{"id":5019,"date":"2026-06-21T23:55:56","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T23:55:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?post_type=module&p=5019"},"modified":"2026-09-10T09:20:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T09:20:16","slug":"module-5","status":"publish","type":"module","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/module\/module-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Vyu\u017eitie behavior\u00e1lnej vedy na podporu diagnostiky a lie\u010dby COVID-19 vo vysokorizikov\u00fdch skupin\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"

Autori: Tracy Epton, University of Manchester, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo; Lisa Marie Warner, MSB Medical School Berlin, Nemecko; Aleksandra Lazic, nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00ed\u010dka z Belehradu, Srbsko\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ca s vysokorizikov\u00fdmi pacientmi v kontexte COVID-19 m\u00f4\u017ee p\u00f4sobi\u0165 ako zvl\u00e1danie viacer\u00fdch konverz\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00fa\u010dasne. Potrebujeme pacientovi komunikova\u0165 klinick\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 si pacienti prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa vlastn\u00e9 presved\u010denia formovan\u00e9 kult\u00farou, sk\u00fasenos\u0165ami so zdravotnou starostlivos\u0165ou, obavami zo stigmatiz\u00e1cie, protichodn\u00fdmi inform\u00e1ciami zo soci\u00e1lnych siet\u00ed a ka\u017edodenn\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00fdmi tlakmi. Behavior\u00e1lna veda n\u00e1m m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 tieto vrstvy rozpleta\u0165 a cel\u00fd proces urobi\u0165 plynulej\u0161\u00edm, empatickej\u0161\u00edm a efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedna z v\u00fdziev vznik\u00e1 u\u017e v momente ozn\u00e1menia diagn\u00f3zy. Mnoh\u00ed klinici maj\u00fa obavy z komunik\u00e1cie citliv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, najm\u00e4 ak s\u00fa pod \u010dasov\u00fdm tlakom alebo si nie s\u00fa ist\u00ed reakciou pacienta. Pacienti si z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00f4\u017eu prin\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 dezinform\u00e1cie (\u201etesty nie s\u00fa presn\u00e9\u201c, \u201eCOVID u\u017e nie je v\u00e1\u017eny probl\u00e9m\u201c) alebo ned\u00f4veru vo\u010di zdravotn\u00edckemu syst\u00e9mu zalo\u017een\u00fa na predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sk\u00fasenostiach. Niektor\u00ed sa ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa, \u010do diagn\u00f3za bude znamena\u0165 pre ich zamestnanie, rodinu alebo komunitu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f vstupujeme do tak\u00e9hoto rozhovoru, vstupujeme do priestoru, ktor\u00fd je v\u00a0prvom rade \u013eudsk\u00fd, nielen medic\u00ednsky. Rozhovory o zdrav\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pre \u013eud\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu sa c\u00edti\u0165 posudzovan\u00ed, zahanben\u00ed alebo ma\u0165 pocit, \u017ee robia \u201enespr\u00e1vne\u201c zdravotn\u00e9 rozhodnutia. Ak sa takto c\u00edtia, m\u00f4\u017eu reagova\u0165 defenz\u00edvne; napr\u00edklad popiera\u0165 potrebu lie\u010dby, z\u013eah\u010dova\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017enos\u0165 COVID-19 alebo veri\u0165, \u017ee lie\u010dba je ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1. V odpor\u00fa\u010daniach v kroku 1 n\u00e1jdete strat\u00e9gie, ako vytvori\u0165 bezpe\u010dn\u00fd priestor na komunik\u00e1ciu diagn\u00f3zy, korigova\u0165 dezinform\u00e1cie a zni\u017eova\u0165 tendenciu k defenz\u00edvnym reakci\u00e1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Po prijat\u00ed diagn\u00f3zy prich\u00e1dza \u010fal\u0161ia v\u00fdzva \u2013 motiv\u00e1cia. Motiv\u00e1cia len zriedka vypl\u00fdva v\u00fdlu\u010dne z inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o riziku. Mnoh\u00ed pacienti so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm rizikom, najm\u00e4 t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed sa c\u00edtia iba mierne chor\u00ed alebo nemaj\u00fa \u017eiadne sympt\u00f3my, m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 probl\u00e9m pochopi\u0165, pre\u010do je potrebn\u00e1 urgentn\u00e1 lie\u010dba. In\u00ed pochybuj\u00fa o \u00fa\u010dinnosti lie\u010dby antivirotikami alebo sa ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa ne\u017eiaducich \u00fa\u010dinkov. Niektor\u00ed sa nevn\u00edmaj\u00fa ako \u201evysokorizikov\u00ed\u201c alebo m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 \u010di kult\u00farne presved\u010denia t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa liekov, ktor\u00e9 ich rozhodovanie komplikuj\u00fa. Tieto obavy v\u0161ak mo\u017eno \u010dasto rie\u0161i\u0165 pomocou techn\u00edk zmeny spr\u00e1vania (pozri krok 2).<\/span><\/p>\n

Aj ke\u010f je pacient plne motivovan\u00fd, po za\u010dat\u00ed lie\u010dby m\u00f4\u017ee \u010deli\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edm prek\u00e1\u017ekam. M\u00f4\u017ee zab\u00fada\u0165 na u\u017e\u00edvanie liekov, nerozumie\u0165 pokynom alebo ma\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie povinnosti spojen\u00e9 s rodinou \u010di pr\u00e1cou. Dokonca aj samotn\u00e9 zlep\u0161enie zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu po jednom \u010di dvoch d\u0148och m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k pred\u010dasn\u00e9mu ukon\u010deniu lie\u010dby. Adherencia nie je len ot\u00e1zkou ochoty \u2013 ide aj o to, ako lie\u010dba zapad\u00e1 do ka\u017edodenn\u00fdch rut\u00edn. Aj v tomto smere m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 proakt\u00edvne pl\u00e1novanie (pozri krok 3).<\/span><\/p>\n

Podpora vysokorizikov\u00fdch pacientov po\u010das diagnostiky a lie\u010dby COVID-19 funguje najlep\u0161ie vtedy, ke\u010f sa behavior\u00e1lna veda kombinuje s kult\u00farnou citlivos\u0165ou; nasleduj\u00face odpor\u00fa\u010dania by mali by\u0165 ukotven\u00e9 v oboch t\u00fdchto princ\u00edpoch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/b><\/p>\n

Krok 1: Vytvorte bezpe\u010dn\u00fa a re\u0161pektuj\u00facu atmosf\u00e9ru pri oznamovan\u00ed diagn\u00f3zy<\/b><\/p>\n

Za\u010dnite t\u00fdm, \u017ee ocen\u00edte siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky alebo hodnoty pacienta \u2013 pom\u00e1ha to zni\u017eova\u0165 defenz\u00edvnos\u0165 a budova\u0165 vz\u0165ah zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u00f4vere. Jednou z met\u00f3d zni\u017eovania obrann\u00fdch reakci\u00ed je tzv. <\/span>\u201eafirma\u010dn\u00fd\u201c pr\u00edstup<\/span><\/a>, pri ktorom pacientov povzbud\u00edme, aby sa kr\u00e1tko zamysleli nad svojimi osobn\u00fdmi siln\u00fdmi str\u00e1nkami a v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00fdmi rolami, napr\u00edklad, \u017ee s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eitou osobou pre in\u00fdch \u2013 starostliv\u00fdm partnerom, rodi\u010dom alebo kolegom \u2013 namiesto s\u00fastredenia sa na samotn\u00e9 ochorenie. Tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup m\u00f4\u017ee podpori\u0165 sebahodnotenie a zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165 prijatia diagn\u00f3zy a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch krokov lie\u010dby. Ak sa objavia dezinform\u00e1cie, korigujte ich pokojne pomocou princ\u00edpu \u201efaktick\u00e9ho sendvi\u010da\u201c (\u201efact sandwich\u201c): <\/span>najprv uve\u010fte fakt, stru\u010dne spome\u0148te m\u00fdtus, vysvetlite, pre\u010do je nespr\u00e1vny, a n\u00e1sledne sa vr\u00e1\u0165te k faktu<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>Pou\u017e\u00edvajte jednoduch\u00e9 a kult\u00farne zrozumite\u013en\u00e9 vysvetlenia<\/span><\/a>, najm\u00e4 u pacientov s ni\u017e\u0161ou zdravotnou gramotnos\u0165ou alebo obmedzenou jazykovou znalos\u0165ou.<\/span><\/p>\n

Krok 2: Pou\u017e\u00edvajte jasn\u00e9 a anga\u017euj\u00face komunika\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje na podporu motiv\u00e1cie<\/b><\/p>\n

Techniky motiva\u010dn\u00e9ho rozhovoru<\/span><\/a> \u2013 otvoren\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, reflekt\u00edvne po\u010d\u00favanie a afirm\u00e1cie \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu pacientom pom\u00f4c\u0165 identifikova\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 d\u00f4vody pre prijatie lie\u010dby, \u010do b\u00fdva ove\u013ea \u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ie ne\u017e samotn\u00e9 presvied\u010danie. <\/span>Narat\u00edvy<\/span><\/a> – napr\u00edklad kr\u00e1tky pr\u00edbeh o sk\u00fasenosti in\u00e9ho pacienta, alebo vizu\u00e1lne pom\u00f4cky vo forme infograf\u00edk \u010di ilustr\u00e1ci\u00ed, napr\u00edklad jednoduch\u00e9 zobrazenie v\u00edrusovej n\u00e1lo\u017ee s lie\u010dbou a bez lie\u010dby, m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 vysvetli\u0165 v\u00fdznam v\u010dasnej lie\u010dby, Riziko tak vyznie konkr\u00e9tnej\u0161ie a pochopite\u013enej\u0161ie. Pacientov mo\u017eno tie\u017e povzbudi\u0165, aby zv\u00e1\u017eili vlastn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody lie\u010dby, pri\u010dom by mali <\/span>uva\u017eova\u0165 nielen o svojom zdrav\u00ed, ale aj o tom, ako ich zotavenie ovplyvn\u00ed ich soci\u00e1lne prostredie<\/span><\/a> (napr\u00edklad schopnos\u0165 by\u0165 oporou pre rodinu alebo udr\u017eiava\u0165 bl\u00edzke vz\u0165ahy). Najm\u00e4 u star\u0161\u00edch dospel\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 <\/span>emo\u010dne v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 a kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 benefity lie\u010dby<\/span><\/a> (napr\u00edklad \u201er\u00fdchlo sa zotavi\u0165, aby som mohol vidie\u0165 vn\u00fa\u010da\u201c) presved\u010divej\u0161ie ne\u017e dlhodob\u00e9 zdravotn\u00e9 ciele (napr\u00edklad prevencia kumul\u00e1cie zdravotn\u00fdch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed).<\/span><\/p>\n

Krok 3: Podporujte adherenciu prostredn\u00edctvom praktick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novania<\/b><\/p>\n

Spolupracujte s pacientom na vytvoren\u00ed konkr\u00e9tneho <\/span>ak\u010dn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu<\/span><\/a> \u2013 kde bude ma\u0165 ulo\u017een\u00e9 lieky, kedy ich bude u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v r\u00e1mci ka\u017edodennej rutiny a ak\u00e9 podnety mu ich pripomen\u00fa. V\u010faka tak\u00e9muto pr\u00edstupu bude adherencia zvl\u00e1dnute\u013enej\u0161ia a menej z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od pam\u00e4ti. <\/span>Strat\u00e9gie implementa\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1merov<\/span><\/a> (\u201eAk budem v pr\u00e1ci v \u010dase u\u017e\u00edvania liekov, tak\u2026\u201c) pom\u00e1haj\u00fa udr\u017ea\u0165 lie\u010dbu aj pri zmene be\u017en\u00fdch rut\u00edn. Organiz\u00e9ry na lieky, alarmy a vizu\u00e1lne pripomienky m\u00f4\u017eu podpori\u0165 pravideln\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edvanie liekov.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pacientom m\u00f4\u017eete z\u00e1rove\u0148 pom\u00f4c\u0165 identifikova\u0165 mo\u017en\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry v u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed liekov a vopred h\u013eada\u0165 potenci\u00e1lne rie\u0161enia. Povzbudzujte ich, aby vyu\u017e\u00edvali podporu svojho okolia, ktor\u00e9 \u010dasto priv\u00edta mo\u017enos\u0165 pom\u00f4c\u0165.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00a0ka\u017edej f\u00e1ze procesu v\u0161ak z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed od kult\u00farne citlivej starostlivosti. P\u00fdtajte sa na vieru a postoje, rodinn\u00e9 role, \u010di preferovan\u00e9 jazyky. Pri takomto pr\u00edstupe vyznej\u00fa pl\u00e1ny re\u0161pektuj\u00faco a realisticky. Kombin\u00e1ciou budovania d\u00f4very, podpory motiv\u00e1cie a praktick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1novania m\u00f4\u017eu zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci zlep\u0161i\u0165 v\u00fdsledky lie\u010dby a zni\u017eova\u0165 nerovnosti u\u00a0t\u00fdch pacientov, ktor\u00ed to potrebuj\u00fa najviac.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prelo\u017eil: Radom\u00edr Masaryk<\/b><\/p>\n

Odborn\u00e1 korekt\u00fara: Alexandra Bra\u017einov\u00e1<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5172,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false},"class_list":["post-5019","module","type-module","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.5","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t