{"id":2775,"date":"2023-03-22T10:29:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T10:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2775"},"modified":"2025-11-04T13:57:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T13:57:02","slug":"effective-risk-communication-is-about-more-than-behaviour-change-lets-talk-about-personal-risk-appraisals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2023\/03\/effective-risk-communication-is-about-more-than-behaviour-change-lets-talk-about-personal-risk-appraisals\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>Efekt\u00edvna komunik\u00e1cia o riziku je viac ako len zmena spr\u00e1vania: hovorme o osobnom hodnoten\u00ed rizika<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Victoria Woof a David French, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, UK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V medic\u00edne a psychol\u00f3gii zdravia tradi\u010dne poskytuj\u00fa zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci pacientom ich personalizovan\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 chor\u00f4b s cie\u013eom dan\u00fdm chorob\u00e1m predch\u00e1dza\u0165. Tam, kde komunik\u00e1cia o rizik\u00e1ch u\u013eah\u010duje zmeny v spr\u00e1van\u00ed v oblasti zdravia, vznik\u00e1 priestor pre potenci\u00e1lne n\u00e1jdenie choroby v lie\u010dite\u013en\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1ch a\u00a0zn\u00ed\u017eenie rizika n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho rozvoja choroby. Pr\u00edkladom je informovanie o riziku srdcovo-cievnych ochoren\u00ed s\u00a0cie\u013eom podpory fyzick\u00e9ho cvi\u010denia a zlep\u0161enia stravy, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1sledne riziko dan\u00e9ho ochorenia zni\u017euj\u00fa. Pri poskytovan\u00ed inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o riziku ochorenia je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 aj in\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 ciele a v\u00fdsledky. Okrem toho ciele zdravotn\u00edckych pracovn\u00edkov a pacientov alebo verejnosti nemusia by\u0165 v\u017edy v s\u00falade. Bolo identifikovan\u00fdch nieko\u013eko s\u00favisiacich cie\u013eov komunik\u00e1cie o rizik\u00e1ch, vr\u00e1tane u\u013eah\u010denia informovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdberu a <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaoncology\/article-abstract\/2766214\">vytv\u00e1rania vhodn\u00fdch afekt\u00edvnych reakci\u00ed, ako aj motiv\u00e1cie zmeny spr\u00e1vania<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 postupy a d\u00f4sledky komunik\u00e1cie o rizik\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Na u\u013eah\u010denie pochopenia numerick\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a zlep\u0161enie komunik\u00e1cie o rizik\u00e1ch sa zva\u017eovali r\u00f4zne pr\u00edstupy, ako napr\u00edklad pou\u017e\u00edvanie vizu\u00e1lnych zn\u00e1zornen\u00ed rizika, napr\u00edklad pole ikon (ikony predstavuj\u00face po\u010det ohrozen\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed). Napriek tomu maj\u00fa pr\u00edjemcovia na\u010falej probl\u00e9my s pochopen\u00edm \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch \u00fadajov a ich d\u00f4sledkov. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article\/51\/5\/718\/4648590?login=true\">Najm\u00e4 sa nezd\u00e1, \u017ee by poskytovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o rizik\u00e1ch tohto druhu izolovane malo nejak\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 alebo dlhodob\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na zmenu spr\u00e1vania<\/a>. Jedn\u00fdm z pravdepodobn\u00fdch vysvetlen\u00ed tohto nedostato\u010dn\u00e9ho vplyvu je, \u017ee zmena presved\u010denia pr\u00edjemcov o\u00a0ich zranite\u013enosti prostredn\u00edctvom samotn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o riziku je pomerne slab\u00fd z\u00e1sah, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23731175\/\">zatia\u013e \u010do presved\u010denia o vlastnej \u00fa\u010dinnosti a zvl\u00e1dan\u00ed (t. j. do akej miery si jednotlivec mysl\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie), m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 pozit\u00edvnej\u0161ie d\u00f4sledky na zmenu spr\u00e1vania<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Napriek tomu, ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9, existuj\u00fa aj in\u00e9 ciele komunik\u00e1cie o rizik\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165. V literat\u00fare o riziku rakoviny sa zistilo, \u017ee jednotlivci rozumej\u00fa svojim odhadom rizika a s\u00fa schopn\u00ed si ich vybavi\u0165. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6919334\/\">T\u00edto jednotlivci v\u0161ak nie v\u017edy veria, \u017ee odhad rizika odr\u00e1\u017ea ich vn\u00edman\u00e9 riziko napriek jasn\u00e9mu vysvetleniu, pri\u010dom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina svoje riziko prece\u0148uje<\/a>. Tu by sa zdalo, \u017ee jednotlivci maj\u00fa u\u017e existuj\u00face predstavy o svojom riziku, ktor\u00e9 zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa nezmenen\u00e9, ke\u010f sa poskytne \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd klinick\u00fd odhad. Tak\u017ee, \u010do to m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobova\u0165?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Komunik\u00e1cia o riziku a osobn\u00e9 hodnotenie rizika<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Osobn\u00e9 sk\u00fasenosti s rodinn\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm, zhoda medzi osobn\u00fdmi o\u010dak\u00e1vaniami a klinick\u00fdmi odhadmi a osobn\u00e9 predstavy o pr\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch, to v\u0161etko m\u00e1 vplyv na to, ako je vn\u00edman\u00fd a internalizovan\u00fd najm\u00e4 odhad klinick\u00e9ho rizika rakoviny prsn\u00edka. <a href=\"https:\/\/research.manchester.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/psychological-impact-of-risk-stratified-screening-as-part-of-the-\">Hoci poskytnutie odhadu klinick\u00e9ho rizika m\u00e1 mal\u00fd vplyv na emocion\u00e1lne v\u00fdsledky, u\u017e existuj\u00face em\u00f3cie (hodnoten\u00e9 pred ozn\u00e1men\u00edm rizika) s\u00fa siln\u00fdm prediktorom toho, ako s\u00fa odhady rizika vn\u00edman\u00e9 a\u00a0ako sa na ne reaguje<\/a>. Bez uznania t\u00fdchto typov probl\u00e9mov, techniky komunik\u00e1cie o rizik\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvame, bude podpora informovan\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed a presn\u00e9ho hodnotenia rizika limitovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Ned\u00e1vno sme v <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41416-022-01944-x\">systematickom preh\u013eade kvalitat\u00edvnych \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed<\/a> zd\u00f4raznili, \u017ee z\u00e1va\u017enos\u0165 rakoviny prsn\u00edka v rodine ovplyv\u0148uje zapojenie \u017eien do prevent\u00edvneho spr\u00e1vania. Ak by rakovina prsn\u00edka nebola hlavnou prioritou v porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi chorobami, zapojenie sa do prevent\u00edvnych opatren\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zanedban\u00e9, preto\u017ee in\u00e9 choroby v rodine s\u00fa znepokojuj\u00facej\u0161ie. Podobne, ke\u010f sa predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face o\u010dak\u00e1vania rizika nezhoduj\u00fa s odhadom klinick\u00e9ho rizika, \u017eeny m\u00f4\u017eu reagova\u0165 s pochybnos\u0165ami a \u0161okom, pri\u010dom d\u00f4vera v odhad je podkopan\u00e1. Ak sa klinick\u00fd odhad nezhoduje s t\u00fdmito u\u017e existuj\u00facimi n\u00e1zormi a o\u010dak\u00e1vaniami, navrhovan\u00e9 zmeny v stravovan\u00ed alebo u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed prevent\u00edvnych liekov sa nemusia vykona\u0165.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Smerom k osobnej\u0161iemu pr\u00edstupu pri komunik\u00e1cii o riziku<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Osoby, ktor\u00e9 dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa personalizovan\u00fd odhad rizika ochorenia, nie s\u00fa pas\u00edvnymi pr\u00edjemcami t\u00fdchto inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Namiesto toho t\u00edto jedinci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa svoje soci\u00e1lne s\u00favislosti, osobn\u00e9 predsudky, hodnoty a sk\u00fasenosti, aby pochopili inform\u00e1cie t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa ich rizika, ktor\u00e9 sa nemusia v\u017edy zhodova\u0165 s cie\u013eom komunik\u00e1tora alebo poskytnut\u00fdm \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdm rizikom.<\/p>\n<p>Otvoren\u00fd dial\u00f3g s pr\u00edjemcami rizika ochorenia je prospe\u0161n\u00fd, pokr\u00fdva viac ne\u017e len \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd odhad, aby sa ciele a poznatky zbl\u00ed\u017eili. Na efekt\u00edvnu komunik\u00e1ciu o rizik\u00e1ch musia zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci v prvom rade zisti\u0165, ak\u00e9 znalosti a vedomosti jednotlivci u\u017e maj\u00fa o danom riziku ochorenia. Profesion\u00e1li by tak sebe a pr\u00edjemcovi poskytli pr\u00edle\u017eitos\u0165 diskutova\u0165 o spolo\u010dnom porozumen\u00ed a pracova\u0165 na nespr\u00e1vnom vn\u00edman\u00ed, aby zos\u00faladili svoje ciele. Viac \u010dasu str\u00e1ven\u00e9ho poskytovan\u00edm individualizovanej a prisp\u00f4sobenej sp\u00e4tnej v\u00e4zby by pravdepodobne zlep\u0161ilo sp\u00f4sob, ak\u00fdm pr\u00edjemcovia uva\u017euj\u00fa o svojom riziku, a tie\u017e by zv\u00fd\u0161ilo d\u00f4veru oboch str\u00e1n v zdie\u013ean\u00e9 informovan\u00e9 rozhodovanie, ako aj u\u013eah\u010dilo trval\u00e9 zmeny zdravotn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa ciele va\u0161ej komunik\u00e1cie o riziku<\/strong> \u2013 pred poskytnut\u00edm rizika ochorenia je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 najprv zisti\u0165, \u010do sa sna\u017e\u00edte dosiahnu\u0165, napr. zmena spr\u00e1vania, informovan\u00e9 rozhodnutia. Po stanoven\u00ed cie\u013eov by mali odborn\u00edci zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 aj ciele pr\u00edjemcu a spolo\u010dne n\u00e1js\u0165 spolo\u010dn\u00fa re\u010d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Otvorte dial\u00f3g s pr\u00edjemcom<\/strong> \u2013 poskytnite pr\u00edjemcovi priestor na vyjadrenie svojich my\u0161lienok s cie\u013eom pos\u00fadi\u0165 r\u00f4zne sp\u00f4soby, ak\u00fdmi vn\u00edma svoje riziko a \u010di m\u00e1 potrebn\u00e9 znalosti na to, aby sa mohol informovane rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 a pom\u00f4c\u0165 mu pri v\u00fdbere, nech je to \u010doko\u013evek.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S \u00factou spochyb\u0148ujte nedorozumenia<\/strong> \u2013 spolupracujte s pr\u00edjemcom na diskusii o nespr\u00e1vnych n\u00e1padoch a prepracujte medzery vo vedomostiach. To vytvor\u00ed z\u00e1klady pre informovanej\u0161ie rozhodovanie, ak je toto cie\u013eom komunik\u00e1cie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prisp\u00f4sobte svoju komunik\u00e1ciu<\/strong> \u2013 myslite na potreby pr\u00edjemcu a stanovte sp\u00f4soby prenosu vedomost\u00ed, aby ste sa zapojili do zmysluplnej diskusie. D\u00e1 sa to urobi\u0165 vrstven\u00edm inform\u00e1ci\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0272989X08327066\">poskytnut\u00edm stru\u010dn\u00fdch alebo \u201ez\u00e1sadn\u00fdch\u201c inform\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/a>, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa potom na po\u017eiadanie podlo\u017een\u00e9 podrobnej\u0161\u00edm materi\u00e1lom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[Prelo\u017eila Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Victoria Woof and David French, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, UK Traditionally in medicine and health psychology, healthcare professionals have provided patients with their personalised disease risks with the aim of preventing disease. Where risk communication [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2779,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2775","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2775"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2775\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4550,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2775\/revisions\/4550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2775"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2775"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}