{"id":1052,"date":"2018-09-18T06:33:00","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T06:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1052"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:35:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:35:03","slug":"1052","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/2018\/09\/1052\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co sa stane s liekmi, ke\u010f id\u00fa domov?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Kerry Chamberlain,\u00a0Massey University, Auckland, Nov\u00fd Z\u00e9land<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u010co robia \u013eudia s liekmi, ke\u010f pr\u00eddu domov? Da\u0165 odpove\u010f na t\u00fato ot\u00e1zku sa doteraz pok\u00fasil len obmedzen\u00fd v\u00fdskum. A\u00a0to aj napriek tomu, \u017ee je t\u00e1to t\u00e9me ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 &#8211; v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina liekov sa spotreb\u00fava doma pod kontrolou spotrebite\u013ea. Predp\u00edsan\u00e9 lieky s\u00fa regulovan\u00e9, ale ako n\u00e1hle s\u00fa predp\u00edsan\u00e9 a vyzdvihnut\u00e9, je mo\u017en\u00e9 len predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee sa u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pod\u013ea pokynov. \u013dudia tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017eu siahnu\u0165 po a pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u0161irok\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu vo\u013enopredajn\u00fdch liekov (napr. na \u00fa\u013eavu od bolesti), alternat\u00edvne lieky (napr. homeopatick\u00e9 pr\u00edpravky) a in\u00e9 pr\u00edpravky s\u00favisiace so zdrav\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 ako lieky p\u00f4sobia v omnoho men\u0161ej miere (napr. probiotick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje). Treba v\u0161ak poznamena\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00edstup ku v\u0161etk\u00fdm form\u00e1m liekov sa medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi krajinami zna\u010dne l\u00ed\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Lieky v\u0161etk\u00fdch druhov s\u00fa komplexn\u00fdmi soci\u00e1lnymi objektmi a je chybou pova\u017eova\u0165 ich jednoducho len za medic\u00ednske technol\u00f3gie, \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 pri lie\u010dbe alebo zmiernen\u00ed zdravotn\u00fdch stavov, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pod\u013ea odpor\u00fa\u010dania. Lieky maj\u00fa r\u00f4znu odozvu \u00fa\u010dinnosti na d\u00e1vku. Niektor\u00e9 (napr. paracetamol) maj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00fd terapeutick\u00fd index (tj s\u00fa \u013eahko tolerovan\u00e9 v \u0161irokom rozsahu d\u00e1vok), zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 (napr. levotyrox\u00edn) maj\u00fa \u00fazky terapeutick\u00fd index (tj mal\u00e9 rozdiely v d\u00e1vke m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm terapeutick\u00fdm zlyhaniam a\/alebo z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm ne\u017eiaducim reakci\u00e1m). V\u0161etky lieky maj\u00fa aj nejak\u00e9 ved\u013eaj\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky, niektor\u00e9 men\u0161ie a nepov\u0161imnut\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, in\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie a potenci\u00e1lne z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9. Zatia\u013e \u010do lieky m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 r\u00f4zne \u00fa\u010dinky, samotn\u00ed \u013eudia sa tie\u017e v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161uj\u00fa vo svojej tolerancii vo\u010di liekom a tolerancie sa m\u00f4\u017eu v priebehu \u010dasu meni\u0165 s ich opakovanou konzum\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e1me tie\u017e zna\u010dn\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee iba asi polovica liekov na predpis sa u\u017e\u00edva pod\u013ea pokynov. Doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0tomu z r\u00f4znych d\u00f4vodov, vr\u00e1tane sk\u00fasenost\u00ed s ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edmi \u00fa\u010dinkami, ob\u00e1v zo z\u00e1vislosti, presved\u010deniam o chorobe, liekoch a lie\u010dbe.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Je preto d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pochopi\u0165 ako laici rozumej\u00fa liekom v ich ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote. Uskuto\u010dnili sme v\u00fdskum s \u013eu\u010fmi v 55 dom\u00e1cnostiach, ktor\u00e9 boli vybran\u00e9 zo \u0161tyroch miest na Novom Z\u00e9lande. Nezauj\u00edmali sme sa o to, \u010di dodr\u017eiavaj\u00fa predp\u00edsan\u00fa konzum\u00e1ciu liekov. Namiesto toho sme ich po\u017eiadali, aby hovorili o svojich lie\u010debn\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch, aby zmapovali kde s\u00fa lieky v\u0161etk\u00fdch druhov v ich domovoch dr\u017ean\u00e9, a aby o v\u0161etk\u00fdch liekoch, ktor\u00e9 sa v ich domovoch nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa n\u00e1sledne diskutovali.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Medzi hlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky tohto v\u00fdskumu patria nasledovn\u00e9 zistenia:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0160irok\u00e1 \u0161k\u00e1la liekov r\u00f4zneho druhu \u2013 na predpis, vo\u013enopredajn\u00e9 a alternat\u00edvne &#8211; prevl\u00e1dala vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostiach a v dom\u00e1cnostiach sa lieky nach\u00e1dzali na rozmanit\u00fdch miestach. Ich umiest\u0148ovanie bolo organizovan\u00e9 s d\u00f4razom na ich d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165, spolo\u010dne zdie\u013ean\u00e9 lieky boli uskladnen\u00e9 centr\u00e1lne (kuchyne a obytn\u00e9 miestnosti), osobn\u00e9 lieky sa nach\u00e1dzali vo viacer\u00fdch s\u00fakromn\u00fdch priestoroch (sp\u00e1lne, k\u00fape\u013ene) a star\u0161ie lieky boli uskladnen\u00e9 mimo dosah (v skrink\u00e1ch a podkroviach). Toto umiest\u0148ovanie liekov odr\u00e1\u017ealo rodinn\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy a praktiky starostlivosti v dom\u00e1cnostiach.<\/li>\n<li>\u013dudia ch\u00e1pali a pou\u017e\u00edvali lieky ve\u013emi odli\u0161ne, na \u0161k\u00e1le od odmietania u\u017e\u00edvania a\u017e po r\u00f4zne sp\u00f4soby, ako dodr\u017eiava\u0165, meni\u0165, dop\u013a\u0148a\u0165 alebo roz\u0161irova\u0165 ich pou\u017e\u00edvanie v z\u00e1vislosti od druhu liekov a chor\u00f4b.<br \/>\n\u25cb Niektor\u00ed z nich mali jasne vyhranen\u00fd n\u00e1zor na u\u017e\u00edvanie antibiot\u00edk: &#8220;Nem\u00e1m r\u00e1d antibiotik\u00e1 &#8230; antibiotik\u00e1 by sa mali u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 len v mimoriadne z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch.&#8221;<br \/>\n\u25cb In\u00ed, ktor\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa psychotropn\u00e9 lieky, zni\u017eovali ich u\u017e\u00edvanie kv\u00f4li ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinkom a mo\u017enej z\u00e1vislosti: &#8220;Chcel som fungova\u0165 ako funk\u010dn\u00fd \u010dlen spolo\u010dnosti &#8230; aby mi bolo dobre, musel som sa vlastne na lieky vyka\u0161\u013ea\u0165.&#8221;<br \/>\n\u25cb \u013dudia pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00faci alternat\u00edvne lieky \u010dasto \u00faplne odolali alopatick\u00fdm liekom: &#8220;Rad\u0161ej by som sk\u00fasil po\u010dka\u0165, alebo vyu\u017eil ak\u00fako\u013evek in\u00fa alternat\u00edvu, ne\u017e aby som u\u017e\u00edval \u0161tandardn\u00e9 lieky.&#8221;<br \/>\n\u25cb \u010eal\u0161\u00ed si upravovali d\u00e1vky pod\u013ea sympt\u00f3mov: &#8220;Predp\u00edsali mi vy\u0161\u0161iu d\u00e1vku, ale rozhodla som sa, \u017ee sa pok\u00fasim udr\u017ea\u0165 ju \u010do najni\u017e\u0161ie.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Tieto praktiky ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho u\u017e\u00edvania liekov sa riadili osobn\u00fdm pochopen\u00edm hodnoty a miesta liekov v spolo\u010dnosti. Lieky boli vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako nie\u010do \u010do by mohlo sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 poruchu, ke\u010f marketing a medi\u00e1lne pr\u00edbehy hovorili o liekoch ako o &#8220;neprirodzen\u00fdch&#8221; a \u201cmimo kontroly\u201d \u010d\u00edm vyvol\u00e1vali strach a \u00fazkos\u0165. Lieky boli na druhej strane vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako nie\u010do \u010do prin\u00e1\u0161a poriadok, ke\u010f boli ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 ako poskytuj\u00face &#8220;rovnov\u00e1hu&#8221; a obnovuj\u00face poriadok a kontrolu. Lieky boli tie\u017e vn\u00edman\u00e9 vo vz\u0165ahu k mor\u00e1lke, ke\u010f boli pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za &#8220;nevyhnutn\u00e9 zlo&#8221;, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje osobn\u00fa ostra\u017eitos\u0165 pri ich konzum\u00e1cii, alebo ke\u010f ich spotreba znamenala &#8220;mor\u00e1lne zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00facu&#8221; chor\u00fa osobu alebo stigmatizovan\u00e9 zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00face telo, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fac tak identitu, o ktor\u00fa je potrebn\u00e9 sa postara\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Namiesto toho, aby sme pova\u017eovali lie\u010debn\u00e9 postupy laikov za nespr\u00e1vne informovan\u00e9 alebo iracion\u00e1lne, tvrd\u00edme, \u017ee maj\u00fa vlastn\u00fa logiku, ktor\u00e1 je informovan\u00e1 &#8220;laickou farmakol\u00f3giou&#8221;, v ktorej s\u00fa lie\u010debn\u00e9 perspekt\u00edvy pacientov zar\u00e1mcovan\u00e9 v podmienkach za ktor\u00fdch im lieky boli poskytnut\u00e9 a ich osobn\u00fdch pr\u00edbehov o zdrav\u00ed. T\u00e1to schopnos\u0165 laickej farmakol\u00f3gie ovplyv\u0148uje a men\u00ed praktiky prij\u00edmania liekov v dom\u00e1cnostiach sp\u00f4sobom, ako s\u00fa tie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, a poskytuje ch\u00fdbaj\u00faci poh\u013ead v mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edstupoch k pochopeniu u\u017e\u00edvania liekov. Lieky v dom\u00e1cnosti maj\u00fa svoj vlastn\u00fd spolo\u010densk\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Odborn\u00edci v oblasti psychol\u00f3gie zdravia by mali ch\u00e1pa\u0165, \u017ee u\u017e\u00edvanie liekov je soci\u00e1lna prax a\u00a0tak k\u00a0nej aj pristupova\u0165, sk\u00f4r ne\u017e ju posudzova\u0165 v\u00fdlu\u010dne z biomedic\u00ednskeho h\u013eadiska.<\/li>\n<li>U\u017e\u00edvanie liekov mo\u017eno lep\u0161ie ch\u00e1pa\u0165 v kontexte situ\u00e1cie a najm\u00e4 v \u010dasov\u00fdch a priestorov\u00fdch dom\u00e1cich praktik\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zakotven\u00e9 v ka\u017edodennom dom\u00e1com \u017eivote. Odborn\u00edci v oblasti psychol\u00f3gie zdravia, ktor\u00ed sa sna\u017eia zasiahnu\u0165 do u\u017e\u00edvania liekov, potrebuj\u00fa odhali\u0165 tieto praktiky, hovori\u0165 o nich a poskytn\u00fa\u0165 rady, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia so soci\u00e1lnou a kontextu\u00e1lnou dynamikou, ktor\u00e1 ovplyv\u0148uje ka\u017edodenn\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edvanie liekov pacientom.<\/li>\n<li>Odborn\u00edci v oblasti psychol\u00f3gie zdravia by mali otvorene diskutova\u0165 o pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed liekov s pacientmi a pok\u00fasi\u0165 sa n\u00e1js\u0165 odpor\u00fa\u010dania na pou\u017eitie v r\u00e1mci pacientovho pochopenia jeho \u010di jej choroby, ich videnia a hodnotenia liekov a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci mo\u017enosti za\u010dlenenia prakt\u00edk konzum\u00e1cie liekov do ich ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Prelo\u017eila Zuzana Dankulincov\u00e1<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Kerry Chamberlain,\u00a0Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand What do people do with medications once they enter the home? Surprisingly, limited research has attempted to answer that question. Yet, it is important \u2013 most medications are consumed at home under the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1110,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medication-adherence"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1052","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1052"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1052\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4622,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1052\/revisions\/4622"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1110"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1052"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1052"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1052"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}