{"id":1714,"date":"2020-08-25T12:02:32","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T12:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1714"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:17:23","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:17:23","slug":"how-to-maintain-health-behaviours-long-term","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/fr\/2020\/08\/how-to-maintain-health-behaviours-long-term\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment maintenir les comportements de sant\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Par Dominika Kwasnicka, Universit\u00e9 de SWPS, Pologne et l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Melbourne, Australie\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&#8217;objectif ultime des <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.pl\/books?id=jyE-E9939wkC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=planning+health+promotion+programs+an+intervention+mapping+approach&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwilhN7l98jlAhV_xMQBHVg3CScQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=planning%20health%20promotion%20programs%20an%20intervention%20mapping%20approach&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">programmes de promotion de la sant\u00e9<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> est de promouvoir un changement durable &#8211; les professionnels de la sant\u00e9 peuvent jouer un r\u00f4le et aider les patients \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer leur \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 et \u00e0 maintenir un changement de comportement. Nous savons que le changement de comportement en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9 est difficile \u00e0 amorcer et qu&#8217;il peut \u00eatre <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21196792\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">encore plus difficile<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00e0 maintenir sur le long terme. Une grande question en psychologie de la sant\u00e9 est de savoir pourquoi le maintien est si difficile.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question, notre groupe s&#8217;est pench\u00e9 sur les th\u00e9ories qui expliquent comment les gens changent et maintiennent ensuite des changements positifs pour leur sant\u00e9, comme l&#8217;arr\u00eat du tabac et le fait de devenir plus actif. Nous avons identifi\u00e9 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2016.1151372\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100 th\u00e9ories<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> qui expliquent comment les gens modifient leur comportement et maintiennent ces changements. La bonne nouvelle pour les promoteurs de la sant\u00e9 est que ces 100 th\u00e9ories peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9sum\u00e9es en cinq th\u00e8mes cl\u00e9s qui doivent \u00eatre abord\u00e9s afin de parvenir \u00e0 ce changement durable.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il est important de maintenir <\/span><b>la motivation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lorsque nous adoptons un nouveau comportement en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, par exemple en faisant de la gym, en commen\u00e7ant \u00e0 faire du jogging, en mangeant sainement ou en \u00e9vitant les fast-food ou la consommation excessive d&#8217;alcool. Il n&#8217;est pas surprenant que notre motivation soit \u00e9galement cruciale pour \u00e9tablir un changement de comportement durable. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2019\/01\/motivation-and-the-first-steps-toward-physical-activity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La motivation fluctue dans le temps<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> et pour maintenir les nouveaux comportements de sant\u00e9, nous devons \u00e9laborer des strat\u00e9gies efficaces pour maintenir les nouveaux comportements de sant\u00e9 m\u00eame lorsque la motivation diminue. Cela peut se faire, par exemple, en <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.766832\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planifiant<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ce que vous pouvez faire lorsque vous \u00eates confront\u00e9 \u00e0 des obstacles potentiels. Par exemple, en \u00e9tablissant un plan selon lequel \u00ab\u00a0lorsqu&#8217;il pleut dehors, je ferai alors de l&#8217;exercice \u00e0 la maison au lieu d&#8217;aller \u00e0 la salle de sport ou courir\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>L&#8217;autor\u00e9gulation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> consiste \u00e0 surveiller ce que vous faites. Le <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/07\/self-regulation-from-theory-to-practice-supporting-your-patients-goals-for-change\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">suivi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> de votre comportement est important pour d\u00e9terminer si votre comportement actuel doit changer et pour que vous puissiez le modifier activement, si un changement est n\u00e9cessaire. Par exemple, pour savoir si votre <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2019\/01\/motivation-and-the-first-steps-toward-physical-activity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">niveau d\u2019activit\u00e9 physique est un probl\u00e8me<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, vous devez savoir \u00e0 quel point vous \u00eates actif chaque jour. Vous pouvez utiliser une application mobile pour voir combien de pas vous faites chaque jour ou vous pouvez noter combien de minutes vous \u00eates actif chaque jour, en notant l&#8217;intensit\u00e9 de l&#8217;activit\u00e9. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/factsheet_adults\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les recommandations de l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> indiquent qu&#8217;il faut environ 30 minutes d&#8217;activit\u00e9 physique d&#8217;intensit\u00e9 mod\u00e9r\u00e9e chaque jour, et si vous vous rendez compte que vous \u00eates loin de ces recommandations, vous devez alors <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2017\/04\/the-power-of-planning\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planifier<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> comment changer cela, afin de maintenir une activit\u00e9 r\u00e9guli\u00e8re, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire en pr\u00e9cisant quand, o\u00f9 et comment vous ferez ces changements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Les ressources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, y compris psychologiques et physiques, sont importantes pour maintenir le changement de comportement en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9. Par exemple, il est difficile de rester en bonne sant\u00e9 (faire de l&#8217;exercice, bien manger) quand on se sent l\u00e9thargique, stress\u00e9, sans \u00e9nergie ou si on a mal dormi la nuit pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente. De nombreuses ressources psychologiques sont n\u00e9cessaires pour maintenir les comportements de sant\u00e9, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire se sentir plein d&#8217;\u00e9nergie, repos\u00e9 et non stress\u00e9. Les ressources physiques sont \u00e9galement importantes ; nous devons construire une infrastructure autour de nous pour vivre sainement. Par exemple, nous ne pouvons pas bien manger si nous n&#8217;avons pas facilement acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des aliments sains et nous ne pouvons pas prendre de m\u00e9dicaments, si nous n&#8217;y avons tout simplement pas acc\u00e8s. Les ressources psychologiques et physiques garantissent que nous pouvons maintenir des modes de vie sains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Les habitudes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; tout le monde parle d&#8217;habitudes et les gens ordinaires les comprennent un <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/habit\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">peu diff\u00e9remment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> des psychologues. Pour un psychologue de la sant\u00e9, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">les <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">associations d\u2019habitudes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> se d\u00e9veloppent lorsqu&#8217;en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une situation sp\u00e9cifique, quelqu&#8217;un fait constamment quelque chose qui permet d&#8217;atteindre les r\u00e9sultats souhait\u00e9s. Les mauvaises habitudes, comme fumer ou manger tard le soir, sont difficiles \u00e0 changer, car elles peuvent devenir nos options par d\u00e9faut qui viennent naturellement et sans r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir. Afin de maintenir le changement de comportement en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, nous devons rompre les mauvaises habitudes et fa\u00e7onner les bonnes, et la psychologie nous donne de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2016\/01\/getting-into-the-habit-applying-the-science-of-habit-formation-to-the-real-world\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bonnes solutions pratiques<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pour y parvenir. Les nouvelles habitudes positives <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.695.830&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prennent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement du temps<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00e0 se former et les anciennes prennent du temps \u00e0 s&#8217;effacer. Une technique populaire de changement de comportement pour d\u00e9velopper l&#8217;habitude consiste \u00e0 surveiller les indices (ce qui cause le comportement particulier) et \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre par le m\u00eame comportement aux m\u00eames indices dans le m\u00eame contexte.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enfin, notre <b>environnement<\/b>, le lieu o\u00f9 nous sommes et les personnes qui nous entourent, doit nous soutenir pour que nous puissions conserver des comportements positifs en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9. Lorsque nous modifions notre comportement, nous devons souvent changer notre environnement ou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.behavioraleconomics.com\/resources\/mini-encyclopedia-of-be\/nudge\/\">le restructurer<\/a>. Les personnes qui nous entourent sont une partie importante de notre <a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/01\/social-support-and-health-behavior-how-to-move-from-well-intentioned-to-skilled-support\/\">environnement<\/a>. La famille, les amis et les personnes avec qui nous passons du temps ont un impact sur notre sant\u00e9. Ils peuvent nous aider \u00e0 nous am\u00e9liorer en nous encourageant ou en \u00e9tant nos mod\u00e8les, mais ils peuvent aussi avoir un impact n\u00e9gatif en nous incitant \u00e0 fumer des cigarettes et \u00e0 boire des boissons alcoolis\u00e9es avec eux. Nous ne vous recommandons pas d&#8217;arr\u00eater de passer du temps avec vos amis qui sont inactifs, qui boivent de l&#8217;alcool, qui fument et qui mangent des aliments malsains. Nous vous encourageons <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/eprint\/7jxgECAMUbvMQ7WzAKvs\/full\">\u00e0 partager vos plans de sant\u00e9<\/a> et \u00e0 prendre une d\u00e9cision active pour ne pas subir de pression de la part des autres. Par exemple, en disant non \u00e0 la troisi\u00e8me portion de g\u00e2teau.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comment inciter vos patients non seulement \u00e0 changer ce qu&#8217;ils font, mais aussi \u00e0 maintenir de nouveaux comportements de sant\u00e9 \u00e0 long terme?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Recommandations pratiques<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Restez motiv\u00e9<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; plus facile \u00e0 dire qu&#8217;\u00e0 faire. Demandez \u00e0 votre patient pourquoi il veut changer et maintenir un nouveau comportement en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, mentionnez ses succ\u00e8s pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents ou d&#8217;autres personnes qui ont lutt\u00e9 mais ont r\u00e9ussi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Surveillez<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; encouragez vos patients \u00e0 s&#8217;autor\u00e9guler et \u00e0 garder un \u0153il sur ce qu&#8217;ils font, par exemple en surveillant et en r\u00e9gulant leur sommeil, leur activit\u00e9, leur r\u00e9gime alimentaire, leur consommation de substances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Tout le monde a besoin de ressources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; assurez-vous que vos patients disposent de ce dont ils ont besoin pour r\u00e9ussir en termes de ressources psychologiques et physiques, par exemple en dormant suffisamment et en faisant des r\u00e9serves d&#8217;aliments sains.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Travaillez sur les habitudes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; avoir de bonnes habitudes est le meilleur pr\u00e9dicteur d&#8217;un changement durable de comportement en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9. Afin de prendre de bonnes habitudes, votre patient peut \u00e9laborer un plan \u00ab\u00a0si puis\u00a0\u00bb qui associe des indices \u00e0 des actions, par exemple, lorsque je vois mes chaussures de marche pr\u00e8s de la porte, je vais faire une promenade.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>L&#8217;environnement doit \u00eatre favorable<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; votre patient doit \u00eatre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dans un environnement favorable avec un acc\u00e8s aux ressources et aux personnes qui lui apportent un soutien. Il est bon de v\u00e9rifier avec le patient si l&#8217;endroit o\u00f9 il vit et travaille est propice \u00e0 son changement de comportement, si ce n&#8217;est pas le cas, comment cela pourrait-il s&#8217;am\u00e9liorer ? Votre patient peut \u00e9galement demander \u00e0 sa famille et \u00e0 ses amis de l&#8217;aider \u00e0 modifier durablement son comportement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[Translated by Nadine Berndt, Alexis Ruffault]<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"gtx-trans\" style=\"position: absolute; left: 631px; top: 48px;\">\n<div class=\"gtx-trans-icon\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia The ultimate goal of health promotion programmes is to promote long-lasting change and health care professionals can play a role and help patients to improve their health outcomes and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1724,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,27,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-habit","category-motivation","category-self-regulation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fr","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia The ultimate goal of health promotion programmes is to promote long-lasting change and health care professionals can play a role and help patients to improve their health outcomes and maintaining behaviour change. 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