{"id":1052,"date":"2018-09-18T06:33:00","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T06:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1052"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:35:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:35:03","slug":"1052","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/lv\/2018\/09\/1052\/","title":{"rendered":"Kas notiek ar z\u0101l\u0113m, kad t\u0101s nok\u013c\u016bst m\u0101j\u0101s?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Kerijs \u010cemberleins (Kerry Chamberlain),\u00a0Masija Universit\u0101te, Oklenda, Jaunz\u0113lande<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ko cilv\u0113ki dara ar z\u0101l\u0113m, ko tie atnes m\u0101j\u0101s? \u0160o jaut\u0101jums ir p\u0113t\u012bts p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i maz. Tom\u0113r tas ir svar\u012bgs \u2013 liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca z\u0101\u013cu tiek pat\u0113r\u0113ta m\u0101j\u0101s, pa\u0161a lietot\u0101ja kontrol\u0113. Recep\u0161u z\u0101\u013cu aprite tiek reglament\u0113ta, bet p\u0113c tam, kad z\u0101les ir izrakst\u012btas un ieg\u0101d\u0101tas, tiek pie\u0146emts, ka t\u0101s tiks lietotas, k\u0101 ir bijis nor\u0101d\u012bts. Cilv\u0113ki var ar\u012b ieg\u0101d\u0101ties un izmantot pla\u0161a spektra bezrecep\u0161u medikamentus (piem\u0113ram, z\u0101les s\u0101pju mazin\u0101\u0161anai), alternat\u012bvos medikamentus (piem\u0113ram, homeop\u0101tiskos prepar\u0101tus) un citus ar vesel\u012bbu saist\u012btus prepar\u0101tus, kas netiek strikti uzskat\u012bti par medikamentiem (piem\u0113ram, uztura bag\u0101tin\u0101t\u0101jus, probiotiskos dz\u0113rienus). Ta\u010du mums j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101, ka piek\u013cuve vis\u0101m z\u0101\u013cu form\u0101m da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s valst\u012bs var iev\u0113rojami at\u0161\u0137irties.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Jebkura veida z\u0101les ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts soci\u0101ls objekts, un b\u016btu k\u013c\u016bda uzskat\u012bt, ka z\u0101les vienk\u0101r\u0161i ir efekt\u012bvas medic\u012bnas tehnolo\u0123ijas medic\u012bnisko st\u0101vok\u013cu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anai vai mazin\u0101\u0161anai, ja t\u0101s tiek lietotas atbilsto\u0161i nor\u0101d\u012bjumiem. Z\u0101\u013cu efektivit\u0101te var b\u016bt \u013coti da\u017e\u0101da atkar\u012bb\u0101 no devas. Da\u017e\u0101m z\u0101l\u0113m (piem., paracetamolam) ir pla\u0161s terapeitiskais indekss (tas ir viegli panesams da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s dev\u0101s), savuk\u0101rt cit\u0101m z\u0101l\u0113m (piem., levotiroks\u012bnam), ir \u0161aurs terapeitiskais indekss (t. i, nelielas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas dev\u0101 var saboj\u0101t terapeitisko iedarb\u012bbu un \/ vai izrais\u012bt nopietnas blaknes). J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113 ar\u012b, ka kaut k\u0101das blaknes ir vis\u0101m z\u0101l\u0113m, tikai da\u017e\u0101m t\u0101s ir minim\u0101las, lietot\u0101jiem gandr\u012bz neman\u0101mas, bet cit\u0101m \u2013 pamat\u012bgas un potenci\u0101li b\u012bstamas. Ne tikai z\u0101l\u0113m var b\u016bt at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgs efekts, \u2013 at\u0161\u0137iras z\u0101\u013cu panes\u012bba da\u017e\u0101diem cilv\u0113kiem, un panes\u012bba laika gait\u0101 var main\u012bties, turpinot lietot to pa\u0161u medikamentu.<\/p>\n<p>Past\u0101v noz\u012bm\u012bgi pier\u0101d\u012bjumi, ka tikai aptuveni puse no recep\u0161u medikamentiem tiek lietoti saska\u0146\u0101 ar nor\u0101d\u012bjumiem. Tas notiek da\u017e\u0101du iemeslu d\u0113\u013c, ieskaitot pieredzi ar blakn\u0113m, ba\u017eas par atkar\u012bbu, uzskatus par slim\u012bbu, medikamentiem un \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anu.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101d\u0113\u013c ir svar\u012bgi saprast, k\u0101du noz\u012bmi nespeci\u0101listi pie\u0161\u0137ir medikamentiem sav\u0101 ikdienas dz\u012bv\u0113. M\u0113s veic\u0101m p\u0113t\u012bjumus ar cilv\u0113kiem no 55 m\u0101jsaimniec\u012bb\u0101m, kas m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi tika izv\u0113l\u0113tas no \u010detr\u0101m Jaunz\u0113landes pils\u0113t\u0101m. M\u0113s nep\u0113t\u012bj\u0101m, k\u0101 vi\u0146i iev\u0113ro medikamentu lieto\u0161anas nor\u0101d\u012bjumus, bet l\u016bdz\u0101m vi\u0146us p\u0101rrun\u0101t vi\u0146u z\u0101\u013cu lieto\u0161anas praksi, izst\u0101st\u012bt, kur visu veidu z\u0101les tiek tur\u0113tas m\u0101j\u0101s, k\u0101 ar\u012b sagatavot un apspriest visas z\u0101les, kas bija vi\u0146u m\u0101j\u0101s.<\/p>\n<p>Da\u017ei galvenie \u0161\u012b p\u0113t\u012bjuma rezult\u0101ti:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vis\u0101s m\u0101jsaimniec\u012bb\u0101s bija liels daudzviet glab\u0101tu medikamentu kl\u0101sts \u2013 gan recep\u0161u, gan bezrecep\u0161u, gan alternat\u012bv\u0101s z\u0101les. Z\u0101\u013cu glab\u0101\u0161anas k\u0101rt\u012bba bija saist\u012bta ar lieto\u0161anu: vair\u0101ku m\u0101jinieku lietojam\u0101s z\u0101les tika glab\u0101tas visiem pieejam\u0101s viet\u0101s (virtuv\u0113s, dz\u012bvojam\u0101s istab\u0101s), personisk\u0101s z\u0101les tika glab\u0101tas priv\u0101t\u0101 viet\u0101 (gu\u013camistab\u0101, vannas istab\u0101), un vec\u0101ki medikamenti tika noglab\u0101ti nost\u0101k (plauktos, b\u0113ni\u0146os). \u0160is medikamentu izvietojums atspogu\u013coja \u0123imenes attiec\u012bbas un apr\u016bpes praksi m\u0101jsaimniec\u012bb\u0101s.<\/li>\n<li>Cilv\u0113ku priek\u0161stati par z\u0101l\u0113m un lieto\u0161anas paradumi bija \u013coti at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi, s\u0101kot no pretest\u012bbas pret z\u0101l\u0113m, un beidzot ar z\u0101\u013cu izmanto\u0161anu da\u017e\u0101dos veidos \u2013 gan iev\u0113rojot lieto\u0161anas nor\u0101d\u012bjumus, gan lietojot z\u0101les p\u0113c saviem uzskatiem un da\u017e\u0101diem m\u0113r\u0137iem, atkar\u012bb\u0101 no z\u0101\u013cu veida un slim\u012bbas.\n<ul>\n<li>Piem\u0113ram, da\u017ei cilv\u0113ki bija kategoriski attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz antibiotik\u0101m: &#8220;Man t\u0101s nepat\u012bk. Antibiotikas j\u0101lieto tikai \u0101rk\u0101rtas situ\u0101cij\u0101s.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Citi, kas lietoja psihotrop\u0101s z\u0101les, bija p\u0101rtrauku\u0161i to lieto\u0161anu blak\u0146u un bai\u013cu no atkar\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c: &#8220;Es grib\u0113ju b\u016bt funkcion\u0113jo\u0161s sabiedr\u012bbas loceklis. Lai izvese\u013cotos, man bija j\u0101p\u0101rtrauc lietot z\u0101les.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Cilv\u0113ki, kas lietoja alternat\u012bvo medic\u012bnu, bie\u017ei vien pret alop\u0101tiskaj\u0101m z\u0101l\u0113m iztur\u0113j\u0101s piln\u012bgi noraido\u0161i: &#8220;Es varb\u016bt var\u0113tu izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101t kaut ko citu, bet z\u0101les es nelieto\u0161u.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Citi modific\u0113ja devas p\u0113c simptomiem: &#8220;Man bija noteikta liel\u0101ka deva, bet es vienk\u0101r\u0161i nol\u0113mu, ka m\u0113\u0123in\u0101\u0161u dzert p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas maz\u0101k.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0160\u012bs ikdienas medikamentu prakses pamat\u0101 bija cilv\u0113ku izpratne par z\u0101\u013cu v\u0113rt\u012bbu un vietu sabiedr\u012bb\u0101. Z\u0101les var rad\u012bt trauc\u0113jumus, ja cilv\u0113k\u0101 radu\u0161\u0101s bailes un trauksme, ko izrais\u012bjis z\u0101\u013cu m\u0101rketings un pla\u0161sazi\u0146as l\u012bdzek\u013cu st\u0101sti, kas pau\u017e, ka z\u0101les &#8220;ir nedabiskas&#8221; un \u0101rpus kontroles; bet z\u0101les var ar\u012b rad\u012bt k\u0101rt\u012bbu, ja t\u0101s uztver k\u0101 &#8220;l\u012bdzsvara&#8221;, k\u0101rt\u012bbas un kontroles atg\u016b\u0161anas l\u012bdzekli. Z\u0101les izrais\u012bja ar\u012b p\u0101rdomas par mor\u0101li, kad t\u0101s tika uztvertas k\u0101 &#8220;nepiecie\u0161amais \u013caunums&#8221;, kuru lietojot, vajadz\u012bga piesardz\u012bba; vai, ja to lieto\u0161ana tika uztverta k\u0101 slima cilv\u0113ka mor\u0101l\u0101 un \u0137erme\u0146a nesp\u0113ja, kas veido stigmu, radot jaunas identit\u0101tes, ar kur\u0101m bija j\u0101tiek gal\u0101.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai uzskat\u012btu nespeci\u0101listu medikamentu lieto\u0161anas prakses par nepareizi inform\u0113t\u0101m vai neracion\u0101l\u0101m, m\u0113s apgalvojam, ka vi\u0146iem ir sava lo\u0123ika, kas izriet no &#8220;nespeci\u0101listu farmakolo\u0123ijas&#8221; \u2013 pacientu skat\u012bjums uz z\u0101l\u0113m ir atkar\u012bgs gan no vi\u0146u \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anas nosac\u012bjumiem, gan person\u012bgajiem vesel\u012bbas narat\u012bviem. \u0160\u012b nespeci\u0101listu farmakolo\u0123ija sp\u0113j ietekm\u0113t un main\u012bt medikamentu lieto\u0161anas praksi m\u0101j\u0101s t\u0101dos veidos k\u0101 iepriek\u0161 min\u0113tie, un t\u0101 paver iepriek\u0161 neizzin\u0101tu skat\u012bjumu uz daudz\u0101m pieej\u0101m izpratn\u0113 par z\u0101\u013cu lieto\u0161anu. Medikamenti cilv\u0113ku m\u0101j\u0101s dz\u012bvo savu soci\u0101lo dz\u012bvi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktiski ieteikumi<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Speci\u0101listiem, kuri ir iepazinu\u0161ies ar vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas jaut\u0101jumiem, vajadz\u0113tu saprast, ka medikamentu lieto\u0161ana ir soci\u0101l\u0101 prakse, un j\u0101raug\u0101s uz z\u0101\u013cu pielieto\u0161anu k\u0101 soci\u0101lu praksi, nevis j\u0101apsver z\u0101les tikai no biomedic\u012bnisk\u0101 skat\u012bjuma.<\/li>\n<li>Medikamentu lieto\u0161anu var lab\u0101k saprast k\u0101 praksi, kas saist\u012bta ar viet\u0101m, kur t\u0101 notiek, un it \u012bpa\u0161i \u2013 k\u0101 praksi, kas cie\u0161i iek\u013caujas gan laik\u0101, gan telp\u0101 pacientu ikdienas dz\u012bv\u0113. Speci\u0101listiem, kuri ir iepazinu\u0161ies ar vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas jaut\u0101jumiem, v\u0113loties veikt intervenci ar medikamentu pal\u012bdz\u012bbu, ir j\u0101apsprie\u017e un j\u0101atkl\u0101j \u0161\u012b prakse un j\u0101sniedz ieteikumi, kas saist\u012bti ar soci\u0101lo un kontekstu\u0101lo dinamiku, kas ietekm\u0113 pacientu ikdienas z\u0101\u013cu lieto\u0161anu.<\/li>\n<li>Speci\u0101listiem, kuri ir iepazinu\u0161ies ar vesel\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ijas jaut\u0101jumiem, atkl\u0101ti j\u0101apsprie\u017e z\u0101\u013cu lieto\u0161anas iesp\u0113jas ar pacientiem un j\u0101cen\u0161as atrast ieteikumus, kas atbilstu pacientu izpratnei par savu slim\u012bbu un tam, k\u0101 pacienti apl\u016bko un nov\u0113rt\u0113 z\u0101les, un ar\u012b \u2013 k\u0101 medikamentu lieto\u0161anas praksi b\u016bs iesp\u0113jams iek\u013caut pacientu ikdienas dz\u012bv\u0113.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Tulkoju\u0161as And\u017eela Ber\u0137e un Krist\u012bne M\u0101rtinsone<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Kerry Chamberlain,\u00a0Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand What do people do with medications once they enter the home? Surprisingly, limited research has attempted to answer that question. Yet, it is important \u2013 most medications are consumed at home under the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1110,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medication-adherence"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"lv","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Kerry Chamberlain, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand What do people do with medications once they enter the home? 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