Autori: Dawn Holford, University of Bristol, UK, Linda Karlsson, University of Turku, Finland, Frederike Taubert, Erfurt University, Germany, Emma C. Anderson, University of Bristol, UK, Virginia C. Gould, University of Bristol, UK<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ispravljanje zabluda o cijepljenju<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Cijepljenje je jedan od najuspje\u0161nijih alata javnog zdravstva – procjenjuje se da svakih \u0161est minuta spase jedan \u017eivot.<\/a> No cjepiva se tako\u0111er suo\u010davaju s otporom javnosti, dok trajna dezinformacija potkopava povjerenje javnosti u cijepljenje i predstavlja izazov za zdravstvene djelatnike uklju\u010dene u postupke cijepljenja. Kako zdravstveni djelatnici mogu dr\u017eati korak s velikim brojem la\u017enih narativa o cjepivima? \u0160to mogu re\u0107i pacijentima koji se pozivaju na takve narative kao razlog da ne cijepe sebe ili svoju djecu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Iako mo\u017ee biti primamljivo odgovoriti navo\u0111enjem \u010dinjenica, ispravljanje zabluda o cjepivima \u2014 koje \u010desto potje\u010du iz dezinformacija \u2014 nije jednostavno kao pru\u017eanje dodatnih informacija<\/a>. Uzmimo kao primjer odavno osporeni mit o cjepivima i autizmu<\/a>: unato\u010d desetlje\u0107ima istra\u017eivanja i opse\u017enim dokazima da ne postoji nikakva povezanost me\u0111u njima, zdravstveni djelatnici se i dalje susre\u0107u s ovom zabrinuto\u0161\u0107u me\u0111u roditeljima. Mitovi poput ovoga \u201clijepe se\u201d za ljude zato \u0161to se poigravaju njihovim podsvjesnim strahovima, koriste\u0107i sna\u017ene narative koji se na prvi pogled \u010dine intuitivnima<\/a>. Tako\u0111er ih mogu zloupotrijebiti oni koji imaju politi\u010dke ciljeve<\/a> kako bi mitovi nastavili kru\u017eiti u javnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dakle, \u0161to zdravstveni djelatnici mogu re\u0107i osobi koja ima zablude o cjepivima? Po\u010dinje s razumijevanjem \u0161to motivira ne\u010dija uvjerenja. Zamislimo dvoje roditelja, Tinu i Toma. Oboje dijele zabrinutost da se imunolo\u0161ki sustav njihove djece ne\u0107e nositi sa svim preporu\u010denim cjepivima. Ovo je jo\u0161 jedna \u010desta zabluda: \u010dinjenica je da su cjepiva tek vrlo mala doza u usporedbi s pravom bolesti. Za Toma, zabrinutost proizlazi iz straha da bi svako cjepivo moglo izazvati \u0161tetne u\u010dinke. Za Tinu, zabrinutost proizlazi iz njezine sklonosti da dijete razvije sna\u017ean \u201cprirodni\u201d imunitet na bolesti. Ovi dublji pokreta\u010di povr\u0161inske zabrinutosti u psihologiji se nazivaju \u201ckorijeni stavova<\/a>\u201d i mogu potaknuti ljude da se dr\u017ee svojih zabluda \u010dak i kada im se predo\u010de to\u010dne \u010dinjenice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u010cesto imamo prirodan poriv da izravno ispravimo zablude koje \u010dujemo od drugih. Me\u0111utim, istra\u017eivanja pokazuju da kada najprije uva\u017eimo ne\u010dije korijene stavova, ljudi su otvoreniji za ispravke mitova o cjepivima<\/a>, \u0161to mo\u017ee pove\u0107ati njihovu spremnost na cijepljenje. Dakle, kako bismo odgovorili na Tomovu zabrinutost, mo\u017eda bismo ga najprije trebali uvjeriti da je posve normalno \u017eeljeti za\u0161tititi svoje dijete. Za razliku od toga, kako bismo odgovorili na Tininu zabrinutost, moglo bi biti bolje zapo\u010deti priznavanjem da je op\u0107enito dobro izbjegavati nepotrebne lijekove. Nakon \u0161to se s njima pove\u017eemo i izgradimo povjerenje, mo\u017eemo nastaviti s ispravljanjem njihovih zabluda i dijeljenjem informacija o cijepljenju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kako mo\u017eemo pripremiti zdravstvene djelatnike za razgovore o cjepivima?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Najbolji na\u010din za suzbijanje zabluda o cjepivima jest kroz pristupe prilago\u0111ene pojedincu, temeljene na dijalogu<\/a>. Kada ljudi mogu razgovarati sa zdravstvenim djelatnicima kojima vjeruju u vezi medicinskih savjeta, to mo\u017ee biti vrlo u\u010dinkovito u pove\u0107anju prihva\u0107anja cjepiva<\/a>. Primjer takvog pristupa je intervju za empati\u010dno opovrgavanje (uvjerenja\/argumenata) (engl. Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/em><\/a>), \u010detverostupanjski okvir koji strukturira razgovore o cjepivima koriste\u0107i gore opisane tehnike temeljene na dokazima kako bi se izgradilo povjerenje i ispravile zablude, uz uva\u017eavanje ne\u010dijih korijena stavova. Razvio ga je projekt JITSUVAX<\/a> i nadovezuje se na druge pristupe temeljene na dijalogu, poput motivacijskog intervjuiranja (engl. Motivational Interviewing<\/em><\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Me\u0111utim, uklju\u010divanje u dijalog o cijepljenju s po\u0161tovanjem nije uvijek jednostavno. Zdravstveni djelatnici mogu brinuti da \u0107e izazvati sukob tijekom razgovora<\/a>. Mnogi zdravstveni djelatnici ne dobivaju obuku<\/a> koja bi ih pripremila za takve razgovore. Zapravo, ondje gdje zdravstveni djelatnici primaju obuku ili smjernice za ovu va\u017enu ulogu, one se obi\u010dno oslanjaju na pristup temeljen na informacijama za pru\u017eanje \u010dinjenica<\/a> pacijentima \u2013 \u0161to zapravo mo\u017ee biti kontraproduktivno. JITSUVAX projekt je intervjuirao zdravstvene djelatnike koji su izrazili potrebu za specifi\u010dnom podr\u0161kom i strategijama koje mogu koristiti za suo\u010davanje sa zabludama koje pacijenti imaju o cjepivima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Projekt JITSUVAX<\/a> razvio je alate koji poma\u017eu zdravstvenim djelatnicima u kori\u0161tenju intervjua za empati\u010dno opovrgavanje:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2022 internetske resurse<\/a> koji poma\u017eu zdravstvenim djelatnicima razumjeti 11 korijena stavova koji stoje u podlozi zabluda o cjepivima Odr\u017eali smo radionice sa zdravstvenim djelatnicima u raznim europskim zemljama, koji su nakon poha\u0111anja treninga izjavili o sna\u017enim i dugotrajnim pobolj\u0161anjima u svojim vje\u0161tinama i samopouzdanju prilikom razgovora o cijepljenju. U Rumunjskoj, zdravstveni djelatnici obu\u010deni za intervju za empati\u010dno opovrgavanje i motivacijski intervju uo\u010dili su ve\u0107i porast broja rezerviranih termina za cijepljenje nakon njihovih konzultacija, u usporedbi s neobu\u010denim zdravstvenim djelatnicima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na\u0161a iskustva odra\u017eavaju nalaze Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije<\/a>, prema kojima obuka komunikacijskih vje\u0161tina za zdravstvene djelatnike poma\u017ee u izgradnji njihovog samopouzdanja u vo\u0111enju razgovora o cijepljenju i isplativa je investicija<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Prakti\u010dne preporuke<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Za prakti\u010dare:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Prevele: Ivana Ivan\u010di\u0107 i Vivien Gudlin<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" By Dawn Holford, University of Bristol, UK, Linda Karlsson, University of Turku, Finland, Frederike Taubert, Erfurt University, Germany, Emma C. Anderson, University of Bristol, UK, Virginia C. Gould, University of Bristol, UK Correcting misconceptions about vaccination Vaccination is one of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4686,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"By Dawn Holford, University of Bristol, UK, Linda Karlsson, University of Turku, Finland, Frederike Taubert, Erfurt University, Germany, Emma C. Anderson, University of Bristol, UK, Virginia C. Gould, University of Bristol, UK<\/strong>\n\nCorrecting misconceptions about vaccination<\/strong>\n\nVaccination is one of the most successful tools of public health\u2014they have been estimated to <\/span>save 6 lives every minute<\/span><\/a>. But vaccines have also faced public resistance, with persistent disinformation undermining public trust in vaccination, and posing a challenge for health workers with vaccination roles. How do health workers keep up with the flood of false narratives about vaccines? What can they say to patients who cite these narratives as reasons not to vaccinate themselves or their children?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n\n\nWhile it can be tempting to respond by citing the facts, correcting misconceptions about vaccines\u2014which are often fuelled by disinformation\u2014is <\/span>not as simple as sharing more factual information<\/span><\/a>. Take the example of a <\/span>long-debunked myth about vaccines and autism<\/span><\/a>: despite decades of research and extensive evidence that there is no link between the two, health workers continue to encounter this concern among parents. Myths like this are \u201csticky\u201d because <\/span>they play on people\u2019s underlying fears, using strong narratives that appear intuitive at first glance<\/span><\/a>. They can also be <\/span>weaponised by those with political agendas<\/span><\/a> to keep these myths circulating in public.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\nSo, what can health workers say to someone who holds a misconception about vaccines? It starts with understanding what motivates someone\u2019s beliefs. Let\u2019s imagine two parents, Tina and Tom. Both share a concern that their children\u2019s immune system will not cope with all the recommended vaccinations. This is another common misconception: the fact is that vaccines are only a tiny dose compared to the real disease. For Tom, the concern is motivated by his fear of adverse effects each vaccine might trigger. For Tina, the concern is motivated by her preference for her child to have strong \u201cnatural\u201d resistance to disease. These deeper drivers of the surface concern are known in psychology as \u201c<\/span>attitude roots<\/span><\/a>\u201d, and they can motivate people to cling to their misconceptions in the face of factual correction.\u00a0<\/span>\n\nOften, we have a natural impulse to directly correct misconceptions we hear from others. However, research shows that when we first validate people\u2019s attitude roots, they are more <\/span>receptive to corrections of vaccine myths<\/span><\/a>, which can increase their acceptance of vaccines. So, to address Tom\u2019s concern, we might want to first reassure him that it\u2019s normal to want to protect his child. In contrast, to address Tina\u2019s concern, it could be better to begin by acknowledging that it is generally good to avoid unnecessary medication. After connecting with them and building trust, we can continue with addressing their misconceptions and sharing more information about vaccination.\u00a0<\/span>\n\nHow can we prepare health workers for vaccine conversations?<\/strong>\n\nThe best way to address vaccine misconceptions is through tailored, <\/span>dialogue-based approaches<\/span><\/a>. When people are able to speak to health workers whom they trust for medical advice, this can be <\/span>highly effective at raising vaccine uptake<\/span><\/a>. An example of such an approach is the <\/span>Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/a>, a four-step framework to structure vaccine conversations using evidence-based techniques described above to build trust and address misconceptions while respecting people\u2019s attitude roots. It was created by the <\/span>JITSUVAX project<\/span><\/a> and builds on other dialogue-based approaches, such as <\/span>Motivational Interviewing<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>\n\nHowever, engaging in respectful dialogue with patients about vaccination is not always easy. Health workers may <\/span>worry about provoking conflict<\/span><\/a> during the discussion. Many health workers <\/span>do not receive training<\/span><\/a> to prepare them for such conversations. In fact, where health workers receive training or guidance for this important role, it tends to <\/span>rely on an information-based approach<\/span><\/a> of providing facts to patients\u2014which can actually be counterproductive. The JITSUVAX project interviewed health workers who described their need for specific support and strategies they can use to deal with patients\u2019 vaccine misconceptions.\u00a0<\/span>\n\nThe <\/span>JITSUVAX project<\/span><\/a> developed tools to support health workers to use the Empathetic Refutational Interview for vaccine conversations:<\/span>\n
\u2022 smjernice<\/a> za kori\u0161tenje intervjua za empati\u010dno opovrgavanje radi pobolj\u0161anja razgovora o cijepljenju
\u2022 obuku<\/a> za zdravstvene djelatnike u provo\u0111enju intervjua za empati\u010dno opovrgavanje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\n \t
\n \t