{"id":846,"date":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","date_gmt":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=846"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","slug":"planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/pt\/2018\/03\/planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping\/","title":{"rendered":"Planear interven\u00e7\u00f5es para a mudan\u00e7a comportamental baseadas na teoria e na evid\u00eancia: Mapeamento da Interven\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Por Gerjo Kok, Universidade de Maastricht, Holanda; Universidade do Texas, Houston, EUA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Existem actualmente in\u00fameras campanhas e interven\u00e7\u00f5es destinadas \u00e0 promo\u00e7\u00e3o da sa\u00fade p\u00fablica e da mudan\u00e7a de comportamentos de sa\u00fade. No entanto, \u00e9 frequente estas iniciativas n\u00e3o serem baseadas na teoria e na evid\u00eancia. Este texto descreve, de forma breve, o processo utilizado pelos psic\u00f3logos da sa\u00fade no desenvolvimento de interven\u00e7\u00f5es, salientando o modo como difere e procura melhorar os processos tipicamente utilizados noutros contextos.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Passos<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Planear interven\u00e7\u00f5es de mudan\u00e7a comportamental \u00e9 um processo que consiste em v\u00e1rios passos ou etapas e, muitas vezes, envolve dar dois passos em frente e um atr\u00e1s. Este aspeto \u00e9 particularmente importante, j\u00e1 que cada passo consolida o passo precedente e, saltar ou estar desatento num passo pode levar a erros e m\u00e1 decis\u00f5es. O protocolo de <a href=\"http:\/\/interventionmapping.com\/\">Mapeamento da Interven\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a> (Intervention Mapping Protocol) identifica <u>seis passos no desenvolvimento de interven<\/u><u>\u00e7\u00f5es<\/u> de mudan\u00e7a comportamental em sa\u00fade que procuram ajudar os profissionais ou investigadores a criarem interven\u00e7\u00f5es baseadas teoria e na evid\u00eancia:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passo 1: avalia\u00e7\u00e3o das necessidades<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Um grupo respons\u00e1vel pelo planeamento, constitu\u00eddo por todas as entidades envolvidas- incluindo a popula\u00e7\u00e3o alvo da interven\u00e7\u00e3o, representantes da comunidade, especialistas, investigadores e futuros implementadores -, avalia o problema. Este passo incide, por um lado na identifica\u00e7\u00e3o das causas contextuais e comportamentais do problema e, por outro, na identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos seus determinantes. Estas \u2018pe\u00e7as\u2019 podem ser integradas num \u2018modelo l\u00f3gico\u2019 do problema \u2013 como \u00e9 o caso do exemplo (simplificado) apresentado no diagrama em baixo. Este exemplo sobre a problem\u00e1tica da preven\u00e7\u00e3o de DST\/VIH, ilustra como \u00e9 que as v\u00e1rias pe\u00e7as se encaixam.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-890 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-18.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-18.jpg 720w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-18-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-18-230x129.jpg 230w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-18-350x197.jpg 350w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-18-480x270.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Passo 2: Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de objetivos<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Assim que o problema e as suas causas estejam claramente identificados, deve-se proceder \u00e0 defini\u00e7\u00e3o dos resultados esperados e objetivos da interven\u00e7\u00e3o. Isto inclui especificar como \u00e9 que os determinantes dos comportamentos individuais e dos agentes sociais (decisores pol\u00edticos) ter\u00e3o de ser alterados para lidar com o problema\/alterar comportamentos. Por exemplo, tendo por base o modelo l\u00f3gico acima descrito para promover o uso de preservativos pelos adolescentes, uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o dirigida a este comportamento dever\u00e1 aumentar a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de risco, bem como aumentar a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de efic\u00e1cia dos preservativos para reduzir o risco. A interven\u00e7\u00e3o dever\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m influenciar diretamente o\/a parceiro\/a, em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com o aumento da percep\u00e7\u00e3o de efic\u00e1cia dos\/as adolescentes para negociar o uso do preservativo. Finalmente, dependendo das normas sociais vigentes, poder\u00e1 ser facilitado o acesso aos servi\u00e7os de planeamento familiar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passo 3: Desenhar a interven\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u00e3o selecionados m\u00e9todos de interven\u00e7\u00e3o e aplica\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas suportadas pela teoria com vista \u00e0 mudan\u00e7a (dos determinantes) dos comportamentos. S\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m delineadas as tem\u00e1ticas do programa, os componentes, a abrang\u00eancia e tamb\u00e9m os procedimentos. O Mapeamento da Interven\u00e7\u00e3o distingue os chamados m\u00e9todos (ou t\u00e9cnicas) de mudan\u00e7a comportamental que se mostraram eficazes na modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos determinantes do comportamento e\/ou das causas contextuais. Por exemplo, a perce\u00e7\u00e3o de risco pode ser aumentada atrav\u00e9s de informa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre os riscos em determinados cen\u00e1rios prov\u00e1veis. A auto-efic\u00e1cia pode ser melhorada por modelagem ou <em>feedback<\/em>. A um n\u00edvel de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas os \u2018lobbys\u2019 e a\u00e7\u00f5es de sensibiliza\u00e7\u00e3o podem influenciar as tomadas de decis\u00e3o. Todos estes m\u00e9todos de mudan\u00e7a requerem a transposi\u00e7\u00e3o para uma a\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica, tendo em considera\u00e7\u00e3o a teoria e os par\u00e2metros baseadas na evid\u00eancia. Por exemplo, no que respeita \u00e0 modelagem, \u00e9 esperado que a pessoa se identifique com o modelo, observe que este \u00e9 capaz de desempenhar o comportamento-alvo (mestria) e \u00e9 refor\u00e7ado. Esta observa\u00e7\u00e3o potencia o aumento da confian\u00e7a da pessoa de que \u00e9 capaz de desempenhar esse mesmo comportamento com sucesso (auto-efic\u00e1cia).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passo 4: Produ\u00e7\u00e3o da interven\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A estrutura do programa \u00e9 refinada, os materiais e as mensagens s\u00e3o elaboradas, testadas e produzidas. Por exemplo, o programa Holand\u00eas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.langlevedeliefde.nl\/docenten\">\u2018Longa Vida ao Amor\u2019<\/a>, que se baseia no modelo l\u00f3gico apresentado, foi concebido, produzido e implementado e tem demonstrado a sua efic\u00e1cia na promo\u00e7\u00e3o de rela\u00e7\u00f5es sexuais seguras entre os adolescentes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passo 5: Plano de implementa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Os potenciais utilizadores do programa s\u00e3o identificados e s\u00e3o especificados os objetivos de desempenho e de mudan\u00e7a. S\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m delineados os planos de interven\u00e7\u00e3o usando os passos do Mapeamento de Interven\u00e7\u00e3o. No exemplo do uso do preservativo, a interven\u00e7\u00e3o foi delineada para abranger adolescentes de 14-15 anos em contexto escolar. As a\u00e7\u00f5es de implementa\u00e7\u00e3o tinham como objetivo a dissemina\u00e7\u00e3o nas escolas. Para isso, era esperado que o programa fosse aceite pelos diretores das escolas e pelos professores, que houvesse uma implementa\u00e7\u00e3o adequada da interven\u00e7\u00e3o por parte dos professores e, finalmente, uma integra\u00e7\u00e3o\/inclus\u00e3o deste modelo de interven\u00e7\u00e3o por parte da Dire\u00e7\u00e3o da institui\u00e7\u00e3o escolar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Passo 6: Plano de avalia<\/strong><strong>\u00e7\u00e3<\/strong><strong>o da efic<\/strong><strong>\u00e1<\/strong><strong>cia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Desenvolver e implementar uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 o fim do caminho. \u00c9 tamb\u00e9m importante avaliar se a interven\u00e7\u00e3o atingiu os seus objetivos (i.e., avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da efic\u00e1cia) e se foi implementada como pretendido (i. e., avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do processo &#8211; procedimentos). As tarefas previstas nos passos 5 e 6 devem iniciar-se t\u00e3o cedo quanto poss\u00edvel no processo de planeamento. Os resultados destas avalia\u00e7\u00f5es podem ser usados para refinar e melhorar as pr\u00f3prias interven\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Uma perspetiva abrangente<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O planeamento de interven\u00e7\u00f5es de mudan\u00e7a comportamental dever\u00e1 sempre:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Basear-se na evid\u00eancia e no uso de teorias comportamentais<\/li>\n<li>Ter uma abordagem ecol\u00f3gica dos processos de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o e de interven\u00e7\u00e3o nos problemas (de sa\u00fade)<\/li>\n<li>Garantir a participa\u00e7\u00e3o de agentes e decisores relevantes nas comunidades alvo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Um indiv\u00edduo com um problema de sa\u00fade \u00e9 n\u00e3o s\u00f3, parte de um sistema, mas tamb\u00e9m faz parte da potencial solu\u00e7\u00e3o para o problema. Assim, a participa\u00e7\u00e3o abrangente nos v\u00e1rios n\u00edveis de um sistema pode trazer uma maior amplitude de compet\u00eancias e conhecimentos especializados a uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o, aumentando o seu grau de aplicabilidade pr\u00e1tica no mundo real. Al\u00e9m disso, pode contribuir tamb\u00e9m para perceber como melhor se pode avaliar uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n<p><strong>Processos-chave<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>O Mapeamento da Interven\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m sugere \u2018processos-chave\u2019, i.e. a\u00e7\u00f5es necess\u00e1rias para aplicar a teoria e evid\u00eancia: colocar quest\u00f5es, explorar respostas atrav\u00e9s de \u2018brainstorming\u2019, rever resultados emp\u00edricos, aceder e utilizar a teoria, identificar a necessidade de novas investiga\u00e7\u00f5es, e por fim, formular a lista final de respostas. Aceder e aplicar a teoria \u00e9 o desafio para o qual os psic\u00f3logos da sa\u00fade s\u00e3o especialmente treinados.<\/p>\n<p>Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Todos os grupos de planeamento de uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o de mudan\u00e7a comportamental devem incluir um especialista da \u00e1rea da mudan\u00e7a comportamental, e.g., um psic\u00f3logo da sa\u00fade acreditado.<\/li>\n<li>No desenvolvimento de interven\u00e7\u00f5es de mudan\u00e7a comportamental, deve-se usar a teoria e evid\u00eancia, ter uma abordagem sist\u00e9mica e promover a participa\u00e7\u00e3o ativa na interven\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<li>Planear uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o de mudan\u00e7a comportamental \u00e9 um processo passo-a-passo, em que cada passo se constr\u00f3i com base nos que o precedem. O protocolo de Mapeamento de Interven\u00e7\u00e3o procura guiar os profissionais neste percurso.<\/li>\n<li>Os \u201cprocessos-chave\u201d podem ajudar os psic\u00f3logos da sa\u00fade a descobrir respostas para as quest\u00f5es formuladas no planeamento, baseadas na teoria.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9 particularmente relevante para o planeamento da interven\u00e7\u00e3o: identificar os determinantes-chave do comportamento alvo, tendo em conta os par\u00e2metros te\u00f3ricos que tornam eficazes os m\u00e9todos de mudan\u00e7a comportamental e, garantindo que a interven\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 implementada como foi planeada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA A wide range of campaigns and interventions to improve public health and change health behaviors currently exists, but many of these are not \u201ctheory- and evidence-based\u201d. 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