{"id":2510,"date":"2022-08-04T07:20:38","date_gmt":"2022-08-04T07:20:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2510"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:01:36","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:01:36","slug":"make-or-break-the-importance-of-breaks-in-healthcare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2022\/08\/make-or-break-the-importance-of-breaks-in-healthcare\/","title":{"rendered":"\u200b\u200bMake or break: d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 prest\u00e1vok v zdravotn\u00edctve"},"content":{"rendered":"

Julia Allan, Aberdeen University, \u0160k\u00f3tsko<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Modern\u00fd \u017eivot je hektick\u00fd. \u017dijeme v \u010doraz viac \u201ezapnutom\u201c digit\u00e1lnom svete, kde s\u00fa obdobia skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho oddychu od pr\u00e1ce zriedkav\u00e9. Mnoho \u013eud\u00ed pravidelne pracuje po\u010das dlh\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. Ide najm\u00e4 o zdravotn\u00edkov pracuj\u00facich v prvej l\u00ednii zdravotnej starostlivosti. V kontexte zdravotnej starostlivosti s\u00fa pracovn\u00fd \u010das a n\u00e1roky\u00a0 s\u00favisiace s pr\u00e1cou zvy\u010dajne vysok\u00e9, zmeny be\u017ene presahuj\u00fa 8 hod\u00edn \u201enorm\u00e1lneho\u201c pracovn\u00e9ho d\u0148a a pracovn\u00e9 n\u00e1roky m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 svojou povahou ne\u00faprosn\u00e9. Ak si neodkladn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165 vy\u017eaduje s\u00favisl\u00e1 s\u00e9ria pacientov, zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci s\u00fa povinn\u00ed ju poskytn\u00fa\u0165 bez oh\u013eadu na to, ako s\u00fa zanepr\u00e1zdnen\u00ed alebo ako dlho pracuj\u00fa. V d\u00f4sledku t\u00fdchto vysok\u00fdch po\u017eiadaviek s\u00fa vynechan\u00e9 prest\u00e1vky v zdravotn\u00edckych zariadeniach mimoriadne be\u017en\u00e9 \u2013 napr\u00edklad sa uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee <\/span>1 z 10 sestier si nikdy nerob\u00ed poriadnu prest\u00e1vku a 1 z 3 zriedkavo alebo v\u00f4bec nerob\u00ed prest\u00e1vky na jedenie po\u010das zmien.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Vyme\u0161kan\u00e9 prest\u00e1vky maj\u00fa cel\u00fd rad negat\u00edvnych d\u00f4sledkov \u2013 od praktick\u00e9ho nepohodlia, ke\u010f nem\u00f4\u017eete \u00eds\u0165 na toaletu a <\/span>nedostatku pr\u00edle\u017eitosti na zdrav\u00e9 jedlo<\/span><\/a>, a\u017e po pocity <\/span>demoraliz\u00e1cie a nespokojnosti<\/span><\/a> ako aj kognit\u00edvne zmeny, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 dlh\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 obdobie s neprimeran\u00fdmi prest\u00e1vkami.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kognit\u00edvne zmeny, ku ktor\u00fdm doch\u00e1dza pri dlhodobej pr\u00e1ci bez prest\u00e1vky, s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch argumentov na podporu pravideln\u00fdch prest\u00e1vok. V\u0161etci dobre pozn\u00e1me sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s pocitom \u00fanavy a vy\u010derpania na konci dlh\u00e9ho pracovn\u00e9ho d\u0148a, s \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami pri prij\u00edman\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed alebo neschopnos\u0165ou s\u00fastredi\u0165 sa na \u00falohu, ktor\u00e1 je pred nami. Tento pokles kognit\u00edvnej v\u00fdkonnosti je \u00faplne prirodzen\u00fd a odr\u00e1\u017ea skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee \u013eudsk\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie jednoducho nie je navrhnut\u00e9 tak, aby sa nepretr\u017eite zameriavalo na rovnak\u00fa \u00falohu po\u010das dlh\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. V skuto\u010dnosti je \u00fanava z kognit\u00edvneho h\u013eadiska adapta\u010dn\u00fdm sign\u00e1lom \u2013 znakom toho, \u017ee sme str\u00e1vili pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea \u010dasu s jednou \u201e\u00falohou\u201c a mus\u00edme si da\u0165 pauzu, sk\u00f4r ne\u017e sa za\u010dn\u00fa robi\u0165 chyby.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Negat\u00edvne d\u00f4sledky nepretr\u017eitej pr\u00e1ce bez prest\u00e1vky boli jasn\u00e9 u\u017e pred viac ako storo\u010d\u00edm. V jednom z najhrdinskej\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edkladov sa <\/span>Tsuro Arai<\/span><\/a>, prv\u00e1 Japonka, ktor\u00e1 z\u00edskala titul PhD., prin\u00fatila dokon\u010di\u0165 pracovn\u00fa \u00falohu, ktor\u00e1 si vy\u017eadovala s\u00fastredenie (rie\u0161enie zlo\u017eit\u00fdch \u00faloh n\u00e1sobenia) nepretr\u017eite 12 hod\u00edn po\u010das nieko\u013ek\u00fdch po sebe nasleduj\u00facich dn\u00ed bez odpo\u010dinku. Nie je prekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee ako sa \u010das na vykonanie \u00falohy zvy\u0161oval, jej v\u00fdkon bol pomal\u0161\u00ed a menej presn\u00fd; \u010do prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t empiricky demon\u0161trovalo, \u017ee optim\u00e1lny kognit\u00edvny v\u00fdkon nemo\u017eno udr\u017ea\u0165 po\u010das 12 hod\u00edn bez prest\u00e1vky. Napriek tomu s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00ed zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci \u010dasto tr\u00e1via tento tak\u00e9to dlh\u00e9 obdobia pr\u00e1cou bez primeran\u00fdch prest\u00e1vok na odpo\u010dinok. Prelomov\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia s pribli\u017ene <\/span>400 zdravotn\u00fdmi sestrami po\u010das viac ako 5 000 zmien<\/span><\/a> uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v s\u00falade s experimentom Arai, sestry, ktor\u00e9 pracovali viac ako 12 hod\u00edn naraz (pribli\u017ene 40 % zo zmien vo vzorke), urobili podstatne viac ch\u00fdb.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Okrem ch\u00fdb s\u00favisiacich s v\u00fdpadkami pozornosti a pam\u00e4ti existuje \u010doraz viac d\u00f4kazov, ktor\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee rozhodovanie sa po\u010das dlh\u00fdch obdob\u00ed pr\u00e1ce predv\u00eddate\u013ene men\u00ed \u2013 jav, ktor\u00fd sa naz\u00fdva \u201e\u00fanava z rozhodovania\u201c. Ke\u010f \u013eudia robia st\u00e1le viac a viac po sebe id\u00facich rozhodnut\u00ed bez prest\u00e1vky, za\u010dn\u00fa sa postupne pos\u00fava\u0165 smerom k rozhodnutiam, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom kognit\u00edvne jednoduch\u0161ie (napr. s\u00fahlasi\u0165 s predvolenou mo\u017enos\u0165ou, odovzda\u0165 rozhodnutie niekomu in\u00e9mu alebo pou\u017ei\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 alebo skratky). V zdravotn\u00edctve Jasn\u00fd d\u00f4kaz o tom vid\u00edme aj po\u010das pracovn\u00fdch zmien v zdravotn\u00edctve. Napr\u00edklad <\/span>v\u0161eobecn\u00ed lek\u00e1ri bud\u00fa s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou predpisova\u0165 zbyto\u010dn\u00e9 antibiotik\u00e1<\/span><\/a> ku koncu ambulantn\u00fdch hod\u00edn a <\/span>sestry postupne \u010dastej\u0161ie posielaj\u00fa pacientov k in\u00fdm zdravotn\u00edckym pracovn\u00edkom<\/span><\/a>, ako sa \u010das od poslednej prest\u00e1vky zvy\u0161uje. Posledn\u00fd pr\u00edklad poukazuje na k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd aspekt. Z kognit\u00edvneho h\u013eadiska nie je probl\u00e9mom celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pr\u00e1ce, ale mno\u017estvo pr\u00e1ce dokon\u010denej bez prest\u00e1vky. In\u00fdmi slovami, pre udr\u017eanie optim\u00e1lneho kognit\u00edvneho fungovania v priebehu \u010dasu je rozhoduj\u00face sk\u00f4r na\u010dasovanie a pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 (alebo absencia) prest\u00e1vok v r\u00e1mci pracovnej doby, ne\u017e celkov\u00e1 pracovn\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby si zdravotn\u00edcky person\u00e1l v ru\u0161nej zdravotn\u00edckej slu\u017ebe doprial prest\u00e1vky na odpo\u010dinok, sa, samozrejme, \u013eah\u0161ie povie, ako urob\u00ed. D\u00f4kazy s\u00fa v\u0161ak jasn\u00e9: ka\u017ed\u00e1 prest\u00e1vka je lep\u0161ia ako \u017eiadna a pravideln\u00e9 prest\u00e1vky by sa mali pova\u017eova\u0165 za nevyhnutn\u00fa a nesporn\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 pracovn\u00e9ho d\u0148a. Aj ke\u010f nie je \u010das na poriadnu prest\u00e1vku, d\u00f4kazy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee p\u00e1r min\u00fat na to, aby ste odst\u00fapili od svojej \u00falohy, natiahli sa a zhlboka sa nad\u00fdchli, je prospe\u0161n\u00e9. Zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee \u201e<\/span>mikroprest\u00e1vky<\/span><\/a>\u201c, prest\u00e1vky v trvan\u00ed nieko\u013ek\u00fdch min\u00fat, po\u010das n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed posta\u010duj\u00fa na zmiernenie niektor\u00fdch negat\u00edvnych \u00fa\u010dinkov dlh\u00fdch obdob\u00ed nepreru\u0161ovanej pr\u00e1ce. \u0160t\u00fadie napr\u00edklad ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee chirurgovia, ktor\u00ed robia po\u010das oper\u00e1ci\u00ed pravideln\u00e9 kr\u00e1tke mikroprest\u00e1vky (90 sek\u00fand a\u017e 5 min\u00fat), uv\u00e1dzali <\/span>lep\u0161\u00ed fyzick\u00fd a du\u0161evn\u00fd v\u00fdkon, zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd stres a menej pr\u00edhod po\u010das oper\u00e1cie<\/span><\/a>. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee oper\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 zah\u0155\u0148ali tieto mikroprest\u00e1vky, netrvali dlh\u0161ie ako \u0161tandardn\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, \u010do nazna\u010duje, \u017ee prest\u00e1vky sa \u201evyplatia\u201c t\u00fdm, \u017ee bud\u00fa p\u00f4sobi\u0165 proti be\u017en\u00e9mu zn\u00ed\u017eeniu r\u00fdchlosti a efekt\u00edvnosti v priebehu \u010dasu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Prest\u00e1vky s\u00fa skr\u00e1tka nevyhnutnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou pracovn\u00e9ho d\u0148a zdravotn\u00edckych (a in\u00fdch!) pracovn\u00edkov.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Uprednost\u0148ujte prest\u00e1vky<\/b>. Tr\u00e1venie dlh\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch \u00fasekov \u201apri \u00falohe\u2018 je kontraprodukt\u00edvne. Zmen\u00ed to va\u0161e rozhodovanie, spomal\u00ed v\u00e1s a budete n\u00e1chylnej\u0161\u00ed na chyby a m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 va\u0161u anga\u017eovanos\u0165 v spr\u00e1van\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e1s udr\u017eiava v zdrav\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Ak si nem\u00f4\u017eete da\u0165 \u00fapln\u00fa prest\u00e1vku, aspo\u0148 sa zastavte<\/b>. Postavte sa alebo odst\u00fapte od toho, \u010do rob\u00edte, natiahnite sa a nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t sa zhlboka nad\u00fdchnite. D\u00f4kazy nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee u\u017e 30 sek\u00fand mimo \u00falohy m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 kognit\u00edvny vplyv nepretr\u017eitej pr\u00e1ce.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Obmie\u0148ajte svoje \u00falohy po\u010das d\u0148a<\/b>. S\u00fastre\u010fte sa na jednu \u00falohu po\u010das stanoven\u00e9ho \u010dasov\u00e9ho obdobia a potom prejdite na nie\u010do in\u00e9. V mnoh\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch je zmena z kognit\u00edvneho h\u013eadiska rovnako dobr\u00e1 ako odpo\u010dinok.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Povzbudzujte ostatn\u00fdch, aby si robili prest\u00e1vky<\/b> a \u0161trukturujte slu\u017eby a pracovn\u00e9 \u00falohy, ktor\u00e9 riadite, sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd pracovn\u00edkom umo\u017e\u0148uje robi\u0165 si pravideln\u00e9 prest\u00e1vky. V modernej spolo\u010dnosti je \u010doraz d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie proakt\u00edvne zabudova\u0165 obdobia oddychu do pracovn\u00e9ho d\u0148a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00a0[Prelo\u017eila Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1]<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    By Julia Allan, Aberdeen University, Scotland Modern life is hectic. We live in an increasingly \u2018switched on\u2019 digital world where periods of true respite from work are rare. Many people regularly work for lengthy periods and this is particularly the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2510","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-self-regulation","category-stress-and-coping"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2510"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4559,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2510\/revisions\/4559"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}