{"id":846,"date":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","date_gmt":"2018-03-07T08:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=846"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:40:40","slug":"planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/fr\/2018\/03\/planning-theory-and-evidence-based-behavior-change-interventions-intervention-mapping\/","title":{"rendered":"Planification des interventions de changement de comportement bas\u00e9es sur la th\u00e9orie et les preuves: cartographie d&#8217;intervention"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Il existe actuellement un large \u00e9ventail de campagnes et d&#8217;interventions visant \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la sant\u00e9 publique et \u00e0 modifier les comportements de sant\u00e9, mais la plupart d&#8217;entre elles ne sont pas fond\u00e9es sur des th\u00e9ories et des preuves. Ce poste d\u00e9crira bri\u00e8vement les processus suivis par les psychologues de la sant\u00e9 lors de l&#8217;\u00e9laboration d&#8217;interventions, et soulignera en quoi ceux-ci diff\u00e8rent (et am\u00e9liorent) des processus similaires habituellement fait ailleurs.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Etapes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La planification des interventions de changement de comportement est un processus \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape, qui implique parfois de faire deux pas en avant pour un pas en arri\u00e8re. Ceci est particuli\u00e8rement important, car chaque \u00e9tape s&#8217;appuie sur les \u00e9tapes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, et l&#8217;inattention \u00e0 une \u00e9tape peut conduire \u00e0 des erreurs et des d\u00e9cisions inad\u00e9quates dans une autre. Le protocole de cartographie d&#8217;intervention (\u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/interventionmapping.com\/\">Intervention Mapping (IM<\/a>)\u00bb) identifie <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intervention_mapping\">six \u00e9tapes dans le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019intervention<\/a> qui aident le planificateur \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une intervention bas\u00e9e sur la th\u00e9orie et la preuve:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9tape 1: \u00c9valuation des besoins<\/strong><br \/>\nDans cette \u00e9tape, un groupe de planification, compos\u00e9 de toutes les parties impliqu\u00e9es &#8211; y compris la population cible, les parties prenantes, les experts, les chercheurs et les futurs ex\u00e9cutants &#8211; \u00e9value le probl\u00e8me. Cela comprend l&#8217;identification des causes comportementales et environnementales du probl\u00e8me, ainsi que les d\u00e9terminants de ces causes comportementales et environnementales. Ces pi\u00e8ces peuvent ensuite \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans un \u00ab mod\u00e8le logique \u00bb du probl\u00e8me &#8211; comme celui (simplifi\u00e9) ci-dessous sur la pr\u00e9vention des IST \/ VIH chez les adolescents &#8211; qui offre une image claire de la fa\u00e7on dont les diff\u00e9rentes pi\u00e8ces s&#8217;embo\u00eetent.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-875 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-6.jpg 720w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-6-230x173.jpg 230w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-6-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Slide1-6-480x360.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9tape 2: Identifier les objectifs<br \/>\n<\/strong>Une fois que le probl\u00e8me et ses causes sont clairement d\u00e9finis, les r\u00e9sultats et objectifs sp\u00e9cifiques du programme peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre d\u00e9finis. Cela n\u00e9cessite de sp\u00e9cifier comment les d\u00e9terminants des comportements individuels et des agents environnementaux auront besoin d\u2019\u00eatre modifies pour att\u00e9nuer le probl\u00e8me. Par exemple, \u00e0 partir du mod\u00e8le logique ci-dessus, pour promouvoir l&#8217;utilisation du pr\u00e9servatif par les adolescents, l&#8217;intervention devrait augmenter la perception du risque ainsi que l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 per\u00e7ue des pr\u00e9servatifs pour r\u00e9duire la perception du risque. L&#8217;intervention devrait \u00e9galement influencer le partenaire directement, si possible, en combinaison avec l&#8217;am\u00e9lioration de l&#8217;auto-efficacit\u00e9 de n\u00e9gociation des adolescents. Enfin, en fonction des normes soci\u00e9tales existantes, l&#8217;acc\u00e8s aux services de planification familiale peut \u00eatre facilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9tape 3: Conception de l&#8217;intervention<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Une intervention coh\u00e9rente et concr\u00e9tisable est con\u00e7ue. Les m\u00e9thodes d&#8217;intervention bas\u00e9es sur la th\u00e9orie et les applications pratiques pour changer (les d\u00e9terminants du) comportement sont s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es, et les th\u00e8mes, composants, port\u00e9e et s\u00e9quence du programme sont g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s. Le IM distingue les m\u00e9thodes de changement de comportement (ou techniques) qui se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es efficaces pour changer les d\u00e9terminants du comportement et \/ ou les causes environnementales. Par exemple, la perception du risque peut \u00eatre augment\u00e9e par des informations sur les risques bas\u00e9s sur des sc\u00e9narios. L&#8217;auto-efficacit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9e par la mod\u00e9lisation et le feedback. Le plaidoyer et le lobbying peuvent influencer la prise de d\u00e9cision au niveau politique. Toutes ces m\u00e9thodes de changement n\u00e9cessitent une traduction en applications pratiques, en prenant en compte les param\u00e8tres th\u00e9oriques et bas\u00e9s sur des preuves. Par exemple pour la mod\u00e9lisation: l&#8217;apprenant s&#8217;identifie au mod\u00e8le, l&#8217;apprenant observe que le mod\u00e8le est renforc\u00e9, l&#8217;apprenant a suffisamment d&#8217;auto-efficacit\u00e9 et de comp\u00e9tences pour l&#8217;action, et le mod\u00e8le sert de mod\u00e8le d&#8217;adaptation au lieu d&#8217;un mod\u00e8le de ma\u00eetrise.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9tape 4: Production d&#8217;intervention<\/strong><br \/>\nC&#8217;est la production r\u00e9elle de l&#8217;intervention. La structure du programme est affin\u00e9e, et les messages et les documents sont r\u00e9dig\u00e9s, pr\u00e9-test\u00e9s et produits. Pour l&#8217;exemple ci-dessus, le programme n\u00e9erlandais \u00ab <a href=\"http:\/\/www.langlevedeliefde.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/folder\/long_live_love_english\/index.html#page\/1\">Long Live Love<\/a> \u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9, mis en \u0153uvre et a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 pouvoir promouvoir les rapports sexuels prot\u00e9g\u00e9s chez les adolescents dans les \u00e9coles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9tape 5: Plan de mise en \u0153uvre<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Un plan de mise en \u0153uvre du programme est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9. Les utilisateurs potentiels du programme sont identifi\u00e9s, les objectifs de performance et les objectifs de changement pour l&#8217;utilisation du programme sont sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9s, et les interventions de mise en \u0153uvre sont con\u00e7ues, toujours en utilisant les \u00e9tapes de l\u2019IM. Pour l&#8217;exemple ci-dessus, l&#8217;intervention des 14-15 ans ciblait les adolescents dans les \u00e9coles. L&#8217;intervention de mise en \u0153uvre a cibl\u00e9 la diffusion dans les \u00e9coles, l&#8217;adoption du projet par les directeurs d&#8217;\u00e9cole et les enseignants, la mise en \u0153uvre correcte par les enseignants, et finalement l&#8217;institutionnalisation de l&#8217;intervention par les directeurs et les conseils scolaires.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9tape 6: \u00c9valuation du plan d&#8217;efficacit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019intervention n&#8217;est pas la fin du projet. Il est \u00e9galement important d&#8217;\u00e9valuer si une intervention a atteint ses objectifs (c.-\u00e0-d. \u00e9valuation de l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9) et si l&#8217;intervention a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en \u0153uvre comme pr\u00e9vu (c.-\u00e0-d. \u00e9valuation du processus). Les activit\u00e9s pour les \u00e9tapes 5 et 6 devraient commencer le plus t\u00f4t possible dans le processus de planification. Les informations issues de ces \u00e9valuations peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour affiner et am\u00e9liorer les interventions, en passant d&#8217;une \u00e9tape \u00e0 l&#8217;autre.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Perspectives g\u00e9n\u00e9rales<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La planification des interventions de changement de comportement devrait toujours :<\/p>\n<p>(1) Utiliser les th\u00e9ories du comportement et les preuves comme fondements ;<\/p>\n<p>(2) Adopter une approche \u00e9cologique pour \u00e9valuer et intervenir dans les probl\u00e8mes (de sant\u00e9) ; et<\/p>\n<p>(3) S\u2019assurer que les acteurs des communaut\u00e9s cibl\u00e9s et autres parties prenantes participent.<\/p>\n<p>Une personne ayant un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 fait partie d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me, tout comme la solution potentielle au probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9. Par cons\u00e9quent, une large participation \u00e0 travers les diff\u00e9rents niveaux d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me peut apporter un plus large \u00e9ventail de comp\u00e9tences, de connaissances et d&#8217;expertise \u00e0 un projet et peut am\u00e9liorer l&#8217;applicabilit\u00e9 de l&#8217;intervention dans des contextes r\u00e9els et la meilleure fa\u00e7on d&#8217;\u00e9valuer l&#8217;intervention.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Processus cl\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019IM sugg\u00e8re \u00e9galement des \u00ab processus de base \u00bb, des actions cl\u00e9s pour appliquer la th\u00e9orie et des choses observables : poser des questions, proposer des brainstormings, examiner les r\u00e9sultats empiriques, acc\u00e9der et utiliser la th\u00e9orie, identifier et r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de nouvelles recherches.<\/p>\n<p>En particulier, le processus d&#8217;acc\u00e8s et d&#8217;application de la th\u00e9orie est le d\u00e9fi auquel les psychologues de la sant\u00e9 sont sp\u00e9cialement form\u00e9s. En cherchant des preuves sur le sujet dans la litt\u00e9rature, le planificateur de programme rencontrera des id\u00e9es th\u00e9oriques, ainsi que des concepts qui peuvent \u00eatre li\u00e9s aux th\u00e9ories. Enfin, les planificateurs peuvent utiliser des th\u00e9ories qui leur sont famili\u00e8res, par exemple la th\u00e9orie du comportement planifi\u00e9 pour les d\u00e9terminants du comportement, ou les th\u00e9ories autor\u00e9gulatrices du changement de comportement.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommandations pratiques<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Chaque groupe de planification d&#8217;une intervention de changement de comportement devrait avoir un expert en sciences du comportement parmi ses membres, p. ex. un psychologue de la sant\u00e9 bien form\u00e9.<br \/>\n\u2022 Lors de l&#8217;\u00e9laboration d&#8217;interventions de changement de comportement, on devrait utiliser la th\u00e9orie et les donn\u00e9es probantes, adopter une approche syst\u00e9mique et am\u00e9liorer la participation \u00e0 l&#8217;intervention.<br \/>\n\u2022 La planification des interventions de changement de comportement est un processus \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape, dans lequel chaque \u00e9tape s&#8217;appuie sur celles qui le pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent. Le protocole de cartographie d\u2019intervention peut aider les utilisateurs \u00e0 franchir ces \u00e9tapes.<br \/>\n\u2022 Les \u00ab processus cl\u00e9s \u00bb peuvent aider les psychologues de la sant\u00e9 \u00e0 trouver des r\u00e9ponses th\u00e9oriques aux questions de planification.<br \/>\n\u2022 Les cl\u00e9s particuli\u00e8rement pertinentes pour planifier des interventions : identifier les d\u00e9terminants modifiables et importants du comportement, en tenant compte des param\u00e8tres th\u00e9oriques qui rendent efficaces les m\u00e9thodes de changement de comportement, et s&#8217;assurer que l&#8217;intervention est mise en \u0153uvre comme pr\u00e9vu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Gerjo Kok, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; University of Texas at Houston, USA A wide range of campaigns and interventions to improve public health and change health behaviors currently exists, but many of these are not \u201ctheory- and evidence-based\u201d. 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