{"id":1666,"date":"2020-04-10T17:20:39","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T17:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1666"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:19:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:19:35","slug":"insights-from-behavioural-science-for-the-covid-19-pandemic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/lv\/2020\/04\/insights-from-behavioural-science-for-the-covid-19-pandemic\/","title":{"rendered":"Ieskats uz COVID-19 pand\u0113miju no uzved\u012bbas zin\u0101tnes perspekt\u012bvas"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160eins Timonss (Shane Timmons), Ekonomikas un soci\u0101lo p\u0113t\u012bjumu instit\u016bts, \u012arija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vald\u012bbas vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 ir mobiliz\u0113ju\u0161\u0101s, lai m\u0113\u0123in\u0101tu kontrol\u0113t jaun\u0101 koronav\u012brusa izplat\u012bbu, ta\u010du <\/span>indiv\u012bdu uzved\u012bbai b\u016bs iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161a noz\u012bme<\/span><\/a> pan\u0101kumu g\u016b\u0161an\u0101. M\u0113s \u2013 Ekonomikas un soci\u0101lo p\u0113t\u012bjumu instit\u016bta <\/span>Uzved\u012bbas p\u0113t\u012bjumu noda\u013ca<\/span><\/a> Dublin\u0101 \u2013 sadarbojamies ar \u012arijas Vesel\u012bbas ministriju, sniedzot inform\u0101ciju, lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu ministrijai pie\u0146emt l\u0113mumus par nepiecie\u0161amo reakciju uz COVID-19 pand\u0113miju. \u0160\u012b darba ietvaros m\u0113s esam p\u0101rskat\u012bju\u0161i vair\u0101k nek\u0101 <\/span>100 zin\u0101tnisko darbu<\/span><\/a> un esam s\u0101ku\u0161i <\/span>izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101t veidus<\/span><\/a>, k\u0101 vislab\u0101k sazin\u0101ties ar sabiedr\u012bbu, un piev\u0113r\u0161am uzman\u012bbu secin\u0101jumiem, kuri var b\u016bt noder\u012bgi vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas speci\u0101listiem. P\u0101rskat\u0101 m\u0113s koncentr\u0113j\u0101mies uz p\u0113t\u012bjumiem par trim aspektiem, kas vair\u0101k\u0101s valst\u012bs veido pamatu sabiedr\u012bbas vesel\u012bbas komunik\u0101cijai: roku higi\u0113na, sejas aizskar\u0161ana un izol\u0101cija. M\u0113s esam \u0146\u0113mu\u0161i v\u0113r\u0101 ar\u012b p\u0113t\u012bjumus par pla\u0161\u0101ku jaut\u0101jumu loku, lai noskaidrotu, k\u0101 veicin\u0101t izpal\u012bdz\u012bgu uzved\u012bbu un veikt efekt\u012bvu kr\u012bzes komunik\u0101ciju.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Roku higi\u0113na<\/b><\/p>\n

Vesel\u012bbas apr\u016bpes iest\u0101d\u0113s ir labi izp\u0113t\u012btas roku higi\u0113nas uzlabo\u0161anas iesp\u0113jas. Past\u0101v p\u0101rliecino\u0161i pier\u0101d\u012bjumi, ka ar <\/span>izgl\u012bto\u0161anos un inform\u0101cijas izplat\u012b\u0161anu<\/span><\/a> vien nepietiek, ta\u010du \u013coti efekt\u012bvas var b\u016bt vienk\u0101r\u0161as vides izmai\u0146as. Izvietojot roku dezinfekcijas l\u012bdzek\u013cus (uz alkohola b\u0101zes) viet\u0101s, kur\u0101m visi iet gar\u0101m, un izmantojot spilgtas kr\u0101sas nor\u0101des uz \u0161iem l\u012bdzek\u013ciem, var b\u016btiski <\/span>veicin\u0101t to lieto\u0161anu<\/span><\/a> \u2013 daudz vair\u0101k nek\u0101 ar <\/span>dozatoru skaita palielin\u0101\u0161anu<\/span><\/a>. Papildu veicino\u0161s faktors ir sign\u0101lu do\u0161ana, ka \u0161o l\u012bdzek\u013cu lieto\u0161ana ir sagaid\u0101ma norma. Vienk\u0101r\u0161s veids, k\u0101 pazi\u0146ot par \u0161o normu, ir piekl\u0101j\u012bgu, bet tie\u0161u jaut\u0101jumu uzdo\u0161ana pacientiem vai apmekl\u0113t\u0101jiem. Pajaut\u0101jiet: “Vai izmantoj\u0101t roku dezinfekcijas l\u012bdzekli?” Ir svar\u012bgi veidot \u0161os ieradumus tagad un saglab\u0101t tos p\u0113c tam, kad pla\u0161\u0101ki ierobe\u017eojumi tiks samazin\u0101ti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Sejas aizskar\u0161ana<\/b><\/p>\n

Pretstat\u0101 roku higi\u0113nas p\u0113t\u012bjumiem m\u0113s neatrad\u0101m, ka b\u016btu tiku\u0161as p\u0101rbaud\u012btas intervences sejas aizskar\u0161anas mazin\u0101\u0161anai. Maz ticams, ka inform\u0113\u0161ana vien b\u016bs efekt\u012bva: uzman\u012bbas piev\u0113r\u0161ana sejas aizskar\u0161anas probl\u0113mai var pat <\/span>veicin\u0101t sejas aizskar\u0161anas bie\u017eumu<\/span><\/a>. T\u0101 k\u0101 nav p\u0101rbaud\u012btu konkr\u0113tu interven\u010du attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz sejas aizskar\u0161anu, speci\u0101listi var izmantot visp\u0101r\u012bg\u0101kus uzved\u012bbas p\u0101rmai\u0146u mode\u013cus, piem\u0113ram, “<\/span>Uzved\u012bbas mai\u0146as riteni<\/span><\/a>“, intervences pl\u0101no\u0161anas protokolu “<\/span>Intervention Mapping<\/span><\/a>” vai “<\/span>EAST<\/span><\/a>” sist\u0113mu. M\u0113s, t\u0101pat k\u0101 vair\u0101ki <\/span>citi p\u0113tnieki<\/span><\/a>, cilv\u0113kiem iesak\u0101m p\u0101riet uz alternat\u012bviem veidiem, k\u0101 nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 aizskart seju (piem\u0113ram, caur piedurkni vai salveti), nevis vienk\u0101r\u0161i aizliegt sejas aizskar\u0161anu ar rok\u0101m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Izol\u0101cija<\/b><\/p>\n

Pa\u0161izol\u0101cija, ko j\u0101iev\u0113ro indiv\u012bdiem, kuriem ir saslim\u0161anas simptomi vai kuri biju\u0161i cie\u0161\u0101 kontakt\u0101 ar infic\u0113t\u0101m person\u0101m, <\/span>izgl\u0101bs dz\u012bv\u012bbas<\/span><\/a>, bet var rad\u012bt negat\u012bvas psiholo\u0123iskas sekas. Soci\u0101l\u0101 izol\u0101cija un vientul\u012bba var rad\u012bt t\u0101du ietekmi uz labkl\u0101j\u012bbu, kas sal\u012bdzin\u0101ma ar visp\u0101rzin\u0101miem <\/span>riska faktoriem<\/span><\/a>, piem\u0113ram, sm\u0113\u0137\u0113\u0161anu. <\/span>24 p\u0113t\u012bjumu p\u0101rskats<\/span><\/a>, kur\u0101 analiz\u0113ts, kas notika ar cilv\u0113kiem, kuri tika ievietoti karant\u012bn\u0101 iepriek\u0161\u0113jo infekcijas slim\u012bbu uzliesmojumu laik\u0101, liecina, ka t\u0101 rada riskus v\u0113l p\u0113c izol\u0101cijas perioda, ieskaitot bie\u017e\u0101ku depresiju l\u012bdz pat trim gadiem p\u0113c karant\u012bnas. \u012apa\u0161i apdraud\u0113ti var b\u016bt vesel\u012bbas apr\u016bpes darbinieki, jo izol\u0101cijas negat\u012bvo psiholo\u0123isko ietekmi var papildin\u0101t raizes par nesp\u0113ju atbalst\u012bt kol\u0113\u0123us vai pacientus slim\u012bbas uzliesmojuma laik\u0101. Varas instit\u016bcij\u0101m b\u016btu j\u0101nodro\u0161ina papildu gar\u012bg\u0101s vesel\u012bbas pakalpojumi, kuriem b\u016btu iesp\u0113jams piek\u013c\u016bt no att\u0101luma, it \u012bpa\u0161i neaizsarg\u0101t\u0101m grup\u0101m. Pal\u012bdz\u012bba indiv\u012bdiem pl\u0101not pa\u0161izol\u0101ciju var\u0113tu tikt izmantota <\/span>Pasaules Vesel\u012bbas organiz\u0101cijas<\/span><\/a> un daudzu valstu vesel\u012bbas dienestu, piem., <\/span>Apvienot\u0101s Karalistes Nacion\u0101l\u0101 Vesel\u012bbas dienesta<\/span><\/a> strat\u0113\u0123ij\u0101s, k\u0101 p\u0101rvar\u0113t izol\u0101cijas rad\u012bto ierobe\u017eojumu sekas \u2013 tie var\u0113tu b\u016bt ieteikumi uztur\u0113t kontaktu ar citiem cilv\u0113kiem pa t\u0101lruni vai tie\u0161saist\u0113, vingrot m\u0101j\u0101s, ja pa\u0161saj\u016bta at\u013cauj, un iev\u0113rot <\/span>dienas re\u017e\u012bmu<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Izpal\u012bdz\u012bgas uzved\u012bbas veicin\u0101\u0161ana<\/b><\/p>\n

Sekas, ko rada infic\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ar COVID-19, ir at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas da\u017e\u0101diem indiv\u012bdiem. Gados vec\u0101ki cilv\u0113ki un pacienti ar hronisk\u0101m slim\u012bb\u0101m saskaras ar daudz liel\u0101ku risku nek\u0101 jaun\u0101ki un vesel\u012bg\u0101ki cilv\u0113ki. Ta\u010du riskam visvair\u0101k pak\u013cauto cilv\u0113ku labkl\u0101j\u012bba ir atkar\u012bga ne tikai no vi\u0146u pa\u0161u, bet ar\u012b no <\/span>citu cilv\u0113ku uzved\u012bbas<\/span><\/a>. Ir labi izp\u0113t\u012btas strat\u0113\u0123ijas, kas veicina sadarb\u012bbu gad\u012bjumos, kad darb\u012bbas, kas dod labumu atsevi\u0161\u0137iem indiv\u012bdam, var neb\u016bt tikpat svar\u012bgas pla\u0161\u0101kai grupai. \u013boti svar\u012bga ir <\/span>efekt\u012bva komunik\u0101cija<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>Grupas identit\u0101tes<\/span><\/a> veicin\u0101\u0161ana, izmantojot t\u0101das fr\u0101zes k\u0101 “m\u0113s visi kop\u0101 saskaramies ar \u0161o probl\u0113mu”, padar\u012bs viegl\u0101k iesp\u0113jamu uzved\u012bbu, kas v\u0113rsta uz sabiedr\u012bbas kop\u0113jo labkl\u0101j\u012bbu, k\u0101 ar\u012b pal\u012bdz\u0113s izpaust piekl\u0101j\u012bgu <\/span>noraid\u012bjumu<\/span><\/a> nelabv\u0113l\u012bgai uzved\u012bbai (t\u0101dai k\u0101 paniska iepirk\u0161an\u0101s). Eksperimenti pier\u0101da, ka citu cilv\u0113ku <\/span>pa\u0161aizliedz\u012bbas<\/span><\/a> piem\u0113ru izcel\u0161ana kalpo k\u0101 pamudin\u0101jums iesaist\u012bties pal\u012bdz\u0113\u0161an\u0101. Analiz\u0113jot komunik\u0101ciju saist\u012bb\u0101 ar COVID-19, arvien pieaug pier\u0101d\u012bjumi par to, ka inform\u0113\u0161ana par <\/span>riskiem<\/span><\/a>, ko indiv\u012bdu uzved\u012bba var rad\u012bt citiem cilv\u0113kiem, un <\/span>prososi\u0101li aicin\u0101jumi<\/span><\/a> izvair\u012bties no v\u012brusa “izplat\u012b\u0161anas” ir daudz efekt\u012bv\u0101ki nek\u0101 sausa inform\u0113\u0161ana par v\u012brusu vai padomi par to, k\u0101 izvair\u012bties no infic\u0113\u0161an\u0101s.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kr\u012bzes komunik\u0101cija<\/b><\/p>\n

Riska komunik\u0101cijas psiholo\u0123ija izce\u013c <\/span>papildu principus<\/span><\/a>, kas var\u0113tu b\u016bt noder\u012bgi speci\u0101listiem, kuri sazin\u0101s ar pacientiem un klientiem sakar\u0101 ar COVID-19 pand\u0113miju. Svar\u012bgs ir \u0101trums, god\u012bgums un uzticam\u012bba. <\/span>Visp\u0101r\u012bgi run\u0101jot<\/span><\/a>, speci\u0101listi dr\u012bkst atz\u012bt to, ka nezina prec\u012bzas prognozes, k\u0101 ar\u012b paust emp\u0101tiju saist\u012bb\u0101 ar gr\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m, ar kur\u0101m cilv\u0113ki saskaras kr\u012bzes laik\u0101, vienlaikus uzsverot, cik lietder\u012bgas ir individu\u0101las darb\u012bbas, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di veicinot cilv\u0113kos <\/span>optimismu, ar ko l\u012bdzsvarot radu\u0161os uztraukumu<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lai apkarotu COVID-19 izplat\u012bbu, ir vajadz\u012bgs vair\u0101ku zin\u0101t\u0146u ieguld\u012bjums. Savu ieguld\u012bjumu var dot <\/span>uzved\u012bbas zin\u0101tnes<\/span><\/a> teorija un metodes. Lai g\u016btu maksim\u0101lu labumu no t\u0101m, b\u016btu svar\u012bgi \u0101tri p\u0101rbaud\u012bt uzved\u012bbas zin\u0101tnes rad\u012btos ieteikumus, izmantojot augstas kvalit\u0101tes eksperimentus.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Praktiski ieteikumi<\/b><\/p>\n

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