{"id":609,"date":"2017-03-28T05:22:28","date_gmt":"2017-03-28T05:22:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=609"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:48:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:48:02","slug":"fear-is-a-bad-counselor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/lv\/2017\/03\/fear-is-a-bad-counselor\/","title":{"rendered":"Bailes ir slikts padomdev\u0113js"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr Gjats-D\u017eorns P\u0113teris, Atv\u0113rt\u0101 Universit\u0101te, N\u012bderlande<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bie\u017ei izmantota strat\u0113\u0123ija uzved\u012bbas izmai\u0146u pan\u0101k\u0161anai ir bai\u013cu izrais\u012b\u0161ana. Piem\u0113ram, draud\u012bgus un bailes izraiso\u0161us att\u0113lus m\u016bsdien\u0101s izvieto uz katra tabakas izstr\u0101d\u0101juma iepakojuma<\/a>, k\u0101 ar\u012b izmanto kampa\u0146\u0101s piespr\u0101dz\u0113\u0161an\u0101s sekm\u0113\u0161anai<\/a> un apreibino\u0161u vielu lieto\u0161anas mazin\u0101\u0161anai<\/a>. Kaut ar\u012b bailes izraiso\u0161\u0101s metodes ir popul\u0101ras un pla\u0161i izplat\u012btas, p\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka tas nav lab\u0101kais ce\u013c\u0161 uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u sekm\u0113\u0161anai vai cilv\u0113ku izgl\u012bto\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 tas iesp\u0113jams? Vai tad cilv\u0113ki nenob\u012bsies no liet\u0101m, kas var pasliktin\u0101t vi\u0146u vesel\u012bbu? Protams, neviens, kur\u0161 zina riskus, nesm\u0113\u0137\u0113tu, nebrauktu nepiespr\u0101dz\u0113jies un nelietotu metamfetam\u012bnu, vai ne? Tom\u0113r paties\u012bb\u0101 t\u0101 nav\u2026.<\/p>\n

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Bai\u013cu izrais\u012b\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Iebied\u0113\u0161anas taktiku var\u0113tu v\u0113rt\u0113t k\u0101 piem\u0113rotu t\u0101p\u0113c, ka cilv\u0113ki bie\u017ei dom\u0101, ka zina, k\u0101 otrs cilv\u0113ks iztur\u0113sies. Cilv\u0113ki dom\u0101, ka tas, kas kav\u0113 vi\u0146us<\/em> dar\u012bt kaut ko b\u012bstamu, tas kav\u0113s ar\u012b citus. \u201cJa tikai cilv\u0113ki zin\u0101tu<\/em> par riskiem\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

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Protams, daudzu nevesel\u012bgu ieradumu riski bie\u017ei tiek atspogu\u013coti medijos un soci\u0101lajos t\u012bklos, par tiem tiek run\u0101ts izgl\u012bt\u012bbas iest\u0101d\u0113s utt. Vai \u0161\u012bs kampa\u0146as sasniedz tos cilv\u0113kus, kas pak\u013cauti riskam? Vai ar\u012b \u0161ie v\u0113st\u012bjumi nav pietieko\u0161i konfront\u0113jo\u0161i un pietieko\u0161i sp\u0113c\u012bgi?<\/p>\n

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Var\u0113tu dom\u0101t, ka konfront\u0113jo\u0161\u0101ki vai bailes izraiso\u0161\u0101ki v\u0113st\u012bjumi iedarbosies lab\u0101k, lai salauztu cilv\u0113ku aizsardz\u012bbas meh\u0101nismus un konfront\u0113tu vi\u0146us ar to, cik b\u012bstama ir \u0161\u0101da uzved\u012bba, lai liktu vi\u0146iem divreiz padom\u0101t pirms cigaretes vai metamfetam\u012bna izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101\u0161anas. Un patie\u0161\u0101m, ja j\u016bs jaut\u0101siet nespeci\u0101listiem, kas var\u0113tu vi\u0146us attur\u0113t no vesel\u012bbu apdraudo\u0161as uzved\u012bbas<\/a>, \u0161\u012b b\u016btu viena no sastopam\u0101kaj\u0101m atbild\u0113m<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Tom\u0113r vienlaikus m\u0113s zin\u0101m, ka \u0161\u012b introspekcija<\/a> ir k\u013c\u016bdaina: cilv\u0113ki ne vienm\u0113r apzin\u0101s iemeslus, k\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146u uzved\u012bba ir t\u0101da vai cit\u0101da. Jaut\u0101juma par uzved\u012bbas iemesliem uzdo\u0161ana m\u0113r\u0137grupai var b\u016bt \u013coti noder\u012bga, un \u0161o cilv\u0113ku iek\u013cau\u0161ana interven\u010du att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 ir svar\u012bga, lai g\u016btu pan\u0101kumus. Tom\u0113r nespeci\u0101listi nav <\/em>eksperti uzved\u012bbas izmai\u0146u veik\u0161an\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c nevar uz\u0146emties atbild\u012bbu par to.<\/p>\n

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L\u012bdztekus draudu intuit\u012bvai pievilc\u012bbai, cits iemesls t\u0101s popularit\u0101tei ir uztvertais<\/em> alternat\u012bvu tr\u016bkums. Ne visi interven\u010du izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji un rekl\u0101mas a\u0123ent\u016bras p\u0101rzina pieejamos interven\u010du izstr\u0101des protokolus (veidus), t\u0101dus k\u0101 Interven\u010du kart\u0113\u0161ana<\/a> vai Uzved\u012bbas izmai\u0146u meto\u017eu saraksts<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Ir saprotams, ka interven\u010du izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji bie\u017ei izmanto iebied\u0113\u0161anu vai draudus, lai sekm\u0113tu centienus uzlabot vesel\u012bbu, – vienk\u0101r\u0161i balstoties uz \u201cveselo sapr\u0101tu\u201d. Bet k\u0101da \u0161eit ir probl\u0113ma?<\/p>\n

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Nav nek\u0101 no k\u0101 baid\u012bties, iz\u0146emot pa\u0161as bailes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cilv\u0113ki ne vienm\u0113r uzvedas racion\u0101li, un m\u016bsu uzved\u012bba m\u016bsdien\u0101s nesaskan ar to, k\u0101du mums paredz\u0113jusi evol\u016bcija. Ja cilv\u0113ks turpina praktiz\u0113t vesel\u012bbu apdraudo\u0161u uzved\u012bbu un vienlaikus apzin\u0101s \u0161os draudus, tad pozit\u012bva pa\u0161t\u0113la saglab\u0101\u0161anai bie\u017ei izmanto psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s aizsardz\u012bbas meh\u0101nismus, izmainot uztveri.<\/p>\n

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Lai gan m\u0113s visi esam ieinteres\u0113ti noskaidrot inform\u0101ciju par riskiem, tom\u0113r, ja apst\u0101k\u013ci nav labv\u0113l\u012bgi, cilv\u0113ki izsl\u0113dz no apzi\u0146as riskus saturo\u0161o inform\u0101ciju. Saist\u012bb\u0101 ar vienk\u0101r\u0161u darb\u012bbu t\u0101 nav probl\u0113ma: piem\u0113ram, ja j\u016bs br\u012bdin\u0101t k\u0101du, ka vi\u0146\u0161 nedr\u012bkst \u0113st j\u0113lu c\u0101\u013ca ga\u013cu, tad cilv\u0113ks t\u016bl\u012bt b\u016bs gatavs to izpild\u012bt. Sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101kas uzved\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u2013 noz\u012bm\u012bga k\u013c\u016bst sevis uztvere.<\/p>\n

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Kaut ar\u012b vairums sm\u0113\u0137\u0113t\u0101ju v\u0113las atmest sm\u0113\u0137\u0113\u0161anu<\/a>, to izdar\u012bt ir \u013coti gr\u016bti. Ja cilv\u0113ks dom\u0101, ka no draudiem nav iesp\u0113jams izvair\u012bties, vi\u0146a pa\u0161t\u0113ls ir apdraud\u0113ts. Nav pat\u012bkami iesaist\u012bties destrukt\u012bv\u0101 pas\u0101kum\u0101 un piln\u012bb\u0101 apzin\u0101ties t\u0101 b\u012bstam\u012bbu. Ja cilv\u0113ks nav p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts, ka var nov\u0113rst draudus, bet v\u0113las saglab\u0101t savu pa\u0161t\u0113lu, tad vi\u0146\u0161 s\u0101k aizsarg\u0101ties, vai nu \u201csamazinot\u201d riskus vai cit\u0101diem pa\u0146\u0113mieniem saglab\u0101jot pozit\u012bvu pa\u0161t\u0113lu.. Piem\u0113ram, sm\u0113\u0137\u0113t\u0101js var cit\u0113t savu vecm\u0101mi\u0146u, kura sm\u0113\u0137\u0113jusi divas paci\u0146as [cigare\u0161u] dien\u0101 un v\u0113l l\u012bdz \u0161im ir stipra (\u201cSm\u0113\u0137\u0113\u0161ana nav b\u012bstama\u201d); vai ar\u012b var skaidrot, ka str\u0101d\u0101 piecas dienas ned\u0113\u013c\u0101 no r\u012bta l\u012bdz vakaram un \u0113d puskilogramu broko\u013cus katru dienu (\u201cEsmu vesels cilv\u0113ks\u201d). \u0160\u012bs aizsardz\u012bbas reakcijas pal\u012bdz cilv\u0113kiem saglab\u0101t pozit\u012bvu pa\u0161t\u0113lu, kas pie\u013cauj turpin\u0101t praktiz\u0113t vesel\u012bbu apdraudo\u0161u uzved\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

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P\u0113t\u012bjumi par bai\u013cu izrais\u012b\u0161anu ar m\u0113r\u0137i nov\u0113rst vesel\u012bbai kait\u0113jo\u0161u uzved\u012bbu ilgst jau vair\u0101k k\u0101 se\u0161desmit gadus<\/a>, tom\u0113r v\u0113l joproj\u0101m viennoz\u012bm\u012bgas atbildes par \u0161is strat\u0113\u0123ijas efektivit\u0101ti nav. Lai atrisin\u0101tu pretrunas, m\u016bsu p\u0113tnieku grupa kritiski izv\u0113rt\u0113ja visus \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101 veiktos p\u0113t\u012bjumus<\/a>. M\u0113s p\u0113t\u012bj\u0101m, k\u0101p\u0113c no vienas puses da\u017eos p\u0113t\u012bjumos konstat\u0113ts, ka draudu komunik\u0101cija str\u0101d\u0101, bet no otras puses, citos p\u0113t\u012bjumos konstat\u0113ts (saska\u0146\u0101 ar psiholo\u0123ijas teorij\u0101m), ka t\u0101 nestr\u0101d\u0101.<\/p>\n

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Literat\u016bras apskata p\u0113t\u012bjum\u0101 m\u0113s konstat\u0113j\u0101m, ka bai\u013cu izrais\u012b\u0161ana tikai tad maina uzved\u012bbu, kad to apvieno ar intervenc\u0113m, kas palielina cilv\u0113ku p\u0101rliec\u012bbu par sp\u0113ju nov\u0113rst apdraud\u0113jumu. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, tikai tad, kad cilv\u0113ki dom\u0101, ka vi\u0146i sp\u0113j nov\u0113rst draudus, ir j\u0113ga vi\u0146us iebaid\u012bt. Kad cilv\u0113ki nav p\u0101rliecin\u0101ti, ka sp\u0113j izmain\u012bt savu uzved\u012bbu, lai izvair\u012btos no apdraud\u0113juma, bet apdraud\u0113jums vi\u0146iem vienalga tiek izteikts, bailes izraiso\u0161\u0101s zi\u0146as ir ne tikai neefekt\u012bvas, bet da\u017ereiz t\u0101m ir pret\u0113ja iedarb\u012bba.<\/p>\n

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Ja draud\u0113\u0161ana un konfront\u0113\u0161ana nav efekt\u012bvs veids cilv\u0113ku uzved\u012bbas izmain\u012b\u0161anai, k\u0101di pa\u0146\u0113mieni ir efekt\u012bvi?<\/p>\n

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Praktisk\u0101s rekomend\u0101cijas:<\/strong><\/p>\n