{"id":1617,"date":"2020-02-04T13:22:33","date_gmt":"2020-02-04T13:22:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1617"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:22:04","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:22:04","slug":"are-your-clients-being-defensive-if-so-self-affirmation-may-help","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2020\/02\/are-your-clients-being-defensive-if-so-self-affirmation-may-help\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00fa va\u0161i klienti defenz\u00edvni? Ak \u00e1no, pom\u00f4c\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee sebapotvrdenie."},"content":{"rendered":"

Peter Harris a Ian Hadden, V\u00fdskumn\u00e1 skupina pre \u0161t\u00fadium sebapotvrdenia, Univerzita v Sussexe, Ve\u013ek\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nia<\/strong><\/p>\n

U\u017e ste sa niekedy zdr\u00e1hali \u010deli\u0165 nie\u010domu, \u010do by ste rad\u0161ej ignorovali? Mo\u017eno m\u00e1te radi nie\u010do \u010do je pre v\u00e1s zl\u00e9, mo\u017eno jete pr\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto, alebo m\u00e1te tendenciu vyh\u00fdba\u0165 sa zdravotn\u00fdm kontrol\u00e1m? Nie ste sami. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z n\u00e1s si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee sme vo v\u0161eobecnosti celkom rozumn\u00ed a kompetentn\u00ed \u013eudia. Tak\u017ee prizna\u0165, \u017ee nie\u010do, \u010do rob\u00edme, nie je skuto\u010dne rozumn\u00e9 alebo kompetentn\u00e9, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. V\u010faka tomu m\u00f4\u017eeme by\u0165 dos\u0165 zru\u010dn\u00ed v odol\u00e1van\u00ed inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 nechceme po\u010du\u0165<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nane\u0161\u0165astie tak\u00e9to odol\u00e1vanie inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m o\u00a0mo\u017en\u00fdch rizik\u00e1ch pre na\u0161e zdravie – ako s\u00fa n\u00e1sledky nadv\u00e1hy alebo faj\u010denia alebo nedodr\u017eania lie\u010debn\u00e9ho re\u017eimu – m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 v\u00e1\u017ene n\u00e1sledky pre kvalitu aj d\u013a\u017eku \u017eivota<\/a>. Ako teda m\u00f4\u017eete ako zdravotn\u00edcky pracovn\u00edk pom\u00f4c\u0165 klientom prija\u0165 spr\u00e1vy t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa ich zdravia, ktor\u00e9 by rad\u0161ej ignorovali? Pom\u00f4c\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee technika zn\u00e1ma ako sebapotvrdenie.<\/p>\n

Sebapotvrdenie je \u010din, ktor\u00fd \u013eu\u010fom pom\u00e1ha ubezpe\u010di\u0165 sa, \u017ee s\u00fa dobrou a kompetentnou osobou<\/a>. Zni\u017euje to ich potrebu chr\u00e1ni\u0165 sa pred inform\u00e1ciou t\u00fdkaj\u00facou sa zdravia, ktor\u00e1 by nazna\u010dovala, \u017ee takou osobou nie s\u00fa, \u010do im pom\u00e1ha objekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie zaobch\u00e1dza\u0165 s t\u00fdmto odkazom a zamera\u0165 sa na jeho relevantnos\u0165 a d\u00f4sledky pre nich osobne. To ich zase m\u00f4\u017ee povzbudi\u0165, aby podnikli kroky na rie\u0161enie danej situ\u00e1cie. Viac sa o te\u00f3rii, ktor\u00e1 je z\u00e1kladom sebapotvrdenia dozviete tu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ako sebapotvrdenie m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ozna\u010den\u00e9 takmer \u010doko\u013evek, vr\u00e1tane pripomenutia dobr\u00fdch skutkov, siln\u00fdch str\u00e1nok osobnosti alebo d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch medzi\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti najviac sk\u00famanou technikou na vyvolanie sebapotvrdenia je potvrdenie hodn\u00f4t<\/a>, kde \u013eudia odpovedaj\u00fa na ot\u00e1zky alebo p\u00ed\u0161u o svojich najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch, ako s\u00fa ve\u013ekorysos\u0165 alebo \u010destnos\u0165.<\/p>\n

D\u00f4kazy o tom, \u017ee sebapotvrdenie m\u00f4\u017ee fungova\u0165, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z experiment\u00e1lnych \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed<\/a>. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed boli vyzvan\u00ed k technike sebapotvrdenia (\u010dasto iba pri jednej pr\u00edle\u017eitosti), mali tendenciu veri\u0165 inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m o zdrav\u00ed a c\u00edtili sa pripravenej\u0161\u00ed na zmenu v porovnan\u00ed s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed tak neurobili. Sebapotvrdenie tie\u017e viedlo k zmen\u00e1m v spr\u00e1van\u00ed o nieko\u013eko mesiacov nesk\u00f4r<\/a>. V\u00fdhody sebapotvrdenia sa zistili pre \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum spr\u00e1vania s\u00favisiaceho so zdrav\u00edm vr\u00e1tane konzum\u00e1cie alkoholu, faj\u010denia cigariet, nechr\u00e1nen\u00e9ho sexu, konzum\u00e1cie ortuti v mastn\u00fdch ryb\u00e1ch, dopingu v \u0161porte, konzum\u00e1cie ovocia a zeleniny, fyzickej aktivity, pou\u017e\u00edvania dent\u00e1lnych nit\u00ed a ochrany pred slnkom. Niektor\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie zistili, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinky m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 dokonca najsilnej\u0161ie medzi t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed sa pre zmenu anga\u017euj\u00fa naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161ie, ako s\u00fa \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed pij\u00fa<\/a> alebo faj\u010dia<\/a> najviac alebo maj\u00fa v ob\u013eube opa\u013eovanie<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Doteraj\u0161ia pr\u00e1ca sa t\u00fdkala najm\u00e4 v\u00fdskumu v oblasti prevencie u mlad\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed neboli pacientmi, nieko\u013eko \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed sa v\u0161ak uskuto\u010dnilo aj so skupinami pacientov. Pr\u00edkladom je skupina hemodialyzovan\u00fdch pacientov, ktor\u00ed boli po\u017eiadan\u00ed, aby si spomenuli na minul\u00e9 akty l\u00e1skavosti. V nasleduj\u00facich 12 mesiacoch sa u nich zlep\u0161ila kontrola fosf\u00e1tov<\/a> v strave a dodr\u017eiavanie usmernen\u00ed v pr\u00edjme tekut\u00edn<\/a> v porovnan\u00ed s t\u00fdmi, ktor\u00ed t\u00fato sebapotvrdzovaciu techniku nepou\u017eili. Americk\u00ed pacienti s vysok\u00fdm tlakom zas vykazovali zlep\u0161enie v dodr\u017eiavan\u00ed konzum\u00e1cie liekov<\/a> po intervencii, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148ala sebapotvrdenie.<\/p>\n

Ako by ste teda mohli v praxi pou\u017ei\u0165 sebapotvrdenie? Zoberme si konzult\u00e1ciu, v ktorej chcete poskytn\u00fa\u0165 zdravotn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 by sa v\u00e1\u0161ho klienta \u010di klientky mohli dotkn\u00fa\u0165, napr. o \u0161kodliv\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkoch ich faj\u010denia alebo nebratia liekov pod\u013ea predpisu. Ak m\u00e1te k dispoz\u00edcii 5 a\u017e 15 min\u00fat a gramotnos\u0165 nie je probl\u00e9mom, m\u00f4\u017eete na za\u010diatku konzult\u00e1cie vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 jednoduch\u00fa techniku potvrdenia hodn\u00f4t. Mohli by ste po\u017eiada\u0165 svojho klienta\/klientku, aby s\u00fakromne sp\u00edsal\/a alebo hovoril\/a o jeho\/jej najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch a o tom, pre\u010do s\u00fa pre neho\/\u0148u d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9. Ke\u010f tak urobia, m\u00f4\u017eete im poskytn\u00fa\u0165 inform\u00e1ciu o rizik\u00e1ch faj\u010denia \u010di nedodr\u017eiavania spr\u00e1vnej konzum\u00e1cie liekov.<\/p>\n

Ak s\u00fa probl\u00e9mom \u010das alebo gramotnos\u0165, na vyvolanie sebapotvrdenia sa \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edval kr\u00e1tky dotazn\u00edk o l\u00e1skavosti<\/a>. Ned\u00e1vno boli vyvinut\u00e9 aj \u010fal\u0161ie kr\u00e1tke techniky. Patria sem pokusy zredukova\u0165 potvrdzovanie hodn\u00f4t na nieko\u013eko k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch viet<\/a>, pou\u017e\u00edvanie dotazn\u00edkov zameran\u00fdch na hodnoty<\/a>, spojenie potvrdenie s posolstvom<\/a>, alebo pomoc \u013eu\u010fom formulova\u0165 z\u00e1mer k sebapotvrdeniu<\/a> v pr\u00edpade ohrozenia. V najlep\u0161om pr\u00edpade sa v\u0161ak tieto techniky doteraz pou\u017eili iba v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch a vieme len m\u00e1lo o tom, ako dobre funguj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto v\u00fdskumov n\u00e1jdete na na\u0161ej webovej str\u00e1nke<\/a> V\u00fdskumnej skupiny pre \u0161t\u00fadium sebapotvrdenia na Univerite v Sussexe. (S\u00fa v angli\u010dtine.) Radi v\u00e1m porad\u00edme v s\u00favislosti s t\u00fdmito alebo in\u00fdmi technikami sebapotvrdenia, ktor\u00e9 by ste mohli zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Kedy by som mal zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 pou\u017eitie sebapotvrdenia?<\/p>\n

Zv\u00e1\u017ete pou\u017eitie sebapotvrdenia, ke\u010f potrebujete da\u0165 klientovi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu o jeho zdrav\u00ed, o ktorej si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee by mohol ma\u0165 sklon ignorova\u0165 alebo odmietnu\u0165. V t\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch m\u00f4\u017ee sebapotvrdenie zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee spr\u00e1vu prijm\u00fa a podnikn\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 kroky.<\/p>\n

2) Ako m\u00f4\u017eem v praxi \u010do najlep\u0161ie vyu\u017ei\u0165 sebapotvrdenie?<\/p>\n

Najlep\u0161ie bude pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 sebapotvrdenie, ke\u010f pracujete individu\u00e1lne alebo v mal\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch a m\u00e1te k dispoz\u00edcii trocha \u010dasu. V t\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch by ste mohli pred poskytnut\u00edm potrebnej inform\u00e1cie o zdrav\u00ed vysk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 jednu z met\u00f3d potvrdzovania hodn\u00f4t, ktor\u00e9 boli predt\u00fdm vysk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 a overen\u00e9. Na na\u0161ej webovej str\u00e1nke<\/a> n\u00e1jdete pr\u00edklady materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 by ste mohli pou\u017ei\u0165, v angli\u010dtine.<\/p>\n

Porozpr\u00e1vajte sa so svoj\u00edm klientom o tom, \u010di by uprednost\u0148ovali sebapotvrdenie s\u00fakromne alebo s vami. Pok\u00faste sa ich povzbudi\u0165, aby sa pre techniku sebapotvrdenia rozhodli sami, namiesto toho, aby sa to od nich vy\u017eadovalo. Existuj\u00fa d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee pri v\u00fdbere intervencie m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 sloboda v\u00fdberu.<\/p>\n

3) Uistite sa, \u017ee va\u0161a inform\u00e1cia o zdrav\u00ed je presved\u010div\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Sebapotvrdenie by malo povzbudi\u0165 va\u0161ich klientov, aby boli otvorenej\u0161\u00ed, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou prijm\u00fa siln\u00fa spr\u00e1vu, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou odmietnu slab\u00fa spr\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edvajte sebapotvrdenie s t\u00fdmi klientmi, o ktor\u00fdch ste presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee inak va\u0161e inform\u00e1cie odmietnu. Existuj\u00fa d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee sebapotvrdenie nemus\u00ed fungova\u0165 alebo m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 kontraprodukt\u00edvne, ak \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci nie s\u00fa v prvom rade defenz\u00edvni.<\/p>\n

Ak m\u00e1te pochybnosti, vyh\u013eadajte radu – sme tu<\/a>, aby sme v\u00e1m pomohli.<\/p>\n

Prelo\u017eila \u2013 Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Peter Harris and Ian Hadden, The Self-Affirmation Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK Have you ever been reluctant to face up to something you\u2019d rather ignore? Maybe your fondness for something bad for you that you eat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1634,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,27,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-motivation","category-self-regulation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1617"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4598,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1617\/revisions\/4598"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}