{"id":1932,"date":"2021-01-22T11:10:15","date_gmt":"2021-01-22T11:10:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1932"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:12:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:12:47","slug":"to-eat-or-not-to-eat-that-is-the-question-how-can-health-psychology-practitioners-help-people-manage-food-safety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/lv\/2021\/01\/to-eat-or-not-to-eat-that-is-the-question-how-can-health-psychology-practitioners-help-people-manage-food-safety\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0112st vai ne\u0113st \u2013- t\u0101ds ir jaut\u0101jums: k\u0101 vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas speci\u0101listi var pal\u012bdz\u0113t cilv\u0113kiem pan\u0101kt p\u0101rtikas dro\u0161\u012bbu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Barbara Malena (Barbara Mullan), Kurtinas universit\u0101te, Austr\u0101lija<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Probl\u0113mas apjoms<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ik gadu viens no 10 cilv\u0113kiem vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 (aptuveni 600 miljoni cilv\u0113ku) saslimst p\u0113c pies\u0101r\u0146otas p\u0101rtikas \u0113\u0161anas, un \u0161\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/food-safety\">mirst<\/a> ap 420 000 cilv\u0113ku. \u0160ie gad\u012bjumi notiek \u013coti da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s \u0123eogr\u0101fisk\u0101s <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosmedicine\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923\">viet\u0101s<\/a>, bet visliel\u0101k\u0101 saslimst\u012bba ar p\u0101rtikas produktu izrais\u012bt\u0101m slim\u012bb\u0101m konstat\u0113ta \u0100frik\u0101, Dienvidaustrumu \u0100zij\u0101 un Vidusj\u016bras re\u0123iona austrumu da\u013c\u0101 (pla\u0161\u0101ku inform\u0101ciju par p\u0101rtikas izrais\u012bto slim\u012bbu slogu pa re\u0123ioniem var atrast <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/200046\/WHO_FOS_15.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1\">\u0161eit<\/a>). Papildus \u0123eogr\u0101fiskajai da\u017e\u0101d\u012bbai ir ar\u012b noz\u012bm\u012bgas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas p\u0101rtikas produktu izrais\u012btu slim\u012bbu ierosin\u0101t\u0101ju veidos (piem\u0113ram, v\u012brusi, bakt\u0113rijas, paraz\u012bti).<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Dro\u0161as p\u0101rtikas aprites \u0137\u0113d\u0113 \u2013 &#8220;no lauka l\u012bdz galdam&#8221; \u2013 ir daudz posmu. Lai gan daudz tiek dar\u012bts, lai lauksaimniekiem, nozar\u0113 str\u0101d\u0101jo\u0161ajiem un \u0113din\u0101\u0161anas uz\u0146\u0113mumiem pal\u012bdz\u0113tu nodro\u0161in\u0101t p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bgumu, pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju iesaist\u012b\u0161an\u0101s p\u0101rtikas aprit\u0113 bie\u017ei vien netiek pietiekami nov\u0113rt\u0113ta. Dro\u0161a p\u0101rtikas apstr\u0101de ir \u013coti svar\u012bga, jo t\u0101 ir p\u0101rtikas izrais\u012btu slim\u012bbu profilakses p\u0113d\u0113jais posms. Apl\u0113ses par to, cik liela da\u013ca saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ar p\u0101rtiku notiek m\u0101j\u0101s, ir \u013coti <a href=\"https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/0362-028x-66_1_130.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAqgwggKkBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKVMIICkQIBADCCAooGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMOjfe63uhXZXj157QAgEQgIICW90iuFALoRucxXUj7yhmJ-b_9UTia-R4QN52WlwSuMKWW1VR4OKqohMbO2BfjBYGQMNY6cwHBvILtpVkCjFtcq24UhKG7KwOSqIpY4J_LDG8nt9Nk1zOjJal5ZVKoHsHN6_hFouGY3iUyWmDh6YESb3-j2oj1wUY8cEOqVTj-CVvZ46rmSDREMizvFgOzUh3UsBOW0cAay22gnaimfaY06jEyKJpuXxtpJ93g2_isC9_44cG3D-hIC5koJqMmtlHi4wyYG8lQo4FEqji7p4kH69ry6jFvj8tuI-NxN84LaQb_-CX9BEMkMUReIJwIQK6rgCZF4jXu8t3rIKz9qb2DqLPRPDceG-xRfoQutIkUoofpRHg_rBGr3dADZ-UPe1epeYdYJc8lT8dsMshENGRGzVUfHLP0aNLPAy9sWZum05ACWVMbG6q32BfYw6Jx9e_5j0-4M_TJC9P4-FrExFbqIYxiNFLPexPAVSf9BDZ1qbXgy58T1mZB_PWvqo4Mt-J8xvEsVd8dqmxEjXxzZLnMqs2aWt8Du_ppS0lGPbVSoAyjV39yutxa1UuyHM1RWEme7jp8ZqRPzhMvyEd2tAAaFSPoqMYfgGLDJY1QHvkCcryJ4eSJd56FTkCAx3voq3wXSwcXwcsqD6ObAn4FGKnIYSV2X6DXevCb7A3QnOhVB9WivVbHI09sDd5Xpg25nthfPZsGmrWyC8bKlw2B4aD8SUXhtOAyXPaFsvezF3-sLmWXHEWAIfaD7Q4zK1iFqhJ-aKwP-2HmMj6-SSbUUA5vqYwt5ngpvz5hNS_ug\">at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas<\/a> \u2013 no 11\u00a0% l\u012bdz 87\u00a0%. K\u0101 vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas speci\u0101listi m\u0113s daudz ko varam dar\u012bt, lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jiem samazin\u0101t risku saind\u0113ties ar p\u0101rtiku m\u0101j\u0101s.<\/p>\n<p>Saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ar p\u0101rtiku var notikt da\u017e\u0101dos veidos. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/BLuining\/who5keystosaferfood\">Pieci galvenie<\/a> Pasaules Vesel\u012bbas organiz\u0101cijas ieteikumi p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bguma nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai ir \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sekojiet, lai gatavojot b\u016btu t\u012bras rokas un t\u012bri piederumi.<\/li>\n<li>J\u0113lus produktus uzglab\u0101jiet atsevi\u0161\u0137i no jau pagatavotiem \u0113dieniem (it \u012bpa\u0161i, nog\u0101d\u0101jot produktus m\u0101j\u0101s no tirgus vai veikala, uzglab\u0101jot p\u0101rtiku ledusskap\u012b).<\/li>\n<li>Sekojiet, lai \u0113diens tiktu pagatavots piln\u012bb\u0101.<\/li>\n<li>Turiet p\u0101rtiku atbilsto\u0161\u0101, dro\u0161\u0101 temperat\u016br\u0101 (t.i., turiet karstu \u0113dienu karstu un aukstu \u0113dienu aukstu).<\/li>\n<li>Izmantojiet t\u012bru (dro\u0161u) \u016bdeni un izejvielas.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju uzved\u012bbas prognoz\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Agr\u012bnajos p\u0113t\u012bjumos par pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ja lomu galven\u0101 uzman\u012bba bija v\u0113rsta uz pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m k\u0101 galveno faktoru, kas ietekm\u0113 vi\u0146u uzved\u012bbu. Ta\u010du <a href=\"https:\/\/ses.library.usyd.edu.au\/bitstream\/2123\/8392\/2\/Consumer%20food-safety%20education%0for%20the%20domestic%20environment%20-%20a%20systematic%20review.pdf\">sistem\u0101tisk\u0101 p\u0101rskat\u0101<\/a> tika atrasti pier\u0101d\u012bjumi tam, ka zin\u0101\u0161anas ne vienm\u0113r nodro\u0161ina dro\u0161u p\u0101rtikas apstr\u0101di. Tas pats attiecas ar\u012b uz cit\u0101m vesel\u012bbas uzved\u012bbas izpausm\u0113m. Tom\u0113r, lai ar\u012b ar zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m vien nepietiek, t\u0101s ir nepiecie\u0161amas, lai main\u012btu uzved\u012bbu, jo pal\u012bdz izprast, k\u0101 un k\u0101p\u0113c kaut kas ir j\u0101dara.<\/p>\n<p>Lai skaidrotu, k\u0101di v\u0113l faktori var pal\u012bdz\u0113t pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jiem dro\u0161i apstr\u0101d\u0101t p\u0101rtiku, p\u0113tnieki izmanto daudzas un da\u017e\u0101das teorijas, bet galvenok\u0101rt \u2013 psiholo\u0123ijas teorijas. Starp t\u0101m ir pl\u0101not\u0101s uzved\u012bbas teorija, aizsardz\u012bbas motiv\u0101cijas teorija un vesel\u012bbas p\u0101rliec\u012bbu modelis. Nesen veikt\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjumu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2017.2288\">p\u0101rskat\u0101<\/a> konstat\u0113ts, ka svar\u012bga ietekme uz dro\u0161u p\u0101rtikas apstr\u0101di ir nodomam, soci\u0101laj\u0101m norm\u0101m, pa\u0161efektivit\u0101tei un ieradumiem, un tika secin\u0101ts, ka uz \u0161iem konstruktiem balst\u012btas intervences, visticam\u0101k, b\u016bs efekt\u012bvas pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju uzved\u012bbas uzlabo\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><strong>P\u0101rtikas higi\u0113nas pas\u0101kumi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cit\u0101 liel\u0101 <a href=\"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-015-2171-x\">p\u0101rskat\u0101<\/a> tika konstat\u0113ts, ka attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bguma uzlabo\u0161anu m\u0101j\u0101s past\u0101v da\u017ei pier\u0101d\u012bjumi par izgl\u012bt\u012bbas pas\u0101kumu efektivit\u0101ti. Bet papildus pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju izgl\u012bto\u0161anai past\u0101v ar\u012b citas efekt\u012bvas intervences, kuras v\u0113rstas uz psihosoci\u0101liem konstruktiem. Piem\u0113ram, k\u0101da <a href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/72e0\/fce01c8c67d7d92212ab7d983aba092b4250.pdf\">intervence<\/a>, kuras pamat\u0101 bija pl\u0101not\u0101s r\u012bc\u012bbas teorija, bija efekt\u012bva, lai sekm\u0113tu uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146as dro\u0161ai p\u0101rtikas apstr\u0101dei. \u0160\u012bs intervences ietvaros bakalaura programmas studentiem tika sniegta inform\u0101cija par p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bguma principiem un tika izmantotas da\u017e\u0101das strat\u0113\u0123ijas, piem\u0113ram, \u012bpa\u0161u pl\u0101nu izstr\u0101de un barjeru noteik\u0161ana, lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu palielin\u0101t nodomu un uzved\u012bbas kontroli (t.i., p\u0101rliec\u012bbu veikt noteiktu uzved\u012bbu). Intervence palielin\u0101ja gan uzved\u012bbas kontroli, gan dro\u0161u uzved\u012bbu attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz p\u0101rtiku. \u0160ie p\u0113t\u012bjumu rezult\u0101ti liecina, ka m\u0113s varam pal\u012bdz\u0113t saviem klientiem, izgl\u012btojot vi\u0146us par to, k\u0101 b\u016btu pareizi j\u0101r\u012bkojas ar p\u0101rtiku, un mudinot vi\u0146us izstr\u0101d\u0101t konkr\u0113tu pl\u0101nu dro\u0161ai p\u0101rtikas apstr\u0101dei (piem., varam pal\u012bdz\u0113t vi\u0146iem izstr\u0101d\u0101t atsevi\u0161\u0137u ga\u013cas un d\u0101rze\u0146u virtuves d\u0113l\u012b\u0161u izmanto\u0161anas pl\u0101nu, apsprie\u017eot konkr\u0113tas strat\u0113\u0123ijas).<\/p>\n<p>Cita efekt\u012bva <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0963996914006279\">intervence<\/a> balst\u012bj\u0101s uz ieradumu teoriju. \u0160\u012b intervence pal\u012bdz\u0113ja bakalaura studentiem att\u012bst\u012bt ieradumu izkars\u0113t trauku lupatu mikrovi\u013c\u0146u kr\u0101sn\u012b, izmantojot informat\u012bvu plak\u0101tu (t.i., nor\u0101di) un atg\u0101din\u0101jumus par \u0161\u012b uzdevuma veik\u0161anu ik p\u0113c trim vai piec\u0101m dien\u0101m. Tr\u012bs ned\u0113\u013cu test\u0113\u0161anas period\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137a uzved\u012bbas gad\u012bjumu skaits iev\u0113rojami pieauga un saglab\u0101j\u0101s tr\u012bs ned\u0113\u013cas ilg\u0101 nov\u0113ro\u0161anas period\u0101. Praktiski \u0161ie atkl\u0101jumi liecina, ka ir lietder\u012bgi sniegt klientiem inform\u0101ciju par p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bguma principiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b pal\u012bdz\u0113t vi\u0146iem veidot noteiktus uzved\u012bbas ieradumus (piem\u0113ram, mudin\u0101t telefonos iestat\u012bt atg\u0101din\u0101jumus par trauku lupatas izkars\u0113\u0161anu mikrovi\u013c\u0146u kr\u0101sn\u012b reizi ned\u0113\u013c\u0101).<\/p>\n<p>Kopum\u0101 iepriek\u0161 min\u0113tie p\u0113t\u012bjumi r\u0101da, ka m\u0113s k\u0101 praktiz\u0113jo\u0161i vesel\u012bbas psihologi varam daudz dar\u012bt, <a href=\"http:\/\/health.thewest.com.au\/news\/3341\/whos-to-blame-for-food-poisoning\">lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu<\/a> m\u016bsu klientiem att\u012bst\u012bt \u0161o svar\u012bgo vesel\u012bbas uzved\u012bbu, s\u0101kot ar m\u016bsu klientu izgl\u012bto\u0161anu par p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bgumu un turpinot ar pal\u012bdz\u0113\u0161anu ieg\u016bt p\u0101rliec\u012bbu par savu sp\u0113ju main\u012bt uzved\u012bbu, k\u0101 ar\u012b veidot nepiecie\u0161amos ieradumus.<\/p>\n<p>Visbeidzot, lai ar\u012b visiem pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jiem ir risks saslimt ar p\u0101rtikas produktu izrais\u012btu slim\u012bbu, \u0161is risks ir liel\u0101ks aptuveni 25\u00a0% iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju, proti, gr\u016btniec\u0113m, b\u0113rniem l\u012bdz 5 gadu vecumam, gados vec\u0101kiem pieaugu\u0161ajiem un cilv\u0113kiem ar pav\u0101jin\u0101tu im\u016bnsist\u0113mu. T\u0101p\u0113c vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas speci\u0101listiem, str\u0101d\u0101jot ar cilv\u0113kiem, kuriem ir hroniskas vesel\u012bbas probl\u0113mas, b\u0113rnu vec\u0101kiem, vec\u0101kiem \u013caud\u012bm un sieviet\u0113m, kuras pl\u0101no gr\u016btniec\u012bbu, ir svar\u012bgi p\u0101rzin\u0101t konkr\u0113tas intervences vajadz\u012bgo uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u sekm\u0113\u0161anai.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktiski ieteikumi<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Izskaidrojiet cilv\u0113kiem, ka p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bgums s\u0101kas m\u0101j\u0101s un dro\u0161as p\u0101rtikas uzved\u012bbas svar\u012bg\u0101kie faktori ir nodoms, soci\u0101l\u0101s normas, pa\u0161efektivit\u0101te un ieradumi.<\/li>\n<li>Nov\u0113rt\u0113jiet zin\u0101\u0161anu noz\u012bmi. Izmantojiet <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fightbac.org\/\">nacion\u0101los<\/a> un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/consumer\/en\/5keys_en.pdf?ua=1\">glob\u0101los<\/a> resursus, lai izgl\u012btotu pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jus par dro\u0161as p\u0101rtikas uzved\u012bbas noz\u012bmi. Uzzinot \u0161o inform\u0101ciju, cilv\u0113kiem viegli pie\u0146emt da\u017eus vienk\u0101r\u0161us uzved\u012bbas mode\u013cus.<\/li>\n<li>Uzsveriet to, cik liela noz\u012bme ir p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bgumam. Izceliet faktu, ka dro\u0161a \u0113diena gatavo\u0161ana un r\u012bc\u012bba ar p\u0101rtiku var ietekm\u0113t vesel\u012bbu un samazin\u0101t gan pa\u0161u, gan tuvinieku risku saind\u0113ties ar p\u0101rtiku.<\/li>\n<li>Run\u0101jiet gan par racion\u0101lo (piem\u0113ram, nodoms), gan autom\u0101tisko (piem\u0113ram, ieradums) aspektu. S\u0101ciet ar t\u0101d\u0101m motiv\u0113jo\u0161\u0101m strat\u0113\u0123ij\u0101m k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137u noteik\u0161ana un pl\u0101no\u0161ana, tad mudiniet izmantot pal\u012bgnor\u0101des (piem\u0113ram, plak\u0101tus un atg\u0101din\u0101jumus), lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu cilv\u0113kiem veidot dro\u0161us ieradumus un pa\u0146\u0113mienus p\u0101rtikas nekait\u012bguma pan\u0101k\u0161an\u0101.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tulkoju\u0161as And\u017eela Ber\u0137e un Krist\u012bne M\u0101rtinsone<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Barbara Mullan, Curtin University, Australia Extent of the problem Every year, one in 10 people worldwide (approximately 600 million people) become ill after eating contaminated food, and as many as 420,000 people die. 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