{"id":3480,"date":"2025-04-15T06:57:32","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T06:57:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=3480"},"modified":"2026-03-23T10:15:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T10:15:41","slug":"old-habits-die-hard-disrupting-unwanted-habitual-behaviour","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/fr\/2025\/04\/old-habits-die-hard-disrupting-unwanted-habitual-behaviour\/","title":{"rendered":"Les habitudes ont la vie dure : Rompre avec les comportements ind\u00e9sirables"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Par Annabel Stone et Phillippa Lally, Universit\u00e9 de Surrey, Royaume-Uni<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Traduit par Deborah Loyal et Natalija Plasonja.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La nouvelle ann\u00e9e est souvent une p\u00e9riode durant laquelle nous aspirons au <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2016\/01\/getting-into-the-habit-applying-the-science-of-habit-formation-to-the-real-world\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">changement<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 prendre de nouvelles habitudes et \u00e0 abandonner les mauvaises lorsque l&#8217;horloge sonnera minuit. D\u00e9poussi\u00e9rer nos chaussures de sport, remplir nos caddies<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de fruits et l\u00e9gumes frais&#8230; Qui ne s&#8217;est jamais dit \u00ab Nouvelle ann\u00e9e, nouveau moi \u00bb ? Mais un mois plus tard, comment se fait-il que nos chaussures de sport n&#8217;aient vu la lumi\u00e8re du jour que deux fois et que les fruits frais commencent \u00e0 moisir ? Il semble que nos mauvaises habitudes nous aient suivis pour cette <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iaap-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/aphw.12172?casa_token=Uh2-2J7AqnQAAAAA%3AkXtX1aU2lzBpoFiw2myDH5TEm5OHashT1_9wQgYjYlc2gP5kc1wvsjrNwQRAKHzVZ0EBj0WQ9QfT-D9n\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nouvelle ann\u00e9e<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les psychologues d\u00e9finissent les <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">habitudes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> comme le processus qui nous conduit \u00e0 adopter automatiquement un comportement lorsque nous rencontrons une situation (notre signal) dans laquelle nous avons fr\u00e9quemment adopt\u00e9 ce comportement par le pass\u00e9. Ce \u00ab signal \u00bb peut \u00eatre \u00e9motionnel, comme un exc\u00e8s de stress qui donne envie de manger du chocolat, ou social, comme le fait de boire une bi\u00e8re chaque fois que l&#8217;on rejoint des amis au bar, ou encore physique, par exemple lorsque j&#8217;entre dans un caf\u00e9 et que je commande toujours un latte. Bien entendu, le fait de se sentir motiv\u00e9 \u00e0 abandonner de mauvaises habitudes ne vous emp\u00eachera pas n\u00e9cessairement d&#8217;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/spc3.12553\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agir automatiquement la prochaine fois<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> que vous rencontrerez votre signal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le m\u00e9canisme sous-jacent de l&#8217;habitude est une association mentale entre un signal et une action. Nous ne savons pas encore comment effacer cette association. Toutefois, les chercheurs sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans les habitudes proposent <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/spc3.12975\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">quatre fa\u00e7ons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de rompre le processus de l&#8217;habitude afin que le comportement habituel ne soit plus adopt\u00e9 :<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u00c9vitez le signal qui d\u00e9clenche votre habitude<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : si vous ne rencontrez pas le signal, vous n&#8217;adopterez pas le comportement habituel. Toutefois, pour que cela fonctionne, les gens doivent \u00eatre conscients des signaux qui d\u00e9clenchent leurs mauvaises habitudes. Par exemple, si le fait de se rendre dans un bar est un signe qui d\u00e9clenche une consommation excessive d&#8217;alcool, il peut \u00eatre judicieux de sugg\u00e9rer un autre endroit pour se retrouver entre amis. Une bonne fa\u00e7on d&#8217;identifier les signaux est de tenir un journal dans lequel sont consign\u00e9s les moments o\u00f9 le comportement habituel ind\u00e9sirable se produit et ce qui se passe juste avant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rendre le comportement plus difficile \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : L&#8217;ajout de \u00ab freins \u00bb, qui rendent l&#8217;action compl\u00e8tement impossible ou trop difficile \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre, peut contribuer \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir les comportements habituels non d\u00e9sir\u00e9s. Cela signifie que lorsqu&#8217;un signal est rencontr\u00e9, l&#8217;ex\u00e9cution du comportement n\u00e9cessite un effort, ce qui d\u00e9clenche un processus de d\u00e9cision consciente au lieu d&#8217;une r\u00e9ponse automatique. Toutefois, il faut pour cela que vous soyez en mesure de modifier la commodit\u00e9 du comportement en question. Si vous vivez avec d&#8217;autres personnes qui insistent pour avoir du chocolat \u00e0 la maison, vous ne pouvez pas supprimer compl\u00e8tement le chocolat.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dire non, tout simplement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : nous pouvons, bien s\u00fbr, faire preuve d\u2019auto-contr\u00f4le et ne pas mettre en \u0153uvre certaines de nos habitudes. Pour cela, il faut que la <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/04\/willpower-versus-unhealthy-temptations-spoiler-alert-willpower-usually-loses\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">volont\u00e9<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et la motivation soient utilis\u00e9es pour s&#8217;abstenir lorsque l&#8217;on rencontre le signal d\u00e9clencheur d&#8217;une mauvaise habitude. Toutefois, cela ne fonctionne que si les signaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&#8217;habitude ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s et que les <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0146167209360665?src=getftr&amp;entityId=https%3A%2F%2Foala.surrey.ac.uk%2Foala%2Fmetadata&amp;getft_integrator=wiley&amp;utm_source=wiley&amp;journalCode=pspc\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">personnes surveillent leur environnement de pr\u00e8s<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> afin qu&#8217;au moment d\u00e9cisif, elles soient suffisamment concentr\u00e9es pour parvenir \u00e0 se contr\u00f4ler. Dans le cas contraire, le moment peut \u00e9chapper \u00e0 la personne, qui ne se rendra compte de la chose que plus tard. Il faut \u00e9galement \u00eatre motiv\u00e9 \u00e0 maintenir ses choix, ce qui peut s&#8217;av\u00e9rer difficile <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/07359683.2019.1567003?casa_token=8fePyz1sVxgAAAAA:UwoIRLQoMf0yXZ6CUBsnMX9-JW-_y_kn5ZsK7BW-ZPJAUCkr-QR0cE19kaWDrG1LRNkKzSGXVrIr8A\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sur le moment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Trouver un comportement alternatif<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : La derni\u00e8re option consiste \u00e0 identifier un nouveau comportement qui peut devenir une habitude pour remplacer l&#8217;habitude ind\u00e9sirable. L\u00e0 encore, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape consiste \u00e0 identifier le signal d\u00e9clencheur de l&#8217;habitude. Le nouveau comportement doit alors \u00eatre adopt\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matique lorsque l&#8217;on rencontre ce signal. Au fil du temps, l&#8217;association entre le signal et le nouveau comportement devient plus forte que celle qui existait avec l&#8217;ancienne habitude. Il faut pour cela se surveiller et s&#8217;emp\u00eacher d&#8217;agir comme par le pass\u00e9, mais il est plus facile de faire quelque chose que de ne rien faire, de sorte que cette option est probablement plus accessible que l&#8217;option 3. Pour que cette option ait le plus de chance de r\u00e9ussir, le nouveau comportement doit \u00eatre aussi attrayant que le comportement habituel ind\u00e9sirable. Par exemple, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S019566632100091X?casa_token=bNem37-BsgoAAAAA:VG_73PRqriuGcqaymJiYHoblpZVioGRgwwr6Ty2bvLPZGhz7MlfKJQ4Ov9EY6bFDQOpR5w71_A\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">remplacer le chocolat par un fruit<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> peut s&#8217;av\u00e9rer inefficace si la personne ne ressent pas la m\u00eame satisfaction, voire une satisfaction plus grande, en mangeant un fruit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Recommandations pratiques :<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>D\u00e9couvrez vos signaux !<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape pour se d\u00e9barrasser des mauvaises habitudes est de comprendre ce qui les d\u00e9clenche. S&#8217;agit-il d&#8217;un certain contexte ? D&#8217;un moment particulier de la journ\u00e9e ? D&#8217;un \u00e9tat \u00e9motionnel ? Il est essentiel de le savoir pour savoir comment s&#8217;en d\u00e9faire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cr\u00e9ez un garde-fou.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prendre des mesures pr\u00e9ventives peut \u00eatre un excellent moyen d&#8217;inhiber votre capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 vous engager dans une habitude ind\u00e9sirable. Si vous savez qu&#8217;il est impossible d&#8217;\u00e9viter le signal, par exemple le fait de vous sentir stress\u00e9 peut vous inciter \u00e0 manger du chocolat, alors en faisant un effort conscient pour \u00e9viter d&#8217;acheter du chocolat lors de vos achats alimentaires de la semaine, vous pouvez faire en sorte qu&#8217;il soit plus difficile de manger du chocolat lorsque vous \u00eates stress\u00e9.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pensez : \u00ab Il faut dire non !\u00a0\u00bb.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Une fois que vous \u00eates conscient de vos signaux, vous pouvez les surveiller. Si vous savez que vous allez rencontrer un signal in\u00e9vitable, faites un effort conscient pour surveiller attentivement les signaux et inhiber la r\u00e9action ind\u00e9sirable en restant conscient de vos actions et en pensant \u00ab il faut dire non !\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Remplacer le mauvais par du bon.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Si vous pouvez remplacer votre mauvaise association comportementale par une autre, vous pouvez transformer votre habitude n\u00e9gative en une habitude positive. Pour y parvenir, vous devrez peut-\u00eatre essayer plusieurs choses. Par exemple, si vous savez que vous passez trop de soir\u00e9es \u00e0 boire des bi\u00e8res, voici un exemple d&#8217;approche :<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identifiez votre signal (par exemple, rentrer chez soi apr\u00e8s le travail).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rappelez-vous qu&#8217;en rentrant chez vous, vous aurez peut-\u00eatre envie de boire une bi\u00e8re.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Si vous le pouvez, cr\u00e9ez un garde-fou. Par exemple, pouvez-vous ne pas garder de bi\u00e8re chez vous ou la sortir du r\u00e9frig\u00e9rateur pour qu&#8217;elle ne soit pas fra\u00eeche ?\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cr\u00e9ez un comportement de substitution. Lorsque vous rentrez chez vous, prenez une boisson non alcoolis\u00e9e que vous appr\u00e9ciez ou pratiquez une activit\u00e9 qui vous aide \u00e0 r\u00e9duire votre tension ( ex : lire un livre, jouer \u00e0 un jeu vid\u00e9o, t\u00e9l\u00e9phoner \u00e0 un ami ou faire un peu d&#8217;exercice).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il n&#8217;est pas facile de rompre avec les mauvaises habitudes. Mais si vous y \u00eates attentif et que vous utilisez les strat\u00e9gies ci-dessus, il est possible de les surmonter.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Annabel Stone and Phillippa Lally, University of Surrey, UK The New Year is often a time where we aim for change, determined to form new habits and to leave our bad habits behind as the clock strikes midnight. 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