoci zl\u00e9? Ma\u0165 niekoho, kto var\u00ed zdrav\u00e9 jedl\u00e1, ke\u010f sa pok\u00fa\u0161ate zdrav\u0161ie jes\u0165, alebo ma\u0165 niekoho kto v\u00e1s ute\u0161\u00ed, ke\u010f ste na dne, preto\u017ee v\u00e1\u0161 ned\u00e1vny pokus o skoncovanie s faj\u010den\u00edm nedopadol dobre? Tieto scen\u00e1re u\u017e zrejme d\u00e1vaj\u00fa pocit, \u017ee dobr\u00e9 \u00famysly s cie\u013eom podpori\u0165 niekoho nemusia sta\u010di\u0165. Partner, ktor\u00fd v\u00e1m a va\u0161ej sestre var\u00ed zdrav\u00e9 jedl\u00e1 a ktor\u00ed v\u00e1s zasyp\u00e1va tipmi oh\u013eadne di\u00e9t, m\u00f4\u017eu vo v\u00e1s vyvola\u0165 pocit, \u017ee vie lep\u0161ie ako vy, \u010do je pre v\u00e1s dobr\u00e9. Po\u017eiadali ste ich, aby v\u00e1m pomohli? Nemaj\u00fa pln\u00fa d\u00f4veru vo va\u0161u schopnos\u0165 jes\u0165 zdrav\u00e9 jedlo bez pomoci in\u00fdch? Je teda opora zameran\u00e1 na zmenu so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiaceho pr\u00e1vania v\u017edy dobr\u00e1 vec? Cie\u013eom tohto textu je pom\u00f4c\u0165 odborn\u00edkom \u00a0ako radi\u0165 svojim klientom o tom, ako h\u013eada\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fa soci\u00e1lnu oporu. Za\u010dnime s definovan\u00edm toho, \u010do soci\u00e1lna opora je a \u010do nie.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u010co je soci\u00e1lna opora?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Soci\u00e1lna opora je pomoc inej osoby niekomu, kto je konfrontovan\u00fd s probl\u00e9mom alebo v\u00fdzvou, ako je snaha jes\u0165 zdrav\u0161ie. Opora je zameran\u00e1 na rie\u0161enie tohto probl\u00e9mu alebo aspo\u0148 na zmiernenie stresu spojen\u00e9ho s t\u00fdmto probl\u00e9mom. Existuj\u00fa tri be\u017en\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby opory, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010dasto sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa: jedn\u00fdm je emocion\u00e1lna opora<\/strong>, napr\u00edklad upokojenie \u010dloveka a\u00a0uistenie sa, \u017ee sa c\u00edtia milovan\u00ed a pochopen\u00ed, ke\u010f ich stresuje fakt, \u017ee jes\u0165 lep\u0161ie je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9. Druhou cestou je praktick\u00e1 opora<\/strong>, t.j. prijatie konkr\u00e9tnych opatren\u00ed na pomoc druh\u00e9mu, ako napr\u00edklad n\u00e1kup zdrav\u00fdch potrav\u00edn. Tre\u0165ou cestou je informa\u010dn\u00e1 opora<\/strong>, ako napr\u00edklad poskytovanie tipov, ako jes\u0165 viac zeleniny. Aj ke\u010f opora m\u00f4\u017ee prich\u00e1dza\u0165 doslova od kohoko\u013evek, v\u00fdskum zistil, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina opory poch\u00e1dza od bl\u00edzkych, ako s\u00fa partneri, rodina a priatelia. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi zdrojmi opory pre \u013eud\u00ed so zdravotn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami s\u00fa \u010dasto zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci a in\u00ed \u013eudia s podobn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9mami.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Okrem uveden\u00e9ho existuje delenie na \u010fal\u0161ie dve r\u00f4zne druhy opory. Opora, ktor\u00fa o\u010dak\u00e1vate v bud\u00facnosti, alebo opora, ktor\u00fa ste z\u00edskali v minulosti. \u013dudia si m\u00f4\u017eu predstavova\u0165 oporu, ktor\u00fa od ostatn\u00fdch o\u010dak\u00e1vaj\u00fa v r\u00e1mci stresov\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed v bud\u00facnosti. Napr\u00edklad faj\u010diar, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 v \u00famysle presta\u0165, si m\u00f4\u017ee predstavi\u0165 oporu, ktor\u00e1 mu bude pon\u00faknut\u00e1 od in\u00fdch. Tento typ opory sa naz\u00fdva vn\u00edman\u00e1 opora<\/em>. Pravdou v\u0161ak je, \u017ee vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej miere s\u00favis\u00ed s optimistick\u00fdm poh\u013eadom \u013eud\u00ed na bud\u00facnos\u0165, ne\u017e so skuto\u010dnou oporou. Vn\u00edman\u00e1 opora m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 trochu vzne\u0161en\u00e1, preto\u017ee o\u010dak\u00e1vanie opory nie je nevyhnutne konfrontovan\u00e9 re\u00e1lnou n\u00e1ro\u010dnou situ\u00e1ciou. Druh\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom nazerania na oporu je p\u00fdta\u0165 sa, ak\u00fa podporu m\u00e1 \u010dlovek s probl\u00e9mom. Posledn\u00e9 uveden\u00e9 s\u00fa u\u017e retrospekt\u00edvne \u00favahy o skuto\u010dnej opore. Napr\u00edklad, \u010do pomohlo niekomu zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 v priebehu uplynul\u00e9ho t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148a jeho snahu lep\u0161ie jes\u0165. Tieto dva druhy opory nemusia nevyhnutne spolu \u00fazko s\u00favisie\u0165. M\u00f4\u017eete o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee v\u00e1m va\u0161i bl\u00edzky pom\u00f4\u017eu v \u010dase potreby, ale nemus\u00edte si spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee ste dostali ve\u013ea pomoci pri va\u0161om ned\u00e1vnom pokuse jes\u0165 lep\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kvalifikovan\u00e1 opora ved\u00faca k zmene so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiaceho spr\u00e1vania <\/strong><\/p>\n

Pri sk\u00faman\u00ed v\u00fdskumu soci\u00e1lnej opory a\u00a0so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiaceho spr\u00e1vania sme zistili, \u017ee ve\u013ea \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed uv\u00e1dza pozit\u00edvne \u00fa\u010dinky opory. Pri bli\u017e\u0161om poh\u013eade sme v\u0161ak zistili, \u017ee sa mnoh\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed zameriavaj\u00fa na prv\u00fd druh opory op\u00edsanej vy\u0161\u0161ie, vn\u00edman\u00fa oporu<\/em>. Pozit\u00edvne o\u010dak\u00e1vanie<\/em> opory je konzistentne spojen\u00e9 s lep\u0161\u00edm spr\u00e1van\u00edm sa v oblasti zdravia. Druh\u00e9mu druhu opory, skuto\u010dnej opore, bola vo v\u00fdskume venovan\u00e1 ove\u013ea men\u0161ia pozornos\u0165 a dostupn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie zistili zmie\u0161an\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky. Tieto zmie\u0161an\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky niekedy vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v\u00a0prvom rade z neschopnosti skuto\u010dne zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 oporu v intervencii. Celkovo sa zd\u00e1, \u017ee neexistuje \u017eiadna z\u00e1ruka, \u017ee dobre mienen\u00e1 soci\u00e1lna opora je u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00a0situ\u00e1cii, ke\u010f sa niekto pok\u00fasi zmeni\u0165 svoje so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiace spr\u00e1vanie. Namiesto toho z\u00e1vis\u00ed \u00faspech podporn\u00fdch akci\u00ed od:
\n– toho kto poskytuje oporu (niekedy je pomoc priate\u013ea lep\u0161ia ako pomoc man\u017eelky\/man\u017eela),
\n– pohlavia poskytovate\u013ea (\u017eeny sa zdaj\u00fa by\u0165 lep\u0161\u00edmi poskytovate\u013emi opory ako pre mu\u017eov tak i pre \u017eeny),
\n– s\u00faladu medzi potrebou opory a jej poskytovan\u00edm
\n– toho za ak\u00fdch podmienok sa vyskytuje (\u010di je poskytovanie a prij\u00edmanie opory vyrovnan\u00e9 alebo nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V skuto\u010dnosti dokonca existuj\u00fa \u0161t\u00fadie, ktor\u00e9 dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee prij\u00edmanie opory m\u00f4\u017ee dokonca po\u0161kodi\u0165<\/strong>. Opora m\u00f4\u017ee prispie\u0165 k oslabeniu alebo jednoducho k nedostato\u010dn\u00e9mu zvl\u00e1dnutiu samotnej v\u00fdzvy. Kvalifikovan\u00e1 opora – opora od d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdch os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa va\u0161e potreby a ktor\u00e9 v\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00fa pochopi\u0165, oce\u0148ova\u0165 a stara\u0165 sa o zmenu v\u00e1\u0161ho spr\u00e1vania – m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 tou najlep\u0161ou vo\u013ebou. Kvalifikovan\u00e1 opora z\u00e1vis\u00ed od toho, \u010di obe strany navz\u00e1jom komunikuj\u00fa. Osoba, ktor\u00e1 chce urobi\u0165 zmenu, by mala vyhodnoti\u0165 osobn\u00e9 potreby a jasne informova\u0165 o t\u00fdchto potreb\u00e1ch a akt\u00edvne h\u013eada\u0165 oporu od os\u00f4b, ktor\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017ee plne d\u00f4verova\u0165. Poskytovate\u013e opory by sa mal usilova\u0165 o uspokojenie potrieb osoby sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd je \u00factiv\u00fd a reaguje na potreby pr\u00edjemcu.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010co by teda mali \u013eudia robi\u0165, aby \u00fa\u010dinne podporovali niekoho, pokia\u013e ide o zmenu so zdrav\u00edm s\u00favisiaceho spr\u00e1vania? Pracovn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed radia klientom, by ich mali povzbudzova\u0165 k tomu, aby h\u013eadali kvalifikovan\u00fa oporu a komunikovali so svojimi bl\u00edzkymi a zdravotn\u00edckymi odborn\u00edkmi o svojich potreb\u00e1ch. Ak chcete \u00fa\u010dinne podpori\u0165 pokus inej osoby zmeni\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie, mali by ste ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4ti nasleduj\u00face odpor\u00fa\u010dania:<\/p>\n

– Povzbudzujte \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa urobi\u0165 zmenu, aby si h\u013eadali oporu u d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdch bl\u00edzkych a hovorili s nimi o tom, \u010do by im naozaj pomohlo. To m\u00f4\u017ee zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 aj zvl\u00e1dnutie situ\u00e1cie bez pomoci in\u00fdch!
\n– Pracujte s klientmi s cie\u013eom komunikova\u0165 ich potreby v konkr\u00e9tnych situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch a pod\u00e1va\u0165 n\u00e1vrhy, ktor\u00e9 im pom\u00f4\u017eu z\u00edska\u0165 oporu, ktor\u00e1 je pre nich n\u00e1pomocn\u00e1. Napr\u00edklad, odborn\u00edci m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 rolov\u00e9 hry, aby si s klientmi pre\u0161li r\u00f4zne scen\u00e1re toho ako po\u017eiada\u0165 o pomoc. To by malo zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 aj zv\u00fd\u0161enie povedomia o tom, \u017ee opora je ve\u013emi individu\u00e1lna a nie v\u017edy u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e1. Takto m\u00f4\u017ee osoba prakticky poskytova\u0165 poradenstvo a kon\u0161trukt\u00edvnu sp\u00e4tn\u00fa v\u00e4zbu.
\n– Pracujte s klientom na rozpozn\u00e1van\u00ed kvalifikovanej opory. Ke\u010f\u017ee spr\u00e1vanie \u010dloveka je dynamick\u00fdm procesom a potreby sa m\u00f4\u017eu zmeni\u0165 z jedn\u00e9ho d\u0148a na druh\u00fd, m\u00f4\u017ee to zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 \u010dast\u00e9 \u00fapravy.<\/p>\n

Prelo\u017eila Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Urte Scholz, University of Zurich and Gertraud (Turu) Stadler, University of Aberdeen Social support seems to be an exclusively positive thing. What can be bad about a little help? Having someone who cooks healthy meals when you try to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":821,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-807","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interventions","category-social-support"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=807"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/807\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4636,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/807\/revisions\/4636"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=807"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}