{"id":609,"date":"2017-03-28T05:22:28","date_gmt":"2017-03-28T05:22:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=609"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:48:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:48:02","slug":"fear-is-a-bad-counselor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2017\/03\/fear-is-a-bad-counselor\/","title":{"rendered":"Strach je zl\u00fd radca"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Dr Gjalt-Jorn Peters, Open University, Holandsko<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Apelovanie na n\u00e1\u0161 strach je be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvanou strat\u00e9giou k zmene spr\u00e1vania. Pr\u00edkladom s\u00fa dnes v\u0161ade pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 hroziace a odstra\u0161uj\u00face spr\u00e1vy na obaloch tabakov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov, v kampaniach na podporu pou\u017e\u00edvania bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch p\u00e1sov a odr\u00e1dzania od u\u017e\u00edvania drog. Napriek popularite a roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edvaniu t\u00fdchto so strachom pracuj\u00facich met\u00f3d, v\u00fdskum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee to nemus\u00ed by\u0165 pr\u00e1ve najlep\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob ako zmeni\u0165 spr\u00e1vanie, vzdel\u00e1va\u0165 ich alebo zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 ich informovanos\u0165. Ako je to mo\u017en\u00e9? Nemali by ma\u0165 \u013eudia strach z vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 by mohli po\u0161kodi\u0165 ich zdravie? Je predsa samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee nikto, kto pozn\u00e1 rizik\u00e1 by nechcel s\u00e1m od seba faj\u010di\u0165, jazdi\u0165 bez bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho p\u00e1su alebo u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 metamfetam\u00edn, nie? Nie tak celkom\u2026<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u00f4sobenie strachu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4vodov pre\u010do m\u00e1 t\u00e1to \u00a0taktika stra\u0161enia tak vysok\u00fa ob\u013e\u00fabenos\u0165 v kampaniach v oblasti verejn\u00e9ho zdravia je, \u017ee \u013eudia si \u010dasto myslia, \u017ee vedia, ako sa bud\u00fa ostatn\u00ed spr\u00e1va\u0165. \u013dudia s\u00fa presved\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee to, \u010do v nebezpe\u010dnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed br\u00e1ni im, bude rovnako p\u00f4sobi\u0165 aj na ostatn\u00fdch. &#8220;Keby len \u013eudia poznali rizik\u00e1 &#8230;&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Samozrejme, \u017ee rizik\u00e1 spojen\u00e9 s mnoh\u00fdmi nezdrav\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi spr\u00e1vania s\u00fa v\u00a0dne\u0161nej dobe pomerne \u010dasto \u0161\u00edren\u00e9 v\u00a0m\u00e9di\u00e1ch a prostredn\u00edctvom soci\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed. Vari sa tieto kampane nedost\u00e1vaj\u00fa k \u013eu\u010fom, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa ohrozen\u00ed? Alebo s\u00fa tieto spr\u00e1vy m\u00e1lo konfronta\u010dn\u00e9 \u010di siln\u00e9? Mo\u017eno by e\u0161te konfronta\u010dnej\u0161ia alebo desivej\u0161ia spr\u00e1va mohla fungova\u0165 lep\u0161ie a prerazi\u0165 obranu \u013eud\u00ed, konfrontova\u0165 ich s t\u00fdm, ako nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie je a prin\u00fati\u0165 ich, aby si rozmysleli \u010di skuto\u010dne siahnu po cigarete alebo metamfetam\u00edne. A skuto\u010dne, ke\u010f sa sp\u00fdtate laikov, \u010do by mohlo fungova\u0165 a\u00a0ako odradi\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed od \u00a0robenie toho, \u010do je nezdrav\u00e9, je to \u010dasto jedna z najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00edch odpoved\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>U\u017e nejak\u00fa dobu v\u0161ak vieme, \u017ee tento predpoklad je v\u00a0svojej podstate chybn\u00fd. Nie v\u017edy s\u00fa si \u013eudia jasne vedom\u00ed d\u00f4vodov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa pre svoje konanie. Zis\u0165ova\u0165 u cie\u013eovej popul\u00e1cie ak\u00e9 s\u00fa ich d\u00f4vody pre\u010do robia (alebo nerobia) ur\u010dit\u00e9 veci m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ve\u013emi u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 \u00a0a ich zapojenie do procesu vytv\u00e1rania intervenci\u00ed je ur\u010dite rozhoduj\u00face pre ich bud\u00faci \u00faspech. Av\u0161ak, laici nie s\u00fa odborn\u00edci na zmenu spr\u00e1vania a zodpovednos\u0165 by preto nemala by\u0165 d\u00e1van\u00e1 na ich plecia.<br \/>\nVed\u013ea intuit\u00edvnej pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017elivosti odstra\u0161uj\u00facej komunik\u00e1cie je \u010fal\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4vodom pre jej popularitu vn\u00edman\u00fd nedostatok in\u00fdch alternat\u00edv. Nie v\u0161etci tvorcovia intervenci\u00ed a reklamn\u00e9 agent\u00fary poznaj\u00fa protokoly pre tvorbu intervenci\u00ed ako interven\u010dn\u00e9 mapovanie \u010di vedia o in\u00fdch met\u00f3dach ur\u010den\u00fdch na zmenu spr\u00e1vania, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Je pochopite\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee tvorcovia intervenci\u00ed \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa strach a hrozby v ich \u00fasil\u00ed o podporu zdravia, preto\u017ee s\u00fa \u013eahko dostupn\u00e9 a s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na &#8220;zdravom rozume&#8221;. Ale pre\u010do je to probl\u00e9m?<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Niet sa \u010doho b\u00e1\u0165, len strachu samotn\u00e9ho<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee \u013eudia sa nie v\u017edy spr\u00e1vaj\u00fa racion\u00e1lne, a \u017ee evol\u00facia n\u00e1s &#8220;nenaprogramovala&#8221; na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 rob\u00edme dnes. Jedna z\u00a0vec\u00ed, v\u00a0ktorej s\u00fa \u013eudia v\u0161eobecne celkom dobr\u00ed, je udr\u017eiavanie pozit\u00edvneho vn\u00edmania seba sam\u00e9ho. A jedn\u00fdm z prostriedkov, ktor\u00e9 na to pou\u017e\u00edvame, je naru\u0161enie na\u0161ich vlastn\u00fdch predst\u00e1v.<br \/>\nAj ke\u010f v\u00a0princ\u00edpe m\u00e1me v\u0161etci z\u00e1ujem o inform\u00e1cie t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa riz\u00edk, ak tomu okolnosti nezodpovedaj\u00fa, m\u00e1me ich tendenciu vytes\u0148ova\u0165. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade jednoduch\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania to nie je probl\u00e9m. Ak niekoho varujete, \u017ee by nemal jes\u0165 surov\u00e9 kur\u010da, bude to s\u00a0ve\u013ekou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou dodr\u017eiava\u0165. Pri zlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch form\u00e1ch spr\u00e1vania u\u017e v\u0161ak vstupuje do hry probl\u00e9m vn\u00edmania seba sam\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Odvykanie od faj\u010denia je notoricky \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9. V\u00a0skuto\u010dnosti si v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina faj\u010diarov praje presta\u0165 faj\u010di\u0165, a\u00a0v\u00a0momente kedy si \u013eudia myslia, \u017ee sa nem\u00f4\u017eu vyhn\u00fa\u0165 hrozbe, je ich sebaobraz ohrozen\u00fd. Nie je jednoduch\u00e9 zap\u00e1ja\u0165 sa do nie\u010doho de\u0161trukt\u00edvneho a\u00a0pritom si by\u0165 plne a bolestivo vedom\u00fd hroziaceho nebezpe\u010denstva. Pr\u00e1ve preto maj\u00fa \u013eudia r\u00f4zne sp\u00f4soby ako si by\u0165 t\u00fdchto vec\u00ed vedom\u00ed menej. Kedyko\u013evek si \u010dlovek nie je ist\u00fd, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee odvr\u00e1ti\u0165 hrozbu, bude reagova\u0165 defenz\u00edvne s\u00a0cie\u013eom zachovania svojho sebaobrazu: bu\u010f bude bagatelizova\u0165 rizik\u00e1 alebo sa zameria na \u010fal\u0161ie pozit\u00edvne aspekty seba sam\u00e9ho. Faj\u010diar by napr\u00edklad mohol hovori\u0165, \u017ee m\u00e1 \u00a0babi\u010dku, ktor\u00e1 denne faj\u010d\u00ed dve krabi\u010dky cigariet posledn\u00fdch \u0161tyridsa\u0165 rokov a st\u00e1le je siln\u00e1 (&#8220;Faj\u010denie nie je tak\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9&#8221;) alebo by mohlo vysvet\u013eova\u0165, \u017ee cvi\u010d\u00ed p\u00e4\u0165kr\u00e1t t\u00fd\u017edenne alebo zje pol kila brokolice ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 (&#8220;Som zdrav\u00fd \u010dlovek&#8221;). Tieto obrann\u00e9 reakcie pom\u00e1haj\u00fa \u013eu\u010fom udr\u017eiava\u0165 si pozit\u00edvne vn\u00edmanie seba sam\u00e9ho, \u010do im umo\u017e\u0148uje pokra\u010dova\u0165 v nebezpe\u010dnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tieto procesy boli \u0161tudovan\u00e9 po viac ako \u0161es\u0165desiat rokov. Napriek tomu zost\u00e1va t\u00e1to t\u00e9ma st\u00e1le trochu kontroverzn\u00e1. S\u00a0cie\u013eom vyrie\u0161i\u0165 tento spor sa n\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdskumn\u00fd t\u00edm kriticky pozrel na v\u0161etok v\u00fdskum v tejto oblasti. Sk\u00famali sme, pre\u010do sa na strane jednej nieko\u013eko \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed zistilo, \u017ee zdie\u013eanie odstra\u0161uj\u00facich inform\u00e1cii funguje, zatia\u013e \u010do na strane druhej, s\u00fa tu \u010fal\u0161ie \u0161t\u00fadie (v zhode s psychologick\u00fdmi te\u00f3riami), ktor\u00e9 zistili, \u017ee to tak nie je.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>V preh\u013eade literat\u00fary sme zistili, \u017ee apelovanie na strach zmen\u00ed spr\u00e1vanie len vtedy, ke\u010f je sp\u00e1jan\u00e9 s intervenciami, ktor\u00fdm sa z\u00e1rove\u0148 podarilo zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 d\u00f4veru jednotlivcov v ich schopnosti eliminova\u0165 hrozbu. In\u00fdmi slovami, len ke\u010f \u013eudia si mysleli, \u017ee by bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 odvr\u00e1ti\u0165 hrozbu, malo zmysel ich zastra\u0161ova\u0165. Ke\u010f si \u013eudia neboli ist\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 svoje spr\u00e1vanie, aby zabr\u00e1nili nebezpe\u010denstvu ale napriek tomu boli zastra\u0161ovan\u00ed, neboli spr\u00e1vy vzbudzuj\u00face strach len neefekt\u00edvne, ale niekedy dokonca \u00faplne zlyh\u00e1vali. Ak zastra\u0161ovanie alebo konfront\u00e1cia \u013eud\u00ed nie je t\u00fdm spr\u00e1vnym sp\u00f4sobom ako efekt\u00edvne zmeni\u0165 ich spr\u00e1vanie \u010do potom je?<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pri pokuse o zmenu spr\u00e1vania si najprv ur\u010dite pr\u00ed\u010diny (determinanty) spr\u00e1vania. Je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou vn\u00edmanie rizika, soci\u00e1lne normy, alebo nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 schopnosti?<br \/>\n\u2022 N\u00e1sledne si ur\u010dite, ktor\u00e9 met\u00f3dy m\u00f4\u017eu tieto pr\u00ed\u010diny zmeni\u0165 (vid tento rozsiahly zoznam a tieto pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 usmernenia)<br \/>\n\u2022 Ak sa predsa len rozhodnete vyu\u017ei\u0165 zastra\u0161uj\u00facu komunik\u00e1ciu, uistite sa o nasledovn\u00fdch dvoch veciach:<br \/>\n&#8211; Bu\u010f je va\u0161a cie\u013eov\u00e1 skupina presved\u010den\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017eu vykon\u00e1va\u0165 \u017eiaduce spr\u00e1vanie (zn\u00e1me ako &#8220;vysok\u00e1 seba-\u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165), alebo;<br \/>\n&#8211; Va\u0161a intervencia obsahuje jednu alebo viac efekt\u00edvnych zlo\u017eiek, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 pri zvy\u0161ovan\u00ed ich vlastnej seba-\u00fa\u010dinnosti na prijate\u013en\u00fa \u00farove\u0148.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Translation by\u00a0Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr Gjalt-Jorn Peters, Open University, Netherlands Fear appeals are a commonly used strategy to change behaviour. For instance the threatening and graphic fear-arousing communications now ever-present on tobacco packaging, and in campaigns to promote seatbelt use and discourage substance use. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fear","category-incentives"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=609"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4648,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/609\/revisions\/4648"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}