{"id":3846,"date":"2025-07-25T04:45:51","date_gmt":"2025-07-25T04:45:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=3846"},"modified":"2026-03-27T07:41:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T07:41:48","slug":"above-water-rethinking-drowning-prevention-at-all-levels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/lv\/2025\/07\/above-water-rethinking-drowning-prevention-at-all-levels\/","title":{"rendered":"Virs \u016bdens: Sl\u012bk\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas profilakse visos l\u012bme\u0146os\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Autores: Kaira Hamiltona<\/em> (Kyra Hamilton), Grifita Universit\u0101te, Austr\u0101lija, un Eimija Pedena<\/em> (Amy Peden), Jaun\u0101s Dienvidvelsas Universit\u0101te, Austr\u0101lija<\/p>\n

Sl\u012bk\u0161ana ir viens no galvenajiem, tom\u0113r liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 nov\u0113r\u0161amiem<\/a> n\u0101ves un traumu c\u0113lo\u0146iem, kas palicis nenov\u0113rt\u0113ts. Ir izplat\u012bts m\u012bts, ka sl\u012bk\u0161ana ne vienm\u0113r ir let\u0101la. Sl\u012bk\u0161anas defin\u012bcija<\/a> tika p\u0101rskat\u012bta, lai preciz\u0113tu, ka sl\u012bk\u0161ana ir process, nevis rezult\u0101ts. Sl\u012bk\u0161anas procesa rezult\u0101ti var b\u016bt n\u0101ve (let\u0101la sl\u012bk\u0161ana) vai izdz\u012bvo\u0161ana ar vai bez palieko\u0161\u0101m sek\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, cerebr\u0101l\u0101 insulta un citiem neirolo\u0123iskiem trauc\u0113jumiem, ko izraisa sk\u0101bek\u013ca tr\u016bkums smadzen\u0113s (ne let\u0101las sl\u012bk\u0161anas gad\u012bjum\u0101). Pla\u0161sazi\u0146as l\u012bdzek\u013cos bie\u017ei tiek lietoti t\u0101di termini k\u0101 “saus\u0101 sl\u012bk\u0161ana”, “sekund\u0101ra sl\u012bk\u0161ana” vai “gandr\u012bz nosl\u012bk\u0161ana”, ta\u010du tie ir novecoju\u0161i un medic\u012bniski neprec\u012bzi, t\u0101p\u0113c ir pien\u0101cis laiks beigt tos lietot.<\/p>\n

Kas un kur sl\u012bkst?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pasaules Vesel\u012bbas organiz\u0101cija (PVO) l\u0113\u0161, ka 2021. gad\u0101 pasaul\u0113 nosl\u012bkstot g\u0101ja boj\u0101 300\u00a0000 cilv\u0113ku<\/a> \u2014 tas ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 30 cilv\u0113ku katru stundu. Pie tam \u0161\u012b statistika neietver n\u0101ves gad\u012bjumus nosl\u012bkstot pl\u016bdu un \u016bdens transporta negad\u012bjumu, piem\u0113ram, laivu apg\u0101\u0161an\u0101s un pr\u0101mju nogrim\u0161anas rezult\u0101t\u0101. Valst\u012bs ar augstiem ien\u0101kumiem, piem\u0113ram, Austr\u0101lij\u0101, \u0161\u0101du nelaimes gad\u012bjumu iek\u013cau\u0161ana palielina sl\u012bk\u0161anas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus par 40\u00a0%<\/a>; valst\u012bs ar zemiem un vid\u0113jiem ien\u0101kumiem pieaugums, visticam\u0101k, ir v\u0113l liel\u0101ks.<\/p>\n

PVO pirmaj\u0101 glob\u0101laj\u0101 zi\u0146ojum\u0101 par sl\u012bk\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas profilaksi<\/a> ir nor\u0101d\u012bts, ka b\u0113rni l\u012bdz piecu gadu vecumam veido 24\u00a0% no visiem sl\u012bk\u0161anas gad\u012bjumiem pasaul\u0113, un v\u0113l 19\u00a0% gad\u012bjumu tas notiek ar b\u0113rniem vecum\u0101 no 5 l\u012bdz 14\u00a0gadiem. Sl\u012bk\u0161anas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji ir tr\u012bs reizes augst\u0101ki valst\u012bs ar zemiem un vid\u0113jiem ien\u0101kumiem un tie\u00a0 veido 92\u00a0% no visiem n\u0101ves gad\u012bjumiem nosl\u012bkstot. Fat\u0101l\u0101s sl\u012bk\u0161anas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju skaits v\u012brie\u0161u vid\u016b ir divreiz liel\u0101ks nek\u0101 sievie\u0161u vid\u016b. Maziem b\u0113rniem visaugst\u0101k\u0101s riska zonas sl\u012bk\u0161anai ir peldbaseini un \u016bdenstilpnes ap m\u0101ju, savuk\u0101rt pieaugu\u0161ajiem liel\u0101ks risks ir dabiskaj\u0101s \u016bdenskr\u0101tuv\u0113s, piem\u0113ram, up\u0113s, ezeros, d\u012b\u0137os, pludmal\u0113s un oke\u0101nos.<\/p>\n

Kas palielina risku un kas pal\u012bdz nov\u0113rst sl\u012bk\u0161anu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neskaitot vecumu, dzimumu un atra\u0161an\u0101s vietu, sl\u012bk\u0161anas risku palielina vair\u0101ki citi faktori. Tie ietver, piem\u0113ram, indiv\u012bda prasmes un uzved\u012bbu, piem\u0113ram, peld\u0113\u0161anas prasmes<\/a>, ieie\u0161anu pl\u016bdu \u016bde\u0146os<\/a>, alkohola lieto\u0161anu<\/a> un da\u017e\u0101das vesel\u012bbas probl\u0113mas<\/a>, kas var palielin\u0101t apdraud\u0113jumu.<\/p>\n

Citi faktori ir saist\u012bti ar pa\u0161u \u016bdenstilpni: vai b\u0113rni tiek uzraudz\u012bti un vai ir uzst\u0101d\u012btas barjeras, lai nov\u0113rstu net\u012b\u0161u piek\u013cuvi<\/a>; vai ir veikts dabiskaj\u0101m \u016bdenstilpn\u0113m rakstur\u012bgo apdraud\u0113jumu nov\u0113rt\u0113jums un ir p\u0101rliec\u012bba par to nov\u0113r\u0161anu; vai ir izpratne par b\u012bstam\u0101m straum\u0113m<\/a>, sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101m un main\u012bga virziena straum\u0113m un zem\u016bdens apdraud\u0113jumiem, piem\u0113ram, up\u0113 iekritu\u0161iem kokiem; un vai cilv\u0113ki izv\u0113las peld\u0113ties uzraudz\u012bt\u0101s viet\u0101s, piem\u0113ram, publiskos peldbaseinos un pludmal\u0113s, ko uzrauga gl\u0101b\u0113ji.<\/p>\n

Daudzi citi faktori ietekm\u0113 sl\u012bk\u0161anas risku, bet, par laimi, past\u0101v uz pier\u0101d\u012bjumiem balst\u012btas profilakses strat\u0113\u0123ijas<\/a>. Piem\u0113ram, Austr\u0101lij\u0101 likumdo\u0161ana par peldbaseinu \u017eogiem apvienojum\u0101 ar izgl\u012bto\u0161anas un piespiedu ietekmes l\u012bdzek\u013ciem ir samazin\u0101jusi b\u0113rnu sl\u012bk\u0161anas n\u0101ves gad\u012bjumus peldbaseinos par vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50%<\/a>. L\u012bdz\u012bgi ar\u012b Banglade\u0161\u0101 programmas skolas vecuma b\u0113rniem par izdz\u012bvo\u0161anu peldot ir izr\u0101d\u012bju\u0161\u0101s izmaksu zi\u0146\u0101 efekt\u012bvas, iev\u0113rojami samazinot n\u0101ves gad\u012bjumu skaitu, b\u0113rniem nosl\u012bkstot.<\/p>\n

Likumi, kas nosaka dro\u0161\u012bbas pas\u0101kumu iev\u0113ro\u0161anu uz laiv\u0101m un ku\u0123iem, piem\u0113ram, gl\u0101b\u0161anas vestu valk\u0101\u0161anu<\/a>, pal\u012bdz samazin\u0101t sl\u012bk\u0161anas risku, p\u0101rvietojoties pa \u016bdeni. Vienlaikus p\u0113t\u012bjumi par sl\u012bk\u0161anu, tostarp sl\u012bk\u0161anas re\u0123istru<\/a> uztur\u0113\u0161ana un p\u0101rbaude, pal\u012bdz mums uzzin\u0101t vair\u0101k par \u0161o probl\u0113mu un atrast lab\u0101kus veidus, k\u0101 to nov\u0113rst.<\/p>\n

Sist\u0113mas l\u012bme\u0146a (“s-ietvara”) strat\u0113\u0123ijas<\/a>, piem\u0113ram, iepriek\u0161 min\u0113tie likumi un noteikumi, var pal\u012bdz\u0113t veidot dro\u0161\u0101ku uzved\u012bbu vis\u0101 popul\u0101cij\u0101. Tom\u0113r, ja t\u0101s tiek apvienotas ar individu\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bme\u0146a (“i-ietvara”) intervenc\u0113m<\/a>, piem\u0113ram, izgl\u012bto\u0161anu, soci\u0101lo atbalstu, prasmju apm\u0101c\u012bbu, kop\u0113j\u0101 ietekme uz sl\u012bk\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anu var b\u016bt v\u0113l liel\u0101ka.<\/p>\n

P\u0113t\u012bjumi liecina, ka cilv\u0113ku domas un izj\u016btas b\u016btiski ietekm\u0113 vi\u0146u vesel\u012bbas uzved\u012bbu, tostarp dro\u0161u uzved\u012bbu pie \u016bdens. Piem\u0113ram, t\u0101das lietas k\u0101 iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 pieredze; uzskati par dro\u0161as uzved\u012bbas priek\u0161roc\u012bb\u0101m un tr\u016bkumiem un p\u0101rliec\u012bba par sp\u0113ju r\u012bkoties<\/a>; darb\u012bbas pl\u0101no\u0161ana un riska uztvere, soci\u0101lais spiediens un lomas, kur\u0101s cilv\u0113ki sevi redz<\/a>, ietekm\u0113 to, vai cilv\u0113ks veic pas\u0101kumus, lai nov\u0113rstu sl\u012bk\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Tikai ar zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m par dro\u0161\u012bbu uz \u016bdens nepietiek, lai ilgtermi\u0146\u0101 main\u012btu uzved\u012bbu. T\u0101p\u0113c sl\u012bk\u0161anas profilakses programm\u0101m j\u0101izmanto p\u0101rbaud\u012btas psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s strat\u0113\u0123ijas<\/a>, lai patie\u0161\u0101m pan\u0101ktu p\u0101rmai\u0146as. T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai tikai br\u012bdin\u0101tu par briesm\u0101m, t\u0101m j\u0101koncentr\u0113jas uz pozit\u012bvajiem ieguvumiem no dro\u0161\u012bbas, piem\u0113ram, dro\u0161u izklaidi. T\u0101m ar\u012b j\u0101par\u0101da, ka dro\u0161\u012bba uz \u016bdens ir norm\u0101las dz\u012bves sast\u0101vda\u013ca, iesaistot apm\u0101c\u012bb\u0101 draugus un \u0123imeni.<\/p>\n

Veidojot p\u0101rliec\u012bbu, ierobe\u017eojot piek\u013cuvi riskant\u0101m viet\u0101m un mudinot cilv\u0113kus pl\u0101not un sekot l\u012bdzi saviem dro\u0161\u012bbas paradumiem, tiek veicin\u0101tas ilgsto\u0161as uzved\u012bbas izmai\u0146as.<\/p>\n

Ko m\u0113s varam dar\u012bt, lai n\u0101kotn\u0113 samazin\u0101tu nosl\u012bk\u0161anas risku?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kop\u0161 2000. gada let\u0101lu sl\u012bk\u0161anas gad\u012bjumu skaits pasaul\u0113 ir samazin\u0101jies par 38%<\/a>, kas ir liels sasniegums. Ta\u010du progress nav bijis vienm\u0113r\u012bgs. Da\u017ei re\u0123ioni, \u012bpa\u0161i tie, kuros ir maz\u0101k resursu, joproj\u0101m saskaras ar liel\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m, tostarp pieaugo\u0161iem riskiem, ko rada klimata p\u0101rmai\u0146as un migr\u0101cija p\u0101ri j\u016br\u0101m. Lai turpin\u0101tu virz\u012bties uz priek\u0161u, mums ir nepiecie\u0161ami praktiski risin\u0101jumi, kas apvieno gan individu\u0101las (piem\u0113ram, attieksmes mai\u0146a par dro\u0161\u012bbu uz \u016bdens<\/em>), gan pla\u0161\u0101kas sist\u0113miskas izmai\u0146as (piem\u0113ram, lab\u0101ka infrastrukt\u016bra un politikas<\/em>). \u0160ajos centienos var\u0113tu iesaist\u012bties da\u017e\u0101das ieinteres\u0113t\u0101s puses, piem\u0113ram, vald\u012bba, kopienas, NVO un priv\u0101tpersonas, kas var sniegt j\u0113gpilnu ieguld\u012bjumu nosl\u012bk\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161an\u0101 gan individu\u0101l\u0101, gan sist\u0113mas l\u012bmen\u012b.<\/p>\n

Praktiski ieteikumi<\/strong><\/p>\n