{"id":1714,"date":"2020-08-25T12:02:32","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T12:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1714"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:17:23","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:17:23","slug":"how-to-maintain-health-behaviours-long-term","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/pl\/2020\/08\/how-to-maintain-health-behaviours-long-term\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak d\u0142ugoterminowo utrzyma\u0107 zmian\u0119 zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospo\u0142eczny, Wroc\u0142aw, Polska i University of Melbourne, Australia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ostatecznym<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.pl\/books?id=jyE-E9939wkC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=planning+health+promotion+programs+an+intervention+mapping+approach&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwilhN7l98jlAhV_xMQBHVg3CScQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=planning%20health%20promotion%20programs%20an%20in\"> celem program\u00f3w <\/a>promocji zdrowia jest wprowadzenie d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ych zmian.\u00a0 Istotn\u0105 rol\u0119 w poprawie wynik\u00f3w zdrowotnych i utrzymaniu zmiany zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych mog\u0105 odegra\u0107 pracownicy ochrony s\u0142u\u017cby zdrowia, pomagaj\u0105c pacjentom. Wiemy, \u017ce trudno zainicjowa\u0107 sam\u0105 zmian\u0119 zachowania, a jej kontynuowanie bywa jeszcze<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21196792\"> wi\u0119kszym wyzwaniem<\/a>. Jednym z kluczowych pyta\u0144 w psychologii zdrowia jest wi\u0119c to, dlaczego utrzymanie zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych jest a\u017c tak trudne.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Aby odpowiedzie\u0107 na to pytanie, przyjrzeli\u015bmy si\u0119 teoriom wyja\u015bniaj\u0105cym, w jaki spos\u00f3b ludzie dokonuj\u0105 zmiany, a nast\u0119pnie utrzymuj\u0105 nowe, pozytywne zachowania zdrowotne, takie jak rzucenie palenia lub zwi\u0119kszenie aktywno\u015bci fizycznej. Zidentyfikowali\u015bmy a\u017c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2016.1151372\">100 teorii<\/a> opisuj\u0105cych ten proces. Dobr\u0105 wiadomo\u015bci\u0105 dla os\u00f3b promuj\u0105cych zdrowie jest to, \u017ce te 100 teorii mo\u017cna nas szcz\u0119\u015bcie sprowadzi\u0107 do pi\u0119ciu kluczowych zagadnie\u0144 zwi\u0105zanych z trwa\u0142o\u015bci\u0105 zmiany.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Utrzymanie motywacji <\/strong>jest istotne, gdy zaczynamy podejmowa\u0107 nowe zachowania, np.: chodzenie na si\u0142owni\u0119, bieganie, zdrowe od\u017cywianie si\u0119, unikanie fast food\u00f3w czy nadmiernego spo\u017cycia alkoholu. Pewnie nie b\u0119dzie zaskoczeniem stwierdzenie, \u017ce motywacja jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c kluczowa dla utrzymania zmiany d\u0142ugoterminowo. <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2019\/01\/motivation-and-the-first-steps-toward-physical-activity\/\">Motywacja zmienia si\u0119<\/a> w czasie i aby utrzyma\u0107 now\u0105 aktywno\u015b\u0107 zdrowotn\u0105, nale\u017cy opracowa\u0107 skuteczne strategie jej utrzymania, nawet w przypadku spadku motywacji. Mo\u017cna to zrobi\u0107,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.766832\"> planuj\u0105c<\/a> alternatywne zachowania, kt\u00f3re podejmiemy, gdy napotkamy potencjalne bariery w realizacji celu zdrowotnego (Na przyk\u0142ad: ,,Kiedy na zewn\u0105trz pada deszcz, b\u0119d\u0119 \u0107wiczy\u0107 w domu, zamiast chodzi\u0107 na si\u0142owni\u0119 czy biega\u0107&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Samoregulacja<\/strong> polega na zwracaniu uwagi na to, co si\u0119 robi. <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/07\/self-regulation-from-theory-to-practice-supporting-your-patients-goals-for-change\/\">Monitorowanie<\/a> w\u0142asnego zachowania jest istotne w identyfikacji potrzeby zmian i aktywnym ich przeprowadzeniu. Na przyk\u0142ad, aby wiedzie\u0107, czy <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2019\/01\/motivation-and-the-first-steps-toward-physical-activity\/\">problemem jest poziom aktywno\u015bci fizyczne<\/a>j, trzeba by\u0107 \u015bwiadomym, jak bardzo jest si\u0119 aktywnym ka\u017cdego dnia. W tym celu, mo\u017cna wykorzysta\u0107 aplikacje mobilne, kt\u00f3re umo\u017cliwi\u0105 na przyk\u0142ad sprawdzenie, ile dziennie krok\u00f3w wykonujesz lub ile minut jeste\u015b aktywna i jak intensywnie. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/factsheet_adults\/en\/\">Wytyczne \u015awiatowej Organizacji Zdrowia<\/a> m\u00f3wi\u0105, \u017ce potrzebujemy dziennie oko\u0142o 30 minut aktywno\u015bci fizycznej o umiarkowanej intensywno\u015bci. Gdy u\u015bwiadomisz sobie r\u00f3\u017cnic\u0119 pomi\u0119dzy zaleceniami a stanem faktycznym, warto nast\u0119pnie<a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2017\/04\/the-power-of-planning\/\"> zaplanowa\u0107<\/a>, jak to zmieni\u0107, aby utrzyma\u0107 regularn\u0105 aktywno\u015b\u0107, tzn. okre\u015bli\u0107, kiedy, gdzie i jak b\u0119dziesz dokonywa\u0142 tych zmian.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zasoby<\/strong>, w tym psychologiczne i fizyczne, s\u0105 wa\u017cne w utrzymaniu zmian zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych. Trudno jest na przyk\u0142ad zachowa\u0107 zdrowie (\u0107wiczy\u0107, odpowiednio si\u0119 od\u017cywia\u0107), gdy jest si\u0119 zm\u0119czon\u0105, zestresowanym, bez energii lub ma si\u0119 za sob\u0105 \u017ale przespan\u0105 noc. Do utrzymania zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych potrzebne s\u0105 <em>zasoby psychologiczne<\/em>: bycie pe\u0142n\u0105 energii i wypocz\u0119t\u0105 zamiast zestresowan\u0105. Wa\u017cne s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c <em>zasoby fizyczne<\/em> &#8211; musimy zbudowa\u0107 wok\u00f3\u0142 siebie infrastruktur\u0119, aby \u017cy\u0107 zdrowo. Przyk\u0142adowo, znacznie trudniejsze b\u0119dzie prawid\u0142owe od\u017cywianie, je\u015bli nie mamy \u0142atwego dost\u0119pu do zdrowej \u017cywno\u015bci, podobnie jak nie mo\u017cemy przyjmowa\u0107 lek\u00f3w, je\u015bli s\u0105 one poza naszym zasi\u0119giem. Zasoby psychologiczne i fizyczne zapewniaj\u0105 nam mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 utrzymania zdrowego stylu \u017cycia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nawyki<\/strong> &#8211; cho\u0107 m\u00f3wi\u0105 o nich niemal wszyscy, to jednak <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/habit\">ich popularne rozumienie<\/a> r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 od sposobu, w jaki opisuj\u0105 je psychologowie. Dla psychologa zdrowia nawyki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\">rozwijaj\u0105 si\u0119<\/a>, gdy w odpowiedzi na konkretn\u0105 sytuacj\u0119 konsekwentnie podejmowane jest okre\u015blone zachowanie przynosz\u0105ce po\u017c\u0105dane rezultaty. Z\u0142e nawyki, takie jak palenie tytoniu czy jedzenie p\u00f3\u017ano w nocy s\u0105 trudne do zmiany, poniewa\u017c s\u0105 naszym pierwszym wyborem, kt\u00f3ry pojawia si\u0119 naturalnie i bez zastanowienia. Aby utrzyma\u0107 zmiany w zachowaniu zdrowotnym, musimy prze\u0142ama\u0107 te z\u0142e nawyki i ukszta\u0142towa\u0107 nowe.<a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2016\/01\/getting-into-the-habit-applying-the-science-of-habit-formation-to-the-real-world\/\"> Psychologia daje nam \u015bwietne praktyczne rozwi\u0105zania<\/a>, jak to zrobi\u0107. Wypracowanie nowych pozytywnych nawyk\u00f3w<a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.695.830&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\"> wymaga czasu<\/a>, kt\u00f3ry jest te\u017c potrzebny do wygaszenia starych. Popularna technika zmiany zachowa\u0144 kszta\u0142tuj\u0105ca nawyki polega na monitorowaniu \u201ewyzwalaczy\u201d (czynnik\u00f3w powoduj\u0105cych dane zachowanie) i reagowaniu tym samym zachowaniem na te same wyzwalacze w tym samym kontek\u015bcie.<\/li>\n<li>Wreszcie, warto, aby nasze<strong> \u015brodowisko<\/strong>, miejsce, w kt\u00f3rym \u017cyjemy i ludzie wok\u00f3\u0142 byli dla nas wsparciem w utrzymaniu pozytywnych zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych. Gdy zmieniamy nasze zachowania, cz\u0119sto musimy zmieni\u0107 lub<a href=\"https:\/\/www.behavioraleconomics.com\/resources\/mini-encyclopedia-of-be\/nudge\/\"> zmodyfikowa\u0107<\/a> te\u017c nasze \u015brodowisko.<a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/01\/social-support-and-health-behavior-how-to-move-from-well-intentioned-to-skilled-support\/\"> Ludzie<\/a>, kt\u00f3rzy nas otaczaj\u0105 s\u0105 jego wa\u017cn\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105. Rodzina, przyjaciele i osoby, z kt\u00f3rymi sp\u0119dzamy czas, maj\u0105 wp\u0142yw na nasze zdrowie. Mog\u0105 je umacnia\u0107, zach\u0119caj\u0105c lub b\u0119d\u0105c wzorem do na\u015bladowania, ale ich wp\u0142yw mo\u017ce te\u017c by\u0107 negatywny, gdy na przyk\u0142ad namawiaj\u0105 nas do si\u0119gni\u0119cia po papierosa czy alkohol. Nie zalecamy, aby przesta\u0107 sp\u0119dza\u0107 czas ze swoimi przyjaci\u00f3\u0142mi, kt\u00f3rzy nie \u0107wicz\u0105, pij\u0105 alkohol, pal\u0105 lub niezdrowo si\u0119 od\u017cywiaj\u0105. Zach\u0119camy natomiast do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/eprint\/7jxgECAMUbvMQ7WzAKvs\/full\">podzielenia si\u0119 z nimi swoimi planami zdrowotnymi<\/a> i podj\u0119cia \u015bwiadomej decyzji o niepoddawaniu si\u0119 tego rodzaju presji spo\u0142ecznej, na przyk\u0142ad, odmawiaj\u0105c tej trzeciej porcji ciasta.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>W jaki spos\u00f3b inspirujesz swoich pacjent\u00f3w nie tylko do zmiany tego, co robi\u0105, ale tak\u017ce do utrzymywania nowych zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych? <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Zalecenia praktyczne:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>B\u0105d\u017a zmotywowany<\/strong>. \u0141atwiej powiedzie\u0107 ni\u017c zrobi\u0107. Zapytaj swojego pacjenta, dlaczego chce zmieni\u0107 i utrzyma\u0107 nowe zachowania zdrowotne, wspomnij o poprzednich sukcesach lub innych osobach, kt\u00f3re si\u0119 z tym zmaga\u0142y i odnios\u0142y sukces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Monitoruj<\/strong>. Zach\u0119caj swoich pacjent\u00f3w do samoregulowania i obserwowania w\u0142asnych zachowa\u0144, np. snu, aktywno\u015bci fizycznej, diety, u\u017cywania substancji.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ka\u017cdy potrzebuje zasob\u00f3w.<\/strong> Upewnij si\u0119, \u017ce Twoi pacjenci maj\u0105 adekwatne zasoby psychologiczne i fizyczne, np. odpowiedni\u0105 ilo\u015b\u0107 snu i dost\u0119p do zdrowej \u017cywno\u015bci.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pracuj nad nawykami.<\/strong> Posiadanie dobrych nawyk\u00f3w jest najlepszym predyktorem d\u0142ugotrwa\u0142ej zmiany zachowa\u0144 zdrowotnych. Aby wypracowa\u0107 dobre nawyki, pacjent mo\u017ce stworzy\u0107 plan &#8220;je\u015bli &#8211; to&#8221;, \u0142\u0105cz\u0105cy czynniki wyzwalaj\u0105ce z dzia\u0142aniem, np. \u201eGdy zobacz\u0119 przy drzwiach moje wygodne buty do chodzenia, p\u00f3jd\u0119 na spacer\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Potrzebujesz wspieraj\u0105cego \u015brodowiska<\/strong>. Tw\u00f3j pacjent powinien by\u0107 osadzony w przyjaznym \u015brodowisku, z dost\u0119pem do zasob\u00f3w i wspieraj\u0105cych go ludzi. Dobrze jest sprawdzi\u0107 z pacjentem, czy miejsce, gdzie mieszka i pracuje, sprzyja zmianie jego zachowania, a je\u015bli nie, to w jaki spos\u00f3b mo\u017cna to poprawi\u0107? Pacjent mo\u017ce r\u00f3wnie\u017c zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 si\u0119 do rodziny i przyjaci\u00f3\u0142 po wsparcie w zakresie utrzymania zmiany zachowania.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Przet\u0142umaczone przez Zuzann\u0119 Kwiss\u0119-Gajewsk\u0105 i Ew\u0119 Gruszczy\u0144sk\u0105<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia The ultimate goal of health promotion programmes is to promote long-lasting change and health care professionals can play a role and help patients to improve their health outcomes and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1724,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,27,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-habit","category-motivation","category-self-regulation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"pl","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia The ultimate goal of health promotion programmes is to promote long-lasting change and health care professionals can play a role and help patients to improve their health outcomes and maintaining behaviour change. 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