{"id":1299,"date":"2019-05-29T17:21:29","date_gmt":"2019-05-29T17:21:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1299"},"modified":"2026-03-27T07:50:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T07:50:48","slug":"telling-stories-about-caring-for-others","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/pt\/2019\/05\/telling-stories-about-caring-for-others\/","title":{"rendered":"Contando hist\u00f3rias sobre cuidar dos outros"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Por Irina Todorova, Health Psychology Research Center, Sofia, Bulgaria<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cuidar dos nossos entes queridos, em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de sa\u00fade fr\u00e1geis, pode ser uma experi\u00eancia dificil e confusa, que pode, ao mesmo tempo, ser sentida como gratificante e frustrante. O avan\u00e7o nas ci\u00eancia m\u00e9dicas traz maior longevidade, vidas mais saud\u00e1veis e at\u00e9 um abrandamento do decl\u00ednio cognitivo . A forma como as fam\u00edlias cuidam dos mais velhos, bem como a concep\u00e7\u00e3o de envelhecimento, de dem\u00eancia e de presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados varia entre <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1359105313519155\">contextos culturais<\/a><u>.<\/u> Muitas pessoas envelhecem em casa, o que traz benef\u00edcios psicossociais tanto para essas pessoas como para os seus familiars e comunidade. Ao mesmo tempo, cuidar das pessoas com uma sa\u00fade debilitada traz um grande esfor\u00e7o f\u00edsico, desgaste psicol\u00f3gico,um processo de luto associado a um cont\u00ednuo sentimento de perda e, em muitos casos, dificuldades financeiras para o\/a cuidador\/a informal.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1359105314566616\">A<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1359105314566616\"> psicologia da sa\u00fade narrativa<\/a> tem como objetivo entender exper\u00eeencias vividas e significados associados nos contextos quotidianas atrav\u00e9s de <em>storytelling<\/em>, especialmente para fazer sentido da sa\u00fade e da doen\u00e7a, e as suas rela\u00e7\u00f5es com as mudan\u00e7as de identidade. Atrav\u00e9s de narrativas, as pessoas podem criar sentido de inesperadas \u201c<u><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11339939\">disrup\u00e7\u00f5es bibliogr\u00e1ficas<\/a><\/u>\u201d , bem como criar rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre o passado, o presente, e future, o que permite compreender a continuidade na identidade e relacionamentos. Ao ligar eventos separados numa hist\u00f3ria din\u00e2mica, as pessoas d\u00e3o explica\u00e7\u00f5es ao que aconteceu, sobre o que que significa, e ao que aquela pessoa agora se tornou. Como n\u00f3s tamb\u00e9m observ\u00e1mos na nossa investiga\u00e7\u00e3o sobre presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados, as narrativas ajudam os\/as cuidadores a fazerem sentido de como a sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o seu ente querido vai sendo redifinida. A psicologia da sa\u00fade narrativa enfatiza que as hist\u00f3rias t\u00eam m\u00faltiplos n\u00edveis, como o n\u00edvel pessoal, social, e cultural, o que permite identificar disparidades em sa\u00fade. As narrativas dos pacientes, os seus cuidadores formais e informais est\u00e3o a ser cada vez mais utilizadas e valorizadas \u00a0quer na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.narrativemedicine.org\/about-narrative-medicine\/\">medicina<\/a> aplicada quer na educa\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cuidando do\/a Cuidador\/a:<\/strong> Investigadores\/as e profissionais de sa\u00fade t\u00eam se interessado sobre o apoio aos\/\u00e0s cuidadores\/as. Estudos de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o demonstraram que diferentes abordagens podem ser \u00fateis: Sumariamente podemos definir 4 grupos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e forma\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; aumentar o conhecimento sobre o envelhecimento e a dem\u00eancia, as suas fases e sintomas.<\/li>\n<li>Suporte social &#8211; providenciado pelos pares em grupos de suporte ou em formato online; e pela fam\u00edlia e amigos.<\/li>\n<li>Descanso &#8211; a comunidade social ou algumas organiza\u00e7\u00f5es podem providenciar momentos de descanso da presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados para aliviar a fadiga do cuidador.<\/li>\n<li>Comportamentos promotores de sa\u00fade para os cuidadores, como atividade f\u00edsica ou pr\u00e1ticas que reduzam os n\u00edveis de stress,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Devemos tamb\u00e9m enfatizar a import\u00e2ncia de se criar e defenders pol\u00edticas de apoio aos\/\u00e0s cuidadores\/as informais, aos\/\u00e0s pacientes e \u00e0s suas fam\u00edlias. Por exemplo, nos EUA, a Legislatura de Massachusetts passou a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.alzmassnh.org\/advocacy\/massachusetts\/bill-h4116\/\">Lei Geral sobre Alzheimer e Dem\u00eancia<\/a> em resposta aos pedidos das fam\u00edlias e dos profissionais de sa\u00fade e defendidos pela delega\u00e7\u00e3o local da <em>Alzheimer\u2019s Association.<\/em> Esta legisla\u00e7\u00e3o vai apoiar a forma\u00e7\u00e3o prestadores de cuidados de sa\u00fade para diagnosticar e providenciar cuidados para doentes com dem\u00eancia e para as suas fam\u00edlias; garantir informa\u00e7\u00e3o adequada sobre os diagn\u00f3sticos; garantir cuidados de sa\u00fade avan\u00e7ados e adequada prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra abusos.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pr\u00e1tica de Sa\u00fade Narrativa: <\/strong>As pr\u00e1ticas narrativas s\u00e3o centradas na pessoa, dial\u00f3gicas e incorporadas nos contextos culturais e institucionais onde a presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados ocorre. Para os cuidadores, a pr\u00e1tica da narrativa ajuda-os na elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de um sentido, e tamb\u00e9m aumenta a sua \u201ccompet\u00eancia narrativa\u201d &#8211; ouvir e estar envolvido nas hist\u00f3rias e experi\u00eancias da pessoa que eles cuidam.<\/p>\n<p>Uma <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2003.00210.x\">meta-an\u00e1lise de interven\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a> para promover o bem estar do cuidador concluiu que estas s\u00e3o mais eficazes quando os\/as cuidadores\/as e os\/as pacientes est\u00e3o ambos envolvidos no processo.\u00a0 Estes s\u00e3o alguns exemplos dos programas de <em>storytelling<\/em> introduzidos nos cuidados domicili\u00e1rios e nos lares (e.g., \u2018<u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dementiauk.org\/for-professionals\/free-resources\/life-story-work\/\">atividade sobre a hist\u00f3ria de vida<\/a><\/u>\u2019 e \u2018atividade de reminisc\u00eancia\u2019). Apesar da maioria destas atividades se focarem nas pessoas mais velhas, algumas delas s\u00e3o organizadas como pr\u00e1ticas colaborativas de <em>storytelling<\/em>, que inclui fam\u00edlia cuidadores informais.<\/p>\n<p>A presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados pode ser uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o custosa para os cuidadores informais, Expressar estas situa\u00e7\u00f5es atrav\u00e9s de hist\u00f3rias que envolvem fadiga e luto, pode ajudar a aprofundar as rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre entes queridos. Ajudar os\/as cuidadores\/as a aceitarem as suas pr\u00f3prias hist\u00f3rias pode contribuir para um renovado sentimento de significado e prop\u00f3sito.<\/p>\n<p>De uma perspectiva de pr\u00e1tica narrativa, deixa-se aqui as seguintes sugest\u00f5es que poder\u00e3o ser implementadas pelos\/as profissionais de sa\u00fade, e que os\/as cuidadores\/as informais podem tamb\u00e9m ter em considera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Encoraje os\/as cuidadores\/as informais a partilhar as suas hist\u00f3rias de presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados e da rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o seu ente querido. Fa\u00e7a perguntas de resposta aberta (\u201cconte-me sobre o tempo em que\u2026\u201d) e ou\u00e7a com empatia. Encoraje os\/as cuidadores\/as a falarem com amigos ou a integrarem grupos de apoio de pares onde h\u00e1 espa\u00e7o para partilhar hist\u00f3rias.<\/li>\n<li>Encoraje os\/as cuidadores\/as a escreverem um di\u00e1rio, a lerem e refletirem. Refletir sobre estas hist\u00f3rias \u00e9 uma boa forma dos cuidadores fazerem sentido do que est\u00e1 a acontecer nas suas vidas, e isto pode ser ben\u00e9fico para a sa\u00fade de <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2055102918760042\">v\u00e1rias formas<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Tenha em considera\u00e7\u00e3o que as hist\u00f3rias dos\/as cuidadores\/as s\u00e3o relacionais, proponha que os\/as cuidadores\/as e as pessoas de quem cuidam dediquem tempo a falar sobre o seu passado partilhado e o seu presente. D\u00ea aos cuidadores ideias sobre como evocar e ligar mem\u00f3rias com a pessoa cuidada (por exemplo, ao ver fotografias antigas, objetos que evocam mem\u00f3rias partilhadas, fazer caixas de mem\u00f3ria ou colagens).<\/li>\n<li>Estas pr\u00e1ticas de <em>storytelling<\/em> levam tempo a implementar e podem n\u00e3o ser bem aceite por todos os\/as cuidadores\/as. Elas devem por isso ser discutidas de forma sens\u00edvel e gradual. Como as hist\u00f3rias podem evocar m\u00faltiplas emo\u00e7\u00f5es, a pr\u00e1tica de <em>storytelling<\/em> podem ser tamb\u00e9m realizadas em breves sess\u00f5es.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Traduzido por Jorge Encantado e Marta Marques<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Irina Todorova, Health Psychology Research Center in Sofia, Bulgaria Taking care of aging loved ones, who are perhaps in frail health, can be a complicated and confusing experience that is both gratifying and frustrating. Medical science is helping people [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1310,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-support"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pt","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Irina Todorova, Health Psychology Research Center in Sofia, Bulgaria Taking care of aging loved ones, who are perhaps in frail health, can be a complicated and confusing experience that is both gratifying and frustrating. 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