{"id":846,"date":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","date_gmt":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=846"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","slug":"planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/lv\/2018\/03\/planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0101 pl\u0101not teorij\u0101 un pier\u0101d\u012bjumos balst\u012btu uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u intervenci: intervences pl\u0101no\u0161anas protokols &#8220;Intervention Mapping&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Herjo Koks (Gerjo Kok), M\u0101strihtas Universit\u0101te, N\u012bderlande; Teksasas Universit\u0101te Hj\u016bston\u0101, ASV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Patlaban past\u0101v pla\u0161s kampa\u0146u un interven\u010du kl\u0101sts sabiedr\u012bbas vesel\u012bbas uzlabo\u0161anai un vesel\u012bbas uzved\u012bbas main\u012b\u0161anai, ta\u010du daudz kas no t\u0101 nav balst\u012bts teorij\u0101 un pier\u0101d\u012bjumos. \u0160eit tiks \u012bsum\u0101 aprakst\u012bts, k\u0101dus procesus vesel\u012bbas psihologi liek liet\u0101, izstr\u0101d\u0101jot intervences, un cik b\u016btiski \u0161ie procesi at\u0161\u0137iras no l\u012bdz\u012bgiem procesiem, ko bie\u017ei m\u0113dz veikt citur (un k\u0101 \u0161ie procesi tiek uzlaboti).<br \/>\n<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>So\u013ci<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u intervences pl\u0101no\u0161ana ir pak\u0101penisks process, kas bie\u017ei ietver divus so\u013cus uz priek\u0161u un vienu soli atpaka\u013c. Tas ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi, jo katrs n\u0101kamais solis izriet no iepriek\u0161\u0113jiem, un nev\u0113r\u012bba pret vienu soli var novest pie k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m un neadekv\u0101tiem l\u0113mumiem cit\u0101. Intervences pl\u0101no\u0161anas protokols &#8220;Intervention Mapping&#8221; (IM) identific\u0113 se\u0161us intervences att\u012bst\u012bbas so\u013cus, kas pal\u012bdz pl\u0101not intervenci, balstoties teorij\u0101 un uz pier\u0101d\u012bjumiem balst\u012bt\u0101 praks\u0113.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pirmais solis: vajadz\u012bbu identific\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0160aj\u0101 sol\u012b probl\u0113mu izv\u0113rt\u0113 pl\u0101no\u0161anas grupa, kur\u0101 ir p\u0101rst\u0101v\u0113ti visi iesaist\u012btie \u2013 tostarp m\u0113r\u0137auditorija, ieinteres\u0113t\u0101s puses, eksperti, p\u0113tnieki un turpm\u0101kie \u012bstenot\u0101ji. Te ietverta probl\u0113mas c\u0113lo\u0146u \u2013 gan uzved\u012bbas, gan vides c\u0113lo\u0146u \u2013 un \u0161os c\u0113lo\u0146us noteico\u0161o faktoru noskaidro\u0161ana. Noskaidrot\u0101s sast\u0101vda\u013cas p\u0113c tam var att\u0113lot probl\u0113mas &#8220;lo\u0123iskaj\u0101 model\u012b&#8221; jeb sh\u0113m\u0101 \u2013 l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 \u0161aj\u0101 (vienk\u0101r\u0161otaj\u0101) sh\u0113m\u0101 par pusaud\u017eu STI\/HIV profilaksi, kas sniedz skaidru priek\u0161statu par to, k\u0101 da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s probl\u0113mas sast\u0101vda\u013cas ir saist\u012btas cita ar citu.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-879 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-10.jpg 720w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-10-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-10-230x173.jpg 230w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-10-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-10-480x360.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Otrais solis: m\u0113r\u0137u noteik\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u0113c tam, kad probl\u0113ma un t\u0101s c\u0113lo\u0146i ir skaidri defin\u0113ti, var defin\u0113t ar\u012b konkr\u0113tas programmas m\u0113r\u0137us un rezult\u0101tus. \u0160aj\u0101 posm\u0101 ir j\u0101preciz\u0113, k\u0101 b\u016btu j\u0101maina indiv\u012bda uzved\u012bbas faktori un vides a\u0123enti (l\u0113mumu pie\u0146\u0113m\u0113ji), lai atrisin\u0101tu probl\u0113mu. Piem\u0113ram, no iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 piem\u0113ra lo\u0123isk\u0101 mode\u013ca sh\u0113mas: lai veicin\u0101tu prezervat\u012bvu lieto\u0161anu pusaud\u017eu vid\u0113, intervencei j\u0101palielina riska uztvere, k\u0101 ar\u012b uztvere par prezervat\u012bvu efektivit\u0101ti, kas mazina risku. Intervencei partneri b\u016btu j\u0101ietekm\u0113 nepastarpin\u0101ti, ja iesp\u0113jams, ar\u012b uzlabojot pusaud\u017eu pa\u0161efektivit\u0101ti jeb sp\u0113ju veiksm\u012bgi vest sarunas (vienoties). Visbeidzot, atkar\u012bb\u0101 no eso\u0161aj\u0101m soci\u0101laj\u0101m norm\u0101m, var\u0113tu atvieglot piek\u013cuvi \u0123imenes pl\u0101no\u0161anas pakalpojumiem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tre\u0161ais solis: intervences izstr\u0101d\u0101\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0160aj\u0101 posm\u0101 tiek izstr\u0101d\u0101ta saska\u0146ota, \u012bstenojama intervence. Tiek atlas\u012btas teorij\u0101 balst\u012btas intervences metodes un noteikts, k\u0101 t\u0101s tiks praktiski piem\u0113rotas, lai main\u012btu uzved\u012bbu (to noteico\u0161os faktorus); tiek rad\u012btas programmas t\u0113mas, komponenti, darb\u012bbas lauks un darb\u012bbu sec\u012bba. IM izce\u013c uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u metodes (vai pa\u0146\u0113mienus), par kur\u0101m ir liec\u012bbas, ka t\u0101s ir biju\u0161as efekt\u012bvas, mainot uzved\u012bbas un vides c\u0113lo\u0146us noteico\u0161os faktorus. Piem\u0113ram, riska uztveri var palielin\u0101t, izmantojot uz scen\u0101rijiem balst\u012btu riska inform\u0101ciju. Pa\u0161efektivit\u0101ti var uzlabot model\u0113\u0161ana un atgriezenisk\u0101 saite. Aizst\u0101v\u012bba un lob\u0113\u0161ana var ietekm\u0113t l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161anu politikas l\u012bmen\u012b. Visas \u0161\u012bs p\u0101rmai\u0146u metodes nepiecie\u0161ams &#8220;p\u0101rtulkot&#8221; praktiska pielietojuma veid\u0101, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 teoriju un pier\u0101d\u012bjumos balst\u012btus parametrus. Piem\u0113ram, model\u0113\u0161ana: apm\u0101c\u0101mais identific\u0113jas ar modeli, apm\u0101c\u0101mais nov\u0113ro, k\u0101 modelis nostiprin\u0101s, apm\u0101c\u0101mais ieg\u016bst pietiekamu pa\u0161efektivit\u0101ti un prasmes, lai r\u012bkotos, un modelis no parauga p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161as par pa\u0146\u0113mienu, kas pal\u012bdz apm\u0101c\u0101majam tikt gal\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ceturtais solis: intervences sagatavo\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0160aj\u0101 posm\u0101 intervence tiek sagatavota lieto\u0161anai. Programmas strukt\u016bra ir nosl\u012bp\u0113ta, zi\u0146ojumi un materi\u0101li ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ti, p\u0101rbaud\u012bti un sagatavoti. Attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz jau min\u0113to piem\u0113ru, N\u012bderland\u0113 tika izveidota un praks\u0113 ieviesta programma &#8220;Long Live Love&#8221; (Lai dz\u012bvo m\u012blest\u012bba), kas, k\u0101 v\u0113l\u0101k vair\u0101kk\u0101rt pier\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s, veicin\u0101ja dro\u0161\u0101ku seksu skolu pusaud\u017eu vid\u016b.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Piektais solis: \u012bsteno\u0161anas pl\u0101ns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tiek izveidots programmas \u012bsteno\u0161anas pl\u0101ns. Ir identific\u0113ti potenci\u0101lie programmas lietot\u0101ji, nor\u0101d\u012bti darb\u012bbu m\u0113r\u0137i un p\u0101rmai\u0146u sasnieg\u0161anas m\u0113r\u0137i, un tiek \u012bstenotas intervences darb\u012bbas, jau atkal izmantojot IM protokola so\u013cus. Iepriek\u0161 min\u0113taj\u0101 piem\u0113r\u0101 intervences m\u0113r\u0137auditorija ir 14-15 gadus veci pusaud\u017ei skol\u0101s. Intervence tiek m\u0113r\u0137\u0113ta pielieto\u0161anai skol\u0101s, to apg\u016bst skolu direktori un skolot\u0101ji, kuri intervenci pareizi \u012bsteno, un, visbeidzot, skolu direktori un valdes intervenci institucionaliz\u0113.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sestais solis: efektivit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas pl\u0101ns<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ar intervences rad\u012b\u0161anu vien nepietiek. Svar\u012bga ir ar\u012b nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana, vai intervence sasniegusi savus m\u0113r\u0137us (t.i., efektivit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana) un vai intervence tikusi \u012bstenota, k\u0101 bijis paredz\u0113ts (t.i., procesa nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana). Darb\u012bb\u0101m attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz piekto un sesto soli vajadz\u0113tu s\u0101kties p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas agr\u0101k. Nov\u0113rt\u0113jumos ieg\u016bto inform\u0101ciju var izmantot, lai preciz\u0113tu un uzlabotu intervenci, virzoties uz priek\u0161u un atpaka\u013c no viena so\u013ca uz citu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pla\u0161as perspekt\u012bvas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pl\u0101nojot uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u intervenci, vienm\u0113r:<\/p>\n<p>1) k\u0101 pamats j\u0101izmanto uzved\u012bbas teorijas un pier\u0101d\u012bjumi;<\/p>\n<p>2) j\u0101izmanto ekolo\u0123iska pieeja, nov\u0113rt\u0113jot vesel\u012bbas probl\u0113mas un intervenci; un<\/p>\n<p>3) j\u0101nodro\u0161ina, lai proces\u0101 piedal\u0101s m\u0113r\u0137a kopienu p\u0101rst\u0101vji un citas ieinteres\u0113t\u0101s puses.<\/p>\n<p>Persona ar vesel\u012bbas probl\u0113mu ir gan da\u013ca no sist\u0113mas, gan ar\u012b potenci\u0101lais vesel\u012bbas probl\u0113mas risin\u0101jums. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c pla\u0161a l\u012bdzdal\u012bba da\u017e\u0101dos sist\u0113mas l\u012bme\u0146os var ienest liel\u0101ku prasmju, zin\u0101\u0161anu un speci\u0101lo zin\u0101\u0161anu apjomu projekt\u0101, uzlabot intervences sekm\u0113\u0161anos re\u0101lajos apst\u0101k\u013cos, un pal\u012bdz\u0113t prec\u012bzi izv\u0113rt\u0113t intervenci.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pamatprocesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>IM protokols nosauc ar\u012b &#8220;pamatprocesus&#8221; jeb b\u016btisk\u0101k\u0101s darb\u012bbas, kas pal\u012bdz praks\u0113 izmantot teoriju un pier\u0101d\u012bjumus. Pamatprocesi ir: jaut\u0101jumu uzdo\u0161ana, atbil\u017eu mekl\u0113\u0161ana ar pr\u0101ta v\u0113tras pal\u012bdz\u012bbu, emp\u012brisko atkl\u0101jumu izskat\u012b\u0161ana, teorijas mekl\u0113\u0161ana un izmanto\u0161ana, jaunu p\u0113t\u012bjumu nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas identific\u0113\u0161ana un veicin\u0101\u0161ana, un, visbeidzot, gatavo atbil\u017eu saraksta izstr\u0101d\u0101\u0161ana.<\/p>\n<p>Teorijas mekl\u0113\u0161ana un izmanto\u0161ana ir neb\u016bt ne vienk\u0101r\u0161s process \u2013 \u012bpa\u0161s process, kura veik\u0161anai vesel\u012bbas psihologi tiek speci\u0101li apm\u0101c\u012bti. Mekl\u0113jot literat\u016bru par pier\u0101d\u012bjumiem attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz k\u0101du t\u0113mu, programmas pl\u0101not\u0101js saskarsies ar teor\u0113tiskaj\u0101m idej\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b koncepcij\u0101m, kas saist\u012btas ar konkr\u0113t\u0101m teorij\u0101m. Visbeidzot, pl\u0101not\u0101ji var izmantot teorijas, kuras tiem ir paz\u012bstamas, piem\u0113ram, pl\u0101not\u0101s uzved\u012bbas teoriju attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz uzved\u012bbas faktoriem vai pa\u0161regul\u0101cijas teorijas attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktiski ieteikumi<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Katr\u0101 pl\u0101no\u0161anas grup\u0101, kas nodarbojas ar uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u intervenci, k\u0101 vienam no t\u0101s locek\u013ciem j\u0101b\u016bt uzved\u012bbas zin\u0101tnes ekspertam, piem\u0113ram, tas var b\u016bt labi apm\u0101c\u012bts vesel\u012bbas psihologs.<\/li>\n<li>Izstr\u0101d\u0101jot uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u intervences, izmantojiet teoriju un pier\u0101d\u012bjumus un sist\u0113misku pieeju, un uzlabojiet dal\u012bbu intervenc\u0113.<\/li>\n<li>Uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u intervences pl\u0101no\u0161ana ir pak\u0101penisks process, katrs n\u0101kamais solis izriet no iepriek\u0161\u0113jiem. IM protokols var pal\u012bdz\u0113t virz\u012bties no viena so\u013ca uz citu.<\/li>\n<li>T.s. &#8220;pamatprocesi&#8221; vesel\u012bbas psihologam var pal\u012bdz\u0113t atrast teor\u0113tisk\u0101s atbildes uz pl\u0101no\u0161anas jaut\u0101jumiem.<\/li>\n<li>Intervences pl\u0101no\u0161an\u0101 sevi\u0161\u0137i svar\u012bgi ir: identific\u0113t svar\u012bg\u0101kos main\u0101mos uzved\u012bbas faktorus, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 teor\u0113tiskos parametrus, kas padara uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u metodes efekt\u012bv\u0101kas, un p\u0101rliecin\u0101ties, ka intervence tiek \u012bstenota t\u0101, k\u0101 ticis pl\u0101nots.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA A wide range of campaigns and interventions to improve public health and change health behaviors currently exists, but many of these are not \u201ctheory- and evidence-based\u201d. This [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":892,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behavioural-theory","category-interventions"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"lv","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA A wide range of campaigns and interventions to improve public health and change health behaviors currently exists, but many of these are not \u201ctheory- and evidence-based\u201d. 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