{"id":5018,"date":"2026-06-21T23:56:40","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T23:56:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?post_type=module&p=5018"},"modified":"2026-07-20T07:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T07:37:34","slug":"module-4","status":"publish","type":"module","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/sk\/module\/module-4\/","title":{"rendered":"\u017divot po COVID-19: Mana\u017ement dlhodob\u00fdch zdravotn\u00fdch n\u00e1sledkov"},"content":{"rendered":"

Autori: Dominika Kwasnicka, University of Melbourne, Austr\u00e1lia; Rizmina Rilwan, nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00ed\u010dka zo Sr\u00ed Lanky\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

COVID-19 po ak\u00fatnej f\u00e1ze: \u010do sa st\u00e1le u\u010d\u00edme<\/b><\/p>\n

Hoci sa glob\u00e1lna pozornos\u0165 s\u00fastredila najm\u00e4 na ak\u00fatnu f\u00e1zu COVID-19, v\u00a0klinickej praxi sa \u010doraz viac hovor\u00ed o jeho dlhodob\u00fdch n\u00e1sledkoch. <\/span>Svetov\u00e1 zdravotn\u00edcka organiz\u00e1cia<\/span><\/a> (World Health Organization, WHO) identifikuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny popul\u00e1cie ako osoby s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rizikom rozvoja postcovidov\u00e9ho syndr\u00f3mu po infekcii SARS-CoV-2. Patria sem \u017eeny, star\u0161\u00ed dospel\u00ed, faj\u010diari, osoby s nadv\u00e1hou alebo obezitou, \u013eudia s u\u017e existuj\u00facimi chronick\u00fdmi ochoreniami a osoby so zdravotn\u00fdm znev\u00fdhodnen\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia poci\u0165uj\u00fa sympt\u00f3my e\u0161te t\u00fd\u017edne alebo mesiace po infekcii, zatia\u013e \u010do u in\u00fdch doch\u00e1dza k rozvoju nov\u00fdch alebo zhor\u0161eniu existuj\u00facich chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Porozumenie t\u00fdmto dlhodob\u00fdm n\u00e1sledkom je z\u00e1sadn\u00e9 pre poskytovanie efekt\u00edvnej starostlivosti orientovanej na potreby pacienta, najm\u00e4 u star\u0161\u00edch dospel\u00fdch a os\u00f4b s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rizikom chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pre zdravotn\u00edckych pracovn\u00edkov to znamen\u00e1 posun od ak\u00fatneho mana\u017ementu ochorenia k dlhodob\u00e9mu monitorovaniu, prevencii a koordinovan\u00e9mu pl\u00e1novaniu starostlivosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u010co je dlh\u00fd COVID? Porozumenie komplexn\u00e9mu a vyv\u00edjaj\u00facemu sa stavu<\/b><\/p>\n

Dlh\u00fd COVID<\/span><\/a> (Long COVID), ozna\u010dovan\u00fd aj ako postcovidov\u00fd syndr\u00f3m, je definovan\u00fd ako pretrv\u00e1vanie alebo vznik nov\u00fdch sympt\u00f3mov tri mesiace po po\u010diato\u010dnej infekcii SARS-CoV-2, pri\u010dom tieto sympt\u00f3my trvaj\u00fa najmenej dva mesiace a nemo\u017eno ich vysvetli\u0165 inou diagn\u00f3zou (ide o defin\u00edciu WHO; r\u00f4zne organiz\u00e1cie sa v defin\u00edci\u00e1ch mierne l\u00ed\u0161ia).<\/span><\/p>\n

Medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sympt\u00f3my patria \u00fanava, d\u00fdchavi\u010dnos\u0165, kognit\u00edvne \u0165a\u017ekosti (\u201emozgov\u00e1 hmla\u201c), boles\u0165 na hrudn\u00edku a poruchy sp\u00e1nku. Tieto sympt\u00f3my sa m\u00f4\u017eu meni\u0165 a \u010dasto postihuj\u00fa viacero org\u00e1nov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. Lek\u00e1ri by mali ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4ti, \u017ee prezent\u00e1cia sympt\u00f3mov b\u00fdva \u010dasto ne\u0161pecifick\u00e1 a m\u00f4\u017ee vy\u017eadova\u0165 \u0161irok\u00e9 syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 zhodnotenie zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odhady prevalencie sa l\u00ed\u0161ia, no zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee Long COVID sa \u010dastej\u0161ie vyskytuje <\/span>u star\u0161\u00edch dospel\u00fdch<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>os\u00f4b s\u00a0in\u00fdmi chronick\u00fdmi ochoreniami<\/span><\/a> a <\/span>pacientov, ktor\u00ed prekonali z\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161\u00ed priebeh ochorenia<\/span><\/a>. M\u00f4\u017ee v\u0161ak postihn\u00fa\u0165 aj \u013eud\u00ed s miernym alebo dokonca asymptomatick\u00fdm priebehom infekcie. Je to \u0161iroko definovan\u00fd a\u00a0\u0165a\u017eko predv\u00eddate\u013en\u00fd zdravotn\u00fd probl\u00e9m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ako COVID-19 men\u00ed riziko chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n

Nov\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee COVID-19 s\u00favis\u00ed so vznikom alebo zhor\u0161en\u00edm <\/span>chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed<\/span><\/a>. U niektor\u00fdch pacientov sa napr\u00edklad po infekcii rozvinie novovzniknut\u00fd diabetes, pravdepodobne v d\u00f4sledku vplyvu v\u00edrusu na funkciu pankreasu alebo metabolick\u00fdch zmien s\u00favisiacich so z\u00e1palom. Podobne boli pozorovan\u00e9 <\/span>kardiovaskul\u00e1rne komplik\u00e1cie<\/span><\/a> ako po\u0161kodenie myokardu, arytmie \u010di zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko srdcov\u00e9ho zlyh\u00e1vania po zotaven\u00ed z\u00a0ak\u00fatnej f\u00e1zy ochorenia. Priebe\u017en\u00e9 monitorovanie kardiometabolick\u00fdch rizikov\u00fdch faktorov preto predstavuje d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 postcovidovej starostlivosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tieto s\u00favislosti zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa potrebu vn\u00edma\u0165 COVID-19 nielen ako ak\u00fatne respira\u010dn\u00e9 ochorenie, ale aj ako stav s dlhodob\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mov\u00fdmi d\u00f4sledkami pre zdravie. U pacientov, ktor\u00ed u\u017e \u017eij\u00fa s chronick\u00fdmi ochoreniami, m\u00f4\u017ee COVID-19 ur\u00fdchli\u0165 progresiu ochorenia alebo skomplikova\u0165 jeho mana\u017ement.<\/span><\/p>\n

Star\u0161\u00ed dospel\u00ed po ochoren\u00ed COVID-19: Zotavenie, pokles a odolnos\u0165<\/b><\/p>\n

Star\u0161\u00edch dospel\u00fdch<\/span><\/a> sa ak\u00fatne aj dlhodob\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky COVID-19 dotkli v\u00fdraznej\u0161ie ne\u017e be\u017enej popul\u00e1cie. <\/span>\u013dudia vo veku 65 rokov<\/span><\/a> a viac maj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161iu pravdepodobnos\u0165 v\u00fdskytu sympt\u00f3mov a komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed dlh\u00e9ho COVIDu ne\u017e mlad\u0161\u00ed dospel\u00ed. COVID-19 m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00e1rove\u0148 spusti\u0165 alebo zhor\u0161i\u0165 existuj\u00face chronick\u00e9 ochorenia vr\u00e1tane kardiovaskul\u00e1rnych a respira\u010dn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed \u010di neurodegenerat\u00edvnych por\u00fach.<\/span><\/p>\n

Okrem medic\u00ednskych komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed mnoh\u00ed pacienti za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa funk\u010dn\u00fd pokles vr\u00e1tane zn\u00ed\u017eenej mobility, svalovej slabosti a straty samostatnosti. <\/span>Soci\u00e1lna izol\u00e1cia<\/span><\/a> po\u010das ochorenia aj po \u0148om m\u00f4\u017ee \u010falej prispieva\u0165 ku kognit\u00edvnemu zhor\u0161ovaniu a psychick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom ako s\u00fa depresia a \u00fazkos\u0165. Probl\u00e9my sa \u010dasto t\u00fdkaj\u00fa aj naru\u0161enia <\/span>kvality \u017eivota<\/span><\/a>. Aj po zdanlivom zotaven\u00ed sa m\u00f4\u017eu star\u0161\u00ed pacienti len s \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami vraca\u0165 na svoju predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu \u00farove\u0148 fungovania a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017eu vy\u017eadova\u0165 dodato\u010dn\u00fa podporu zo strany zdravotn\u00edckych pracovn\u00edkov, opatrovate\u013eov a komunitn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb. V tejto popul\u00e1cii je obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pravideln\u00e9 hodnotenie funk\u010dn\u00e9ho stavu, du\u0161evn\u00e9ho zdravia a soci\u00e1lnej podpory.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pre\u010do si dlh\u00fd COVID vy\u017eaduje t\u00edmov\u00fd a dlhodob\u00fd pr\u00edstup k starostlivosti<\/b><\/p>\n

Vzh\u013eadom na \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum postcovidov\u00fdch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed je nevyhnutn\u00fd multidisciplin\u00e1rny pr\u00edstup k starostlivosti. M\u00f4\u017ee zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 spolupr\u00e1cu v\u0161eobecn\u00fdch lek\u00e1rov, \u0161pecialistov (napr\u00edklad kardiol\u00f3gov alebo endokrinol\u00f3gov), fyzioterapeutov, psychol\u00f3gov a soci\u00e1lnych pracovn\u00edkov. Pravideln\u00e9 kontroly umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa skor\u00fa identifik\u00e1ciu nov\u00fdch alebo zhor\u0161uj\u00facich sa \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed a podporuj\u00fa v\u010dasn\u00fa intervenciu. Pri zabezpe\u010den\u00ed kontinuity starostlivosti pom\u00e1haj\u00fa jasn\u00e9 postupy pri odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed k\u00a0\u0161pecialistom, a\u00a0komunika\u010dn\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi zlo\u017ekami.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je aj individualiz\u00e1cia starostlivosti. Pacienti s dlh\u00fdm COVID \u010dasto vykazuj\u00fa r\u00f4znorod\u00e9 a prekr\u00fdvaj\u00face sa sympt\u00f3my a priebeh zotavovania sa m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdrazne l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165. Za\u010dlenenie aspektov dlh\u00e9ho COVIDu do existuj\u00facich pl\u00e1nov mana\u017ementu chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee zlep\u0161i\u0165 v\u00fdsledky a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 riziko \u010fal\u0161\u00edch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Spolo\u010dn\u00e9 rozhodovanie a stanovovanie cie\u013eov m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 zos\u00faladi\u0165 starostlivos\u0165 s prioritami a mo\u017enos\u0165ami pacienta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ako \u010falej: budovanie povedomia, istoty a kontinuity v praxi<\/b><\/p>\n

Zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri rozpozn\u00e1van\u00ed a rie\u0161en\u00ed dlhodob\u00fdch n\u00e1sledkov COVID-19. Zvy\u0161ovanie povedomia medzi pacientmi, valid\u00e1cia ich sympt\u00f3mov a poskytovanie jasn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu pom\u00f4c\u0165 zni\u017eova\u0165 neistotu a podporova\u0165 zapojenie pacientov do starostlivosti. D\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou klinickej praxe je aj budovanie istoty zdravotn\u00edckych pracovn\u00edkov pri komunik\u00e1cii o dlhom COVIDe s pacientmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u00fdskum sa na\u010falej vyv\u00edja, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zosta\u0165 informovan\u00fd a flexibiln\u00fd. Dlhodob\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e spojen\u00e1 s COVID-19 pravdepodobne pretrv\u00e1 e\u0161te mnoho rokov, \u010do z nej rob\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 mana\u017ementu chronick\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Priebe\u017en\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 vzdel\u00e1vanie (vr\u00e1tane tohto \u0161kolenia) a integr\u00e1cia nov\u00fdch d\u00f4kazov do klinickej praxe bud\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre optimaliz\u00e1ciu zdravotn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov pacientov.<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Proakt\u00edvne sa p\u00fdtajte na pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00face sympt\u00f3my<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Po\u010das be\u017en\u00fdch konzult\u00e1ci\u00ed sa pacientov akt\u00edvne p\u00fdtajte na pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00face sympt\u00f3my po prekonan\u00ed COVID-19, aj ke\u010f bol po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fd priebeh mierny. \u00danava, d\u00fdchavi\u010dnos\u0165 a kognit\u00edvne zmeny sa \u010dasto podhodnocuj\u00fa a nehl\u00e1sia. Cielen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa v\u010dasn\u00e9 rozpoznanie probl\u00e9mov, v\u010dasn\u00e9 vy\u0161etrenie a odpor\u00fa\u010danie na \u010fal\u0161iu starostlivos\u0165 pod\u013ea potreby.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Vyhh\u013ead\u00e1vajte nov\u00e9 alebo zhor\u0161uj\u00face sa chronick\u00e9 ochorenia<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Monitorujte zn\u00e1mky novovzniknut\u00e9ho diabetu, kardiovaskul\u00e1rnych komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo zhor\u0161ovania existuj\u00facich ochoren\u00ed. M\u00f4\u017ee to zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 kontrolu hladiny gluk\u00f3zy v krvi, krvn\u00e9ho tlaku a kardi\u00e1lnych sympt\u00f3mov. Integr\u00e1cia tak\u00e9hoto skr\u00edningu do postcovidov\u00fdch kontrol m\u00f4\u017ee pom\u00f4c\u0165 v\u010das zachyti\u0165 komplik\u00e1cie.<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Podporujte funk\u010dn\u00e9 zotavovanie star\u0161\u00edch dospel\u00fdch<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Podporujte postupn\u00fd n\u00e1vrat k fyzickej aktivite prisp\u00f4sobenej mo\u017enostiam pacienta. Rehabilit\u00e1cia a pl\u00e1novanie aktiv\u00edt by mali by\u0165 individualizovan\u00e9, ke\u010f\u017ee u niektor\u00fdch pacientov m\u00f4\u017ee nadmern\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e vies\u0165 k zhor\u0161eniu sympt\u00f3mov. Odpor\u00fa\u010danie na fyzioterapiu alebo rehabilita\u010dn\u00e9 slu\u017eby m\u00f4\u017ee podpori\u0165 mobilitu, silu a samostatnos\u0165. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 zv\u00e1\u017ete skr\u00edning kognit\u00edvneho a psychick\u00e9ho zdravia, najm\u00e4 u pacientov, ktor\u00ed za\u017eili dlhodob\u00fa izol\u00e1ciu.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Uplat\u0148ujte multidisciplin\u00e1rny pr\u00edstup<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9, koordinujte starostlivos\u0165 naprie\u010d odborn\u00fdmi discipl\u00ednami. Pacienti s komplexn\u00fdmi alebo pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facimi sympt\u00f3mami m\u00f4\u017eu profitova\u0165 zo spolo\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu medic\u00ednskych, rehabilita\u010dn\u00fdch a psychosoci\u00e1lnych slu\u017eieb. Jasn\u00e1 komunik\u00e1cia medzi poskytovate\u013emi starostlivosti je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 pre predch\u00e1dzanie fragmentovanej starostlivosti.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Poskytujte uistenie a nastavujte realistick\u00e9 o\u010dak\u00e1vania<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Zotavenie z dlh\u00e9ho COVIDu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pomal\u00e9 a premenliv\u00e9. Priznajte pacientom, \u017ee je norm\u00e1lne ma\u0165 obavy, validujte ich sk\u00fasenosti a poskytujte jasn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o tom, \u010do m\u00f4\u017eu o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165. Podpora strat\u00e9gi\u00ed self-mana\u017ementu a pravideln\u00e9 kontroly m\u00f4\u017eu pacientom pom\u00f4c\u0165 z\u00edska\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed pocit kontroly nad vlastn\u00fdm zotavovan\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Prelo\u017eil: Radom\u00edr Masaryk<\/b><\/p>\n

            Odborn\u00e1 korekt\u00fara: Alexandra Bra\u017einov\u00e1<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5171,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false},"class_list":["post-5018","module","type-module","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"sk","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t