{"id":975,"date":"2018-07-30T14:59:54","date_gmt":"2018-07-30T14:59:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=975"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:37:31","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:37:31","slug":"self-regulation-from-theory-to-practice-supporting-your-patients-goals-for-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/id\/2018\/07\/self-regulation-from-theory-to-practice-supporting-your-patients-goals-for-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Pengaturan Diri dari teori hingga praktik: mendukung tujuan pasien untuk berubah"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Oleh Stan Maes &amp; V\u00e9ronique De Gucht, Universitas Leiden, Belanda<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Selama beberapa dasawarsa terakhir, peran individu dalam sistem perawatan kesehatan telah berkembang dari &#8216;kepatuhan terhadap perawatan medis&#8217;, menyiratkan ketaatan; menuju &#8216;manajemen diri&#8217;, yang menunjukkan tanggung jawab individu dalam mengendalikan kesehatan atau penyakitnya sendiri. Perkembangan terbaru telah mengarah lebih jauh kepada ide &#8216;pengaturan diri\/ <em>self-regulation<\/em>&#8216;, sebuah proses sistematis yang melibatkan penetapan tujuan yang terkait dengan kesehatan pribadi dan mengarahkan perilaku untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Untuk mengilustrasikan proses pengaturan diri yang terjadi terus menerus, kami memilih gambar kuno &#8216;ouroboros&#8217; (yaitu, ular yang memakan ekornya sendiri) untuk menemani catatan kali ini.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Pengaturan diri terjadi dalam beberapa tahap: (1) kesadaran akan tujuan dan penetapan tujuan; (2) mengejar tujuan secara aktif dan (3) pencapaian tujuan, memelihara atau melepaskan. Pada paragraf selanjutnya, kami akan menjelaskan tahap-tahap tersebut menggunakan contoh kasus perorangan, sebut saja John, yang menderita serangan jantung.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tahap 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pada tahap pertama, individu perlu menyadari dan menetapkan tujuan (untuk berubah) yang realistis dan relevan dengan kesehatannya. Sebagai contoh, John ditanya, &#8216;Apa makna pemulihan bagimu?,&#8217; yang mungkin akan dijawab bahwa baginya sangat penting untuk bisa berjalan-jalan di taman bersama cucunya.<\/p>\n<p>Karena itu, sebagai langkah awal, John perlu menetapkan tujuan, misalnya, seperti &#8216;mulai jalan-jalan pelan dan sebentar di sekitar rumah saya.&#8217; Sangat penting untuk dicatat bahwa pada tahap ini tujuan-tujuan seperti itu ditetapkan sendiri oleh individu dan realistis sesuai dengan kondisinya saat ini; sehingga akan memunculkan rasa memiliki tujuan tersebut dan akan lebih mudah mencapainya daripada jika tujuan tersebut dipaksakan oleh orang lain. Teknik <a href=\"http:\/\/work.chron.com\/5-principles-motivational-interviewing-1836.html\">wawancara motivasional<\/a> dapat mendukung penetapan tujuan pribadi bagi individu yang tidak termotivasi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tahap 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tahap kedua ditandai dengan mengejar tujuan. Pada tahap ini, individu harus menjembatani <a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.whiterose.ac.uk\/107519\/3\/The%20Intention-Behavior%20Gap%20R1.pdf\">kesenjangan yang biasa ditemui<\/a> antara kognisi\/ pemikiran (mis., niat) dengan tindakan. Untuk menjembataninya, &#8216;rencana tindakan&#8217; yang khusus perlu disiapkan, berdasarkan refleksi, yang secara spesifik menentukan kapan, di mana, dan bagaimana seseorang harus bertindak. Dalam contoh, rencana John dapat berupa: &#8216;Mulai minggu depan dan seterusnya, saya akan berjalan dengan istri saya ke warung terdekat untuk belanja pada hari Senin, Rabu dan Jumat jam 3 sore&#8217;. Rencana tindakan seperti ini, yang disusun dengan cukup rinci, telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan pencapaian tujuan yang berkaitan dengan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1469029212001148\">latihan fisik<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/53303223.nl.strato-hosting.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/Adriaanse-Vinkers-et-al.-2011-Appetite.pdf\">pola makan sehat<\/a> dan\u00a0perilaku sehat <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/aphw.12017\">lainnya<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Selain itu, ada tiga mekanisme pengaturan yang memainkan peran penting selama usaha pencapaian tujuan. Yang pertama adalah umpan balik, yang melibatkan pantauan dan evaluasi. Dalam contoh, John diminta untuk membuat daftar aktivitasnya untuk melihat apakah sudah sesuai untuk memenuhi tujuan. Daftar tersebut kemudian ditinjau bersama untuk mengidentifikasi keberhasilan, atau untuk mengidentifikasi masalah yang harus diatasi di masa depan. Mekanisme kedua melibatkan proses antisipatif atau <em>feedforward<\/em>, yang mencakup harapan akan hasil (yaitu, bayangan seseorang mengenai apa yang akan terjadi jika ia mengambil suatu tindakan) dan keyakinan \u2018saya bisa\u2019\/ <em>self-efficacy<\/em> (yaitu, keyakinan seseorang bahwa ia dapat melakukan suatu tindakan dengan sukses). Harapan akan hasil dan keyakinan \u2018saya bisa\u2019 dapat ditingkatkan dengan melihat keberhasilan orang lain, kemajuan pencapaian tujuan dan dorongan. Oleh karena itu, dokter perlu menyediakan sarana agar pasien dapat berinteraksi dengan orang lain yang sudah berhasil mencapai tujuan yang sebanding, untuk meningkatkan kemungkinan pencapaian tujuan dan memberikan kesempatan bagi individu untuk menerima dukungan dalam usaha meraih tujuannya. Mekanisme terakhir adalah mengaktifkan proses kontrol untuk memastikan bahwa usaha akan dilakukan secara berkelanjutan, terlepas dari hambatan yang ditemui. Hambatan untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan sendiri, misalnya, karena adanya peristiwa hidup tertentu, dapat memberi efek merugikan pada usaha meraih tujuan. Lambatnya kemajuan dalam meraih tujuan (mis., kegagalan) juga sering berkaitan dengan suasana hati yang negatif. Jika hal ini terjadi, dokter perlu menawarkan dukungan kepada John untuk mengatasi emosi-emosi tersebut dan membantu mengatasi kegagalan dalam usahanya meraih tujuan, dengan melihat kegagalan tersebut sebagai kesempatan untuk belajar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tahap 3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tahap ketiga berkaitan dengan pencapaian, memelihara atau melepaskan tujuan. Pencapaian tujuan bukanlah akhir, melainkan awal yang baru. Individu dapat didorong untuk menetapkan tujuan baru agar dapat mempertahankan kemajuan yang telah dicapai. Namun, jika tujuan yang ditetapkan tersebut ternyata tidak dapat tercapai, lebih bijaksana untuk melepaskan diri dari tujuan tersebut dan memilih <a href=\"http:\/\/sci-hub.tw\/https:\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2005.00210.x\">sebuah tujuan lain yang lebih mudah untuk diraih<\/a>. Karena itu, dalam contoh, John dapat terus mengejar tujuan aktivitas fisik yang diinginkan, atau menetapkan tujuan baru seperti berjalan-jalan pelan dan singkat setiap hari dengan anjingnya. Sekali lagi, perlu diingat bahwa membina keyakinan \u2018saya bisa\u2019 dan mendapatkan dukungan sosial merupakan prediktor yang penting untuk memelihara atau menjaga tujuan.<\/p>\n<p>Banyak penelitian telah membuktikan kemanjuran intervensi berbasis pengaturan diri untuk perubahan perilaku pada populasi yang sehat dan pada pasien dengan penyakit kronis, misalnya, <a href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.leidenuniv.nl\/handle\/1887\/13515\">untuk penurunan berat badan pada diabetes tipe 2<\/a>, untuk\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.leidenuniv.nl\/handle\/1887\/20846\">aktivitas fisik pada penderita artritis<\/a>, untuk\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.leidenuniv.nl\/handle\/1887\/19850\">perubahan gaya hidup dalam rehabilitasi jantung<\/a>, dan\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.leidenuniv.nl\/handle\/1887\/31422\">menyeimbangkan antara aktivitas dan istirahat pada sindrom kelelahan yang kronis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-979\" src=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13.png 1262w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-300x265.png 300w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-768x679.png 768w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-1024x906.png 1024w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-830x734.png 830w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-230x203.png 230w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-350x310.png 350w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screenshot-2018-07-30-15.56.13-480x424.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Gambar: Siklus pengaturan diri.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Rekomendasi praktis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mendukung individu dalam merumuskan tujuan untuk berubah bagi dirinya sendiri yang berkaitan dengan masalah kesehatannya yang relevan (mis., &#8216;apa makna pemulihan bagi Anda?&#8217;). Tujuan tersebut haruslah spesifik, penting bagi individu, tidak terlalu mudah atau terlalu sulit untuk diraih, dan dapat dicapai dalam jangka waktu yang tertentu.<\/li>\n<li>Bantulah individu untuk menyusun <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2017\/04\/the-power-of-planning\/\">sebuah<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2017\/04\/the-power-of-planning\/\">rencana tindakan<\/a> dengan bertanya kapan, di mana, bagaimana, dan berapa lama pasien akan melakukan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan tujuan yang ingin diraih.<\/li>\n<li>Mintalah individu untuk menyusun &#8216;tangga tujuan,&#8217; yang menjelaskan langkah-langkah yang dapat dinilai sendiri oleh individu, dalam rangka evaluasi terhadap usaha meraih tujuan.<\/li>\n<li>Tingkatkan keyakinan diri\/ <em>self-efficacy<\/em> individu dengan memperlihatkan contoh dari pasien lain yang telah berhasil mencapai tujuan yang persis, dorong dan beri pujian pada pasien jika ada kemajuan. Ajari individu cara mengatasi hambatan dan rintangan, termasuk ketika kambuh.<\/li>\n<li>Mendukung pemeliharaan tujuan, dan membantu individu untuk merumuskan kembali tujuannya dengan cara yang lebih mudah dilakukan jika tujuan awalnya tidak mungkin tercapai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Diterjemahkan oleh Astin Sokang<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Stan Maes &amp; V\u00e9ronique De Gucht, Leiden University, Netherlands Over the last decades, the role of individuals within the healthcare system has evolved from \u2018compliance with medical regimens\u2019, implying obedience; to \u2018self-management\u2019, denoting responsibility for the control of one\u2019s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1029,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-self-regulation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"id","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Stan Maes &amp; V\u00e9ronique De Gucht, Leiden University, Netherlands Over the last decades, the role of individuals within the healthcare system has evolved from \u2018compliance with medical regimens\u2019, implying obedience; to \u2018self-management\u2019, denoting responsibility for the control of one\u2019s own health or disease. 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