{"id":4954,"date":"2026-06-05T12:12:49","date_gmt":"2026-06-05T12:12:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=4954"},"modified":"2026-06-05T12:54:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T12:54:41","slug":"helping-caregivers-when-patients-leave-hospital-practical-lessons-from-co-production","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/hr\/2026\/06\/helping-caregivers-when-patients-leave-hospital-practical-lessons-from-co-production\/","title":{"rendered":"Pomaganje njegovateljima kada pacijenti napu\u0161taju bolnicu: Prakti\u010dne lekcije iz koprodukcije"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong>Autorica: Kathryn McEwan, Northumbria University, UK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarah je pomogla ocu spakirati njegove stvari; olak\u0161anje se mije\u0161alo s rastu\u0107om tjeskobom. Nakon pet dana provedenih u bolnici zbog mo\u017edanog udara, otpu\u0161tali su ga ku\u0107i. Medicinska sestra ukratko je spomenula promjene u terapiji i kontrolne preglede, ali Sarah (koja \u0107e se kod ku\u0107e brinuti o njemu) nije sudjelovala u tim razgovorima. Oti\u0161la je s otpusnim pismom koje nije u potpunosti razumjela, bez jasne predod\u017ebe o upozoravaju\u0107im simptomima na koje treba obratiti pozornost i bez informacije kome se obratiti ako se pojave problemi. Unutar 48 sati njezin je otac ponovno primljen u bolnicu.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Za mnoge pacijente i njegovatelje otpust iz bolnice ozna\u010dava po\u010detak nesigurne i nedovoljno podr\u017eane tranzicije, u kojoj odgovornost za upravljanje potrebama skrbi naglo prelazi u ku\u0107no okru\u017eenje. Kada taj prijenos skrbi zaka\u017ee \u2013 zbog ubrzanih obja\u0161njenja, nedostatka informacija ili neuklju\u010denosti njegovatelja \u2013 posljedice mogu biti ozbiljne: preventivne rehospitalizacije, pogor\u0161anje stanja kod ku\u0107e i preplavljuju\u0107i stres za osobe koje pru\u017eaju skrb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Razmjeri problema<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Izazov je zna\u010dajan. U Engleskoj <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/statistics\/statistical-work-areas\/discharge-delays\/acute-discharge-situation-report\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pribli\u017eno 13.000\u201314.000 pacijenata dnevno ostaje u bolnici<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> unato\u010d tome \u0161to su medicinski spremni za otpust (podaci iz listopada 2025.), pri \u010demu odgo\u0111eni otpusti pridonose smanjenom kapacitetu bolni\u010dkih kreveta, duljem \u010dekanju ambulantnih vozila i otkazivanju zahvata. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/publications\/47485\/documents\/247289\/default\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jedan od sedam bolni\u010dkih kreveta zauzima osoba kojoj vi\u0161e nije potrebna akutna bolni\u010dka skrb<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a sli\u010dni pritisci prisutni su i <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/indicators\/hospital-discharge-rates.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">me\u0111unarodno<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cqc.org.uk\/publications\/major-reports\/soc202021_02d_discharging-patients\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vi\u0161e od polovice neformalnih njegovatelja<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (\u010dlanova obitelji, prijatelja ili susjeda koji pru\u017eaju podr\u0161ku) navodi da nisu bili uklju\u010deni u odluke o otpustu. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/15\/2\/e094443\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ti njegovatelji obavljaju slo\u017eene zadatke<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, uklju\u010duju\u0107i upravljanje terapijom, njegu rana i rukovanje medicinskom opremom. Ipak, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0020748922001328\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">istra\u017eivanja pokazuju da se mnogi osje\u0107aju nespremno<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dobivaju nedostatne upute i preoptere\u0107eni su slo\u017eeno\u0161\u0107u zadataka koje se od njih o\u010dekuje nakon otpusta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0160to se mo\u017ee u\u010diniti bolje tijekom otpusta iz bolnice?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hex.70483\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na\u0161e nedavno koproducirano istra\u017eivanje<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> s njegovateljima, stru\u010dnjacima zdravstvene i socijalne skrbi te kolegama iz civilnog sektora potvr\u0111uje ove izazove, ali istodobno nudi prakti\u010dna rje\u0161enja. Utvrdili smo da problemi u komunikaciji ne proizlaze iz individualnih propusta, nego iz pritisaka na razini sustava i strukturnih prepreka.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tri strategije utemeljene na bihevioralnim spoznajama pokazale su se odmah primjenjivima za zdravstvene djelatnike:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Zapo\u010dnite razgovore o otpustu ve\u0107 pri prijemu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Njegovatelji su dosljedno opisivali osje\u0107aj da ih se uklju\u010duje prekasno, nakon \u0161to su klju\u010dne odluke ve\u0107 donesene. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2812390\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To je u skladu s me\u0111unarodnim istra\u017eivanjima tranzicijske skrbi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> koja pokazuju da rano uklju\u010divanje njegovatelja smanjuje kognitivno optere\u0107enje, sprje\u010dava nerealna o\u010dekivanja i stvara prostor za adresiranje zabrinutosti prije nego \u0161to se nagomilaju. Pandemija COVID-19 poremetila je te prakse; izgubljeni su socijalni radnici vezani uz bolni\u010dke odjele i kontakt s obitelji pri prijemu, \u0161to i danas utje\u010de na planiranje otpusta.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Koristite jednostavan, svakodnevni jezik za upravljanje o\u010dekivanjima<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Njegovatelji su opisivali pote\u0161ko\u0107e s medicinskim \u017eargonom, akronimima i brzim obja\u0161njenjima. Neki su u stvarnom vremenu pretra\u017eivali medicinske pojmove na internetu, dok su emocionalni stres i nepoznato okru\u017eenje ote\u017eavali usvajanje informacija. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0020748922001328\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ovo je iskustvo dobro dokumentirano<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: istra\u017eivanja o spremnosti njegovatelja i zdravstvenoj pismenosti prepoznaju neadekvatnu komunikaciju kao prepreku sigurnom otpustu. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/content\/11\/1\/e040057\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sustavni pregledi pokazuju da<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> njegovatelji \u010desto prelaze iz potpune ovisnosti o medicinskim sestrama u bolnici u potpunu samostalnost kod ku\u0107e, preplavljeni slo\u017eeno\u0161\u0107u zadataka koje se od njih o\u010dekuje.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jasan i konkretan jezik smanjuje pogre\u0161ke i gradi povjerenje. Stru\u010dnjaci su nam rekli da ponekad precjenjuju ono \u0161to njegovatelji realno mogu podnijeti kod ku\u0107e. To je u skladu s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jocn.14231\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">istra\u017eivanjima koja pokazuju neravnote\u017eu mo\u0107i<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> izme\u0111u njegovatelja i stru\u010dnjaka; ve\u0107a upoznatost zdravstvenog osoblja sa zdravstvenim sustavom mo\u017ee nenamjerno marginalizirati njegovatelje iz va\u017enih razgovora. Transparentnost u vezi sa sistemskim pritiscima, ograni\u010denjima skrbi i onime \u0161to je stvarno izvedivo poma\u017ee sprije\u010diti nesporazume i frustraciju kasnije. Takva iskrena komunikacija omogu\u0107uje njegovateljima u\u010dinkovito planiranje umjesto suo\u010davanja s neo\u010dekivanim zahtjevima.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Osigurajte jednu jasnu kontaktnu to\u010dku nakon otpusta<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Njegovatelji su opisivali duboku nesigurnost oko toga kome se obratiti zbog pitanja o terapiji, ka\u0161njenja opreme ili znakova pogor\u0161anja stanja. Taj nedostatak jasno\u0107e pove\u0107ava anksioznost i mo\u017ee dovesti do nepotrebnih rehospitalizacija ili odgo\u0111enog tra\u017eenja pomo\u0107i. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12904-025-01826-y\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dokazi pokazuju<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> da pru\u017eanje jednog imenovanog kontakta \u2013 \u010dak i ako ta osoba samo dalje usmjerava upite \u2013 zna\u010dajno smanjuje stres njegovatelja i pobolj\u0161ava sigurnost. Istra\u017eivanja <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12904-024-01610-4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kontinuiteta skrbi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pokazuju da osje\u0107aj \u201ebiti poznat\u201d sustavu smanjuje strah i pobolj\u0161ava dono\u0161enje odluka kod pacijenata i njegovatelja.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Primjena ovih na\u010dela u praksi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kako bismo podr\u017eali provedbu, zajedni\u010dki smo razvili <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/figshare.northumbria.ac.uk\/articles\/online_resource\/_b_Personalised_Hospital_Discharge_A_Toolkit_for_Supporting_Caregivers_b_\/29589287\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alat za podr\u0161ku njegovateljima pri otpustu (engl. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caregiver Discharge Toolkit<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> koji sadr\u017ei pet fleksibilnih alata: pismo dobrodo\u0161lice, vodi\u010d pri prijemu, karticu s pitanjem \u201e\u0160to vam je va\u017eno?\u201d, zajedni\u010dku kontrolnu listu za otpust i karticu s kontaktima nakon otpusta. Osmi\u0161ljeni za u\u017eurbane bolni\u010dke odjele, ovi alati pobolj\u0161avaju relacijske aspekte otpusta uz uva\u017eavanje razli\u010ditih identiteta njegovatelja, a mogu se prilagoditi bolni\u010dkim timovima, slu\u017ebama u zajednici i organizacijama civilnog dru\u0161tva.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Poruka njegovatelja i stru\u010dnjaka<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Male, namjerne promjene u komunikaciji mogu transformirati otpust iz ubrzanog zavr\u0161etka lije\u010denja u podr\u017eanu tranziciju. Kada se njegovatelji osje\u0107aju prepoznato, informirano i pripremljeno \u2013 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02441-7\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kada ih se tretira kao partnere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 ishodi su bolji za sve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Podr\u0161ka njegovateljima nije samo \u010din suosje\u0107anja; ona je klju\u010dna za siguran i u\u010dinkovit otpust. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/figshare.northumbria.ac.uk\/articles\/online_resource\/_b_Personalised_Hospital_Discharge_A_Toolkit_for_Supporting_Caregivers_b_\/29589287\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na\u0161 alat<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> i <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hex.70483\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">na\u010dela na kojima se temelji<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> nude prakti\u010dno polazi\u0161te za timove koji su spremni napraviti taj iskorak.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Prakti\u010dne preporuke<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Zapo\u010dnite planiranje otpusta pri prijemu, a ne pri otpustu.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rano uklju\u010divanje smanjuje anksioznost, sprje\u010dava nerealna o\u010dekivanja i stvara vrijeme za edukaciju i rje\u0161avanje problema. Koristite jednostavna pitanja kako biste od po\u010detka uspostavili zajedni\u010dko razumijevanje:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tko vam pru\u017ea podr\u0161ku kod ku\u0107e?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160to ve\u0107 dobro funkcionira u va\u0161oj svakodnevnoj rutini?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160to bi moglo biti te\u0161ko nakon otpusta?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time se otpust preoblikuje iz naglog prijenosa odgovornosti u postupnu, podr\u017eanu tranziciju, omogu\u0107uju\u0107i vrijeme za koordinaciju usluga nakon otpusta i rje\u0161avanje problema prije nego \u0161to se nagomilaju.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Koristite jednostavan, svakodnevni jezik i provjeravajte razumijevanje.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Izbjegavajte \u017eargon. Umjesto \u201eproblemi mobilnosti\u201d recite \u201eote\u017eano hodanje\u201d, umjesto \u201eopservacije\u201d recite \u201emjerenje temperature i krvnog tlaka\u201d. Nakon obja\u0161njavanja promjena u terapiji ili zadataka skrbi, provjerite razumijevanje umjesto da ga podrazumijevate. Koristite otvorena pitanja:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160to bi vam pomoglo da se osje\u0107ate sigurnije nakon povratka ku\u0107i?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0160to vas najvi\u0161e brine oko organizacije skrbi kod ku\u0107e?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Takva pitanja stvaraju prostor da se razjasne pogre\u0161na shva\u0107anja. Budite transparentni u vezi sa sistemskim pritiscima i onime \u0161to je stvarno izvedivo \u2013 to smanjuje frustraciju i podr\u017eava realno planiranje.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Osigurajte jedan jasan kontakt nakon otpusta.<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Postoje\u0107e komunikacijske kanale u\u010dinite jasnima i predvidljivima. Osigurajte ime, telefonski broj i uputu kada se javiti (npr. \u201eKontaktirajte Louise Jones, medicinsku sestru za otpust, za pitanja o terapiji ili opremi izme\u0111u 9 i 17 sati radnim danom\u201d). \u010cak i ako ta osoba dalje proslje\u0111uje upite, sama spoznaja da postoji netko kome se mogu obratiti transformira iskustvo nakon otpusta iz osje\u0107aja napu\u0161tenosti u osje\u0107aj podr\u017eane skrbi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevele: Vivien Gudlin i Ivana Ivan\u010di\u0107<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Kathryn McEwan, Northumbria University, UK Sarah helped her father pack his belongings; relief mixed with rising anxiety. After five days in hospital following his stroke, he was being discharged. A nurse had briefly mentioned medication changes and follow-up appointments, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4956,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,13,43,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-interventions","category-patient-engagement","category-social-support"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"hr","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Kathryn McEwan, Northumbria University, UK Sarah helped her father pack his belongings; relief mixed with rising anxiety. 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