{"id":971,"date":"2018-08-30T09:03:38","date_gmt":"2018-08-30T09:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=971"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:36:18","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:36:18","slug":"how-to-set-goals-that-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/fr\/2018\/08\/how-to-set-goals-that-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment d\u00e9finir des objectifs qui fonctionnent ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tracy Epton, University of Manchester, United Kingdom<\/p>\n<p><em>La fixation d&#8217;objectifs est une technique populaire<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Il existe de nombreuses techniques diff\u00e9rentes qui peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour changer le comportement (<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article\/46\/1\/81\/4563254\">93 selon une liste r\u00e9cente\u00a0!<\/a>). La fixation d&#8217;objectifs est une technique bien connue que la plupart des gens ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9. La fixation d&#8217;objectifs est utilis\u00e9e par les organismes de charit\u00e9 (par exemple, Alcohol Concern, un organisme de charit\u00e9 britannique, a demand\u00e9 aux gens de se fixer un objectif pour arr\u00eater de boire pendant le mois de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alcoholconcern.org.uk\/what-and-why\">janvier<\/a>), dans le cadre de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weightwatchers.com\/util\/art\/index_art.aspx?tabnum=1&amp;art_id=52281&amp;sc=3046\">programmes de perte de poids<\/a> et m\u00eame dans les <a href=\"https:\/\/runkeeper.com\/\">applications de fitness<\/a>. Une <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2017-53491-007\">revue r\u00e9cente<\/a> a examin\u00e9 384 tests de l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 de la fixation d&#8217;objectifs dans diff\u00e9rents domaines afin de v\u00e9rifier si la fixation d&#8217;objectifs fonctionne vraiment, quels types d&#8217;objectifs fonctionnent le mieux et si la fixation d&#8217;objectifs fonctionne pour tout le monde.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><em>La fixation d&#8217;objectifs \u2013 est-ce que \u00e7a marche pour changer le comportement?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La fixation d&#8217;objectifs est une technique permettant de changer de nombreux comportements (<a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2017-53491-007\">y compris le recyclage, les performances sportives, les objectifs \u00e9ducatifs, et la sant\u00e9<\/a>), et ce m\u00eame lorsqu&#8217;elle est utilis\u00e9e ind\u00e9pendamment d&#8217;autres techniques de changement de comportement.<\/p>\n<p>Ce qui est surprenant, c&#8217;est que la fixation d&#8217;objectifs ne fonctionne pas n\u00e9cessairement mieux lorsqu&#8217;elle est combin\u00e9e avec d&#8217;autres techniques de changement de comportement auxquelles elle est couramment associ\u00e9e. Par exemple, l&#8217;ajout d&#8217;un feedback (c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire, dire aux gens leur position actuelle et \/ ou leurs progr\u00e8s vers l&#8217;objectif) \u00e0 une intervention de fixation d&#8217;objectifs n&#8217;augmente pas son efficacit\u00e9. Plus important encore, amener les gens \u00e0 s&#8217;engager explicitement \u00e0 atteindre l&#8217;objectif ou m\u00eame simplement leur demander \u00e0 quel point ils sont attach\u00e9s \u00e0 l&#8217;objectif, r\u00e9duit en fait l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 de la fixation d&#8217;objectifs.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;ajout de la fixation d&#8217;objectifs a am\u00e9lior\u00e9 l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 d&#8217;une technique de changement de comportement. Les interventions consistant \u00e0 surveiller la performance de quelqu&#8217;un sans lui donner de feedback (p. ex. enregistrer le nombre de portions de fruits et de l\u00e9gumes la personne mange) sont plus efficaces si la fixation d&#8217;objectifs est \u00e9galement ajout\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Il y a de nombreux facteurs \u00e0 prendre en compte lors de la fixation et de l&#8217;\u00e9valuation des objectifs dont certains sont largement connus (p. ex., les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mindtools.com\/pages\/article\/smart-goals.htm\">objectifs SMART<\/a>) mais \u00e9galement d&#8217;autres qui pourraient ne pas \u00eatre pris en compte.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Qu&#8217;est-ce qui peut am\u00e9liorer l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 de la fixation d&#8217;objectifs sur le changement de comportement ?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Il existe un <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMsa1208051\">mythe<\/a> selon lequel fixer un objectif facilement r\u00e9alisable est plus efficace pour des choses comme la perte de poids. Cependant, le changement de comportement est am\u00e9lior\u00e9 si des objectifs difficiles sont fix\u00e9s. Les objectifs difficiles sont ceux qui ne devraient \u00eatre atteints que par une faible proportion de personnes, ceux-ci sont plus efficaces que les mod\u00e9r\u00e9s (ceux que l&#8217;on s&#8217;attend \u00e0 atteindre pour 15 \u00e0 50% des individus) ou les objectifs faciles (ceux qui devraient \u00eatre atteints par plus de la moiti\u00e9 des personnes).<\/p>\n<p>Parler aux gens de notre objectif est un bon moyen d&#8217;am\u00e9liorer le changement de comportement. Les objectifs ont plus de chances d&#8217;\u00eatre atteints si le but est fix\u00e9 publiquement (p. ex., vous avez un contact direct avec quelqu&#8217;un lorsque vous fixez un objectif ou vous parlez de votre objectif, p. ex. \u00e0 vos coll\u00e8gues que vous pr\u00e9voyez d&#8217;arr\u00eater de fumer). En effet, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/21520704.2010.513411\">\u00e9crire des objectifs et les mettre dans un lieu public<\/a> est une recommandation en psychologie du sport aussi.<\/p>\n<p>Travailler en groupe sur un objectif conduit \u00e9galement \u00e0 un changement de comportement plus r\u00e9ussi. Fixer un objectif plus large en famille, en groupe de travail ou en \u00e9quipe sportive ou m\u00eame en groupe d&#8217;amis, est plus efficace que chaque personne de ce groupe qui se fixe un objectif \u00e0 titre individuel.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Certains facteurs importent peu lors de la fixation d&#8217;un objectif<br \/>\n<\/em><br \/>\nLes objectifs fix\u00e9s sur le comportement (p. ex., les programmes de perte de poids am\u00e8nent souvent les gens \u00e0 se fixer un objectif comportemental comme par exemple manger seulement 1.200 calories par jour) sont aussi efficaces que les objectifs fix\u00e9s sur les r\u00e9sultats (p. ex. <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2017-53491-007\">un objectif de perte de poids chaque semaine<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Les objectifs qui visent \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer votre performance par rapport \u00e0 une situation actuelle (par exemple, marcher 5.000 pas de plus par jour) sont aussi efficaces que ceux qui sont bas\u00e9s sur une norme externe absolue (p. ex., <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2017-53491-007\">marcher 10.000 pas par jour<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Les objectifs qui sont auto-d\u00e9finis, qui sont d\u00e9finis par quelqu&#8217;un d&#8217;autre ou qui sont d\u00e9finis en collaboration sont tous efficaces. Il est \u00e9galement possible de d\u00e9finir plus d&#8217;un objectif \u00e0 la fois ou de d\u00e9finir \u00e0 plusieurs reprises le m\u00eame objectif sur une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e &#8211; il n&#8217;y a pas de diff\u00e9rence d&#8217;efficacit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Recommandations pratiques<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les praticiens devraient tenir compte des points suivants s&#8217;ils encouragent leurs patients \u00e0 se fixer des objectifs ou s&#8217;ils \u00e9tablissent des objectifs pour leurs patients\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>Demandez aux gens de :<br \/>\n1. <strong>Fixer un objectif assez difficile<\/strong> &#8211; cela les aidera \u00e0 faire plus de progr\u00e8s.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Parler aux autre de leur objectif<\/strong> &#8211; ils ont plus de succ\u00e8s que ceux qu&#8217;on garde pour soi.<br \/>\n3. <strong>Fixer des objectifs collectifs<\/strong> &#8211; un objectif de groupe est plus efficace que plusieurs objectifs individuels.Choses que vous devriez \u00e9viter :<br \/>\n1. <strong>Ne demandez pas \u00e0 quelqu&#8217;un \u00e0 quel point ils sont attach\u00e9s \u00e0 l&#8217;objectif <\/strong>: s&#8217;ils ne sont pas tr\u00e8s engag\u00e9s, ils pourraient se r\u00e9tracter en prenant conscience de leur manque d&#8217;engagement !<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Translated by: Nadine Berndt, Alexis Ruffault<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Tracy Epton, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Goal setting is a popular technique There are many different techniques that can be used to change behaviour (93 according to a recent list!). Goal setting is a well-known technique that most [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1050,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-goal-setting","category-planning"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Tracy Epton, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Goal setting is a popular technique There are many different techniques that can be used to change behaviour (93 according to a recent list!). 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