{"id":1666,"date":"2020-04-10T17:20:39","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T17:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1666"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:19:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:19:35","slug":"insights-from-behavioural-science-for-the-covid-19-pandemic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2020\/04\/insights-from-behavioural-science-for-the-covid-19-pandemic\/","title":{"rendered":"Postrehy behaviour\u00e1lnych vied k pand\u00e9mii COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"

Shane Timmons, Economic and Social Research Institute, \u00cdrsko<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1dy na celom svete sa zmobilizovali, aby sa pok\u00fasili kontrolova\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenie nov\u00e9ho koronav\u00edrusu. Pre ich \u00faspech bude <\/span>\u017eivotne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie jednotlivcov<\/span><\/a>. My – <\/span>Oddelenie behavior\u00e1lneho v\u00fdskumu<\/span><\/a> v In\u0161tit\u00fate pre ekonomick\u00fd a soci\u00e1lny v\u00fdskum v Dubline – spolupracujeme s \u00edrskym Ministerstvom zdravotn\u00edctva, aby sme im pom\u00e1hali pri ich reakcii na pand\u00e9miu COVID-19. V r\u00e1mci tejto pr\u00e1ce sme <\/span>pre\u0161tudovali viac ako 100 vedeck\u00fdch pr\u00e1c<\/span><\/a> a za\u010dali sme <\/span>testova\u0165 sp\u00f4soby, ako \u010do najlep\u0161ie komunikova\u0165<\/span><\/a> s\u00a0verejnos\u0165ou relevantn\u00e9 rady a inform\u00e1cie. V na\u0161om preh\u013eade sa zameriame na literat\u00faru t\u00fdkaj\u00facu sa troch k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 tvorili z\u00e1klad \u0161\u00edren\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed vo viacer\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch: um\u00fdvanie r\u00fak, dot\u00fdkanie sa tv\u00e1re a izol\u00e1cia. Venova\u0165 sa budeme aj inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m o tom, ako motivova\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie a efekt\u00edvne komunikova\u0165 v pr\u00edpade kr\u00edzy.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Um\u00fdvanie r\u00fak<\/b><\/p>\n

To ako zlep\u0161i\u0165 u \u013eud\u00ed v zdravotn\u00edckom prostred\u00ed um\u00fdvanie r\u00fak je na z\u00e1klade predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich v\u00fdskumov dobre zn\u00e1me. Existuj\u00fa presved\u010div\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee len <\/span>vzdel\u00e1vanie a informovanos\u0165 nemusia by\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00e9<\/span><\/a>. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 a\u00a0vysoko efekt\u00edvne\u00a0 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 jednoduch\u00e9 zmeny v\u00a0prirodzenom prostred\u00ed. D\u00e1 sa napr\u00edklad upozorni\u0165 na dezinfek\u010dn\u00e9 prostriedky na ruky na b\u00e1ze alkohole napr\u00edklad t\u00fdm, \u017ee ich umiestnime na be\u017en\u00e9 miesta pohybu \u013eud\u00ed a\u00a0na nich ozna\u010denie pou\u017eijeme jasn\u00e9 farebn\u00e9 znaky, \u010d\u00edm v\u00fdrazne <\/span>zv\u00fd\u0161ime mieru ich pou\u017eitia<\/span><\/a>. Nazna\u010denie, \u017ee ich pou\u017e\u00edvanie je o\u010dak\u00e1vanou normou, m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdhody. Priame, ale zdvoril\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky – napr\u00edklad \u201ePou\u017eili ste dezinfek\u010dn\u00fd prostriedok na ruky?\u201c v\u00a0momente ke\u010f k V\u00e1m pacienti alebo n\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edci prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa predstavuj\u00fa jednoduch\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, ako tieto normy ozn\u00e1mi\u0165. Budovanie t\u00fdchto n\u00e1vykov teraz a ich udr\u017eiavanie po uvo\u013enen\u00ed obmedzen\u00ed je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dot\u00fdkanie sa tv\u00e1re<\/b><\/p>\n

Na rozdiel od v\u00fdskumu t\u00fdkaj\u00faceho sa um\u00fdvania r\u00fak sme nena\u0161li \u017eiadne intervencie na zn\u00ed\u017eenie frekvencie s\u00a0akou sa dot\u00fdkame tv\u00e1re. Zvy\u0161ovanie povedomia v\u00a0tejto oblasti pravdepodobne\u00a0 nebude efekt\u00edvne: ak sa \u013eudia vedome zameraj\u00fa na to ako \u010dasto sa svojej tv\u00e1re dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa, m\u00f4\u017ee <\/span>frekvenciu dot\u00fdkania sa tv\u00e1re paradoxne zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165<\/span><\/a>. Aj ke\u010f neexistuj\u00fa v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobre overen\u00e9 intervencie v\u00a0tejto oblasti, odborn\u00edci sa m\u00f4\u017eu spo\u013eahn\u00fa\u0165 na v\u0161eobecnej\u0161ie modely zmeny spr\u00e1vania, ako je <\/span>Behaviour Change Wheel<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Intervention Mapping<\/span><\/a>,<\/span> alebo <\/span>EAST Framework<\/span><\/a>. Spolu s\u00a0in\u00fdmi by sme odpor\u00fa\u010dali vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 alternat\u00edvne sp\u00f4soby dot\u00fdkania sa tv\u00e1re (napr. pou\u017eit\u00edm ruk\u00e1vov alebo papierov\u00fdch vreckoviek), sk\u00f4r ako \u013eud\u00ed od tak\u00e9hoto spr\u00e1vania len jednoducho odr\u00e1dza\u0165.<\/span><\/p>\n

Izol\u00e1cia<\/b><\/p>\n

Izolovanie os\u00f4b s pr\u00edznakmi alebo os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 boli v \u00fazkom kontakte s infikovan\u00fdmi osobami, <\/span>zachr\u00e1ni \u017eivoty<\/span><\/a>, ale m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 negat\u00edvne psychologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky. Soci\u00e1lna izol\u00e1cia a osamelos\u0165 maj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinky na du\u0161evn\u00fa pohodu porovnate\u013en\u00e9 so zn\u00e1mymi <\/span>rizikov\u00fdmi faktormi<\/span><\/a>, ako je faj\u010denie. <\/span>Preh\u013ead 24 \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed<\/span><\/a> o \u013eu\u010foch, ktor\u00ed boli v karant\u00e9ne po\u010das predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich prepuknut\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00fdch chor\u00f4b, pouk\u00e1zal na rizik\u00e1 siahaj\u00face aj do obdobia po izol\u00e1cii vr\u00e1tane zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu depresie a\u017e o tri roky nesk\u00f4r. Zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 ohrozen\u00ed, preto\u017ee negat\u00edvne psychologick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky izol\u00e1cie sa m\u00f4\u017eu zn\u00e1sobi\u0165 obavami z toho, \u017ee po\u010das vypuknutia nepodporili spolupracovn\u00edkov alebo ich pacientov. \u00darady by mali poskytova\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie slu\u017eby v\u00a0oblasti du\u0161evn\u00e9ho zdravia, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 aj na dia\u013eku, najm\u00e4 pre zranite\u013en\u00e9 skupiny. Pomoc jednotlivcom pri pl\u00e1novan\u00ed izol\u00e1cie by mohla poskytn\u00fa\u0165 napr\u00edklad <\/span>Svetov\u00e1 zdravotn\u00edcka organiz\u00e1cia<\/span><\/a>. T\u00e1 predstavila odpor\u00fa\u010dania\u00a0izol\u00e1ciu zvl\u00e1da\u0165, medzi ktor\u00e9 patr\u00ed udr\u017eiavanie kontaktu s ostatn\u00fdmi prostredn\u00edctvom telef\u00f3nu alebo online, cvi\u010denie (ak sa na neho c\u00edtite) a udr\u017eiavanie rutiny.<\/span><\/p>\n

Motiv\u00e1cia u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania<\/b><\/p>\n

D\u00f4sledky nakazenia sa COVID-19 nie s\u00fa medzi jednotlivcami rovnak\u00e9. Star\u0161\u00ed \u013eudia a \u013eudia\u00a0s\u00a0existuj\u00facimi zdravotn\u00fdmi komplik\u00e1ciami \u010delia ove\u013ea v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm rizik\u00e1m ako mlad\u0161\u00ed a zdrav\u0161\u00ed \u013eudia. Blaho t\u00fdch najohrozenej\u0161\u00edch v\u0161ak z\u00e1vis\u00ed nielen od ich spr\u00e1vania, ale aj <\/span>od spr\u00e1vania ostatn\u00fdch<\/span><\/a>. M\u00e1me dostatok d\u00f4kazov o\u00a0strat\u00e9gi\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 so snahou podpori\u0165 vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa solidaritu v situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, kedy spr\u00e1vanie, z ktor\u00e9ho m\u00e1 prospech jednotlivec, nemus\u00ed nevyhnutne prospie\u0165 \u0161ir\u0161ej verejnosti. Nevyhnutn\u00fdm z\u00e1kladom je <\/span>efekt\u00edvna komunik\u00e1cia<\/span><\/a>. Podporovanie <\/span>skupinovej identity<\/span><\/a> prostredn\u00edctvom vyjadren\u00ed ako \u201esme v tom spolu\u201c zv\u00fd\u0161i pravdepodobnos\u0165 solid\u00e1rneho spr\u00e1vania sa \u0161ir\u0161ej verejnos\u0165. Rovnako m\u00f4\u017ee zafungova\u0165 aj zdvoril\u00e9 verejn\u00e9 vyjadrenia smerovan\u00e9 na <\/span>odmietnutie<\/span><\/a> neu\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania (napr. nadmern\u00e9ho nakupovania v panike). Existuj\u00face \u0161t\u00fadie tie\u017e ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee zv\u00fdraznenie obet\u00ed druh\u00fdch povzbudzuje pomoc. R\u00fdchlo rast\u00faci po\u010det d\u00f4kazov, ktor\u00e9 priamo overuj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinok komunik\u00e1cie vz\u0165ahuj\u00facej sa na COVID-19, ukazuje, \u017ee zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovanie <\/span>rizika pre ostatn\u00fdch<\/span><\/a> a\u00a0<\/span>apelovanie na vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa solidaritu<\/span><\/a> s\u00a0cie\u013eom zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u201e\u0161\u00edreniu\u201c v\u00edrusu, bude pravdepodobne \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie ako len poskytovanie r\u00e1d alebo inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o tom, ako sa vyhn\u00fa\u0165 \u201ez\u00edskaniu\u201c v\u00edrusu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Poskytovanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o kr\u00edze<\/b><\/p>\n

Psychol\u00f3gia zameriavaj\u00faca sa na komunik\u00e1ciu o rizik\u00e1ch zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje <\/span>\u010fal\u0161ie z\u00e1sady<\/span><\/a>, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa pravdepodobne u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9 pre zdravotn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edkov komunikuj\u00facich s pacientmi a klientmi o pand\u00e9mii COVID-19. R\u00fdchlos\u0165, \u00faprimnos\u0165 a d\u00f4veryhodnos\u0165 s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9. <\/span>V\u0161eobecnej\u0161ie povedan\u00e9<\/span><\/a>, lek\u00e1ri m\u00f4\u017eu uzna\u0165 svoju vlastn\u00fa neistotu a empatiu vo\u010di \u0165a\u017ekostiam, ktor\u00fdm bud\u00fa \u013eudia \u010deli\u0165 po\u010das kr\u00edzy a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 zd\u00f4razni\u0165 u\u017eito\u010dnos\u0165 jednotliv\u00fdch krokov\u00a0 s\u00a0cie\u013eom ve\u013emi jemne <\/span>vybalansova\u0165 pocity \u00fazkosti, ktor\u00e9 bud\u00fa \u013eudia za\u017e\u00edva\u0165 s optimizmom<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Boj proti \u0161\u00edreniu COVID-19 vy\u017eaduje prispenie mnoh\u00fdch vedeck\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Svoju \u00falohu m\u00f4\u017eu zohr\u00e1va\u0165 aj te\u00f3rie a met\u00f3dy <\/span>behaviour\u00e1lnych vied<\/span><\/a>. Aby sa maximalizoval ich pr\u00ednos, bude d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 r\u00fdchle predbe\u017en\u00e9 overovanie odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa spr\u00e1vania prostredn\u00edctvom experimentov vysokej kvality.<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/b><\/p>\n