{"id":218,"date":"2016-01-10T09:00:37","date_gmt":"2016-01-10T09:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=218"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:51:15","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:51:15","slug":"getting-into-the-habit-applying-the-science-of-habit-formation-to-the-real-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/fi\/2016\/01\/getting-into-the-habit-applying-the-science-of-habit-formation-to-the-real-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Tavaksi ottaminen &#8211; miten hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4\u00e4 tottumusten muodostamisen tiedett\u00e4 arkiel\u00e4m\u00e4ss\u00e4?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Benjamin Gardner, King&#8217;s College London<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Mik\u00e4 on \u2018tottumus\u2019?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Miksi sy\u00f6mme popcornia katsellessamme elokuvia? Suurimmalle osalle ihmisist\u00e4 vastaus on, ett\u00e4 popcornin sy\u00f6minen on tavanomainen reaktio elokuvien katselemiseen. Psykologit m\u00e4\u00e4rittelev\u00e4t <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\">\u2019tottumukset\u2019<\/a> teoiksi, jotka tapahtuvat automaattisesti tilanteiden (elokuvateatteri) ja niihin liittyvien reaktioiden (popcornin sy\u00f6minen) v\u00e4listen opittujen yhteyksien vuoksi.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Tottumuksiin liittyv\u00e4t yhteydet kehittyv\u00e4t, kun tietyss\u00e4 tilanteessa (elokuvateatteriin saapuminen) teemme s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti jotain (popcornin sy\u00f6minen), mik\u00e4 tuottaa haluttuja tuloksia (herkullinen maku). Ajan my\u00f6t\u00e4 n\u00e4m\u00e4 yhteydet vahvistuvat niin, ett\u00e4 pelkk\u00e4 tilanteen kohtaaminen automaattisesti laukaisee toiminnan ilman ett\u00e4 edes ajattelemme, mit\u00e4 olemme tekem\u00e4ss\u00e4. Tietoisen p\u00e4\u00e4t\u00f6ksenteon ohittamalla tottumukset vapauttavat mielen resursseja teht\u00e4ville, jotka vaativat enemm\u00e4n tietoista ajattelua.<\/p>\n<p><em>Miten opimme tottumuksia?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tottumusten oppimista on <a href=\"http:\/\/psychclassics.yorku.ca\/James\/Principles\/prin4.htm\">tutkittu<\/a> yli 150 vuotta, tosin enimm\u00e4kseen el\u00e4imill\u00e4. Hiljattain terveyspsykologit ovat ryhtyneet tutkimaan tottumusten muodostumista tosiel\u00e4m\u00e4ss\u00e4 ja sit\u00e4, miten tottumusten muodostamisella voisi edist\u00e4\u00e4 terveysk\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4. <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsp.674\/abstract\">Er\u00e4s tutkimus<\/a> osoitti, ett\u00e4 ensimm\u00e4iset uuden toiminnan toistot tuottivat nopeaa kasvua itsearvioidussa toiminnan automaattisuudessa (eli tottumuksen vahvuudessa), mutta my\u00f6hemmin kasvu hidastui ja lopulta tasoittui. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\">Havainnoivissa tutkimuksissa<\/a> on todettu, ett\u00e4 monet terveyteen liittyv\u00e4t toiminnot, kuten ruokavalinnat, liikunta (tai liikkumattomuus) ja liiallinen alkoholin k\u00e4ytt\u00f6, tehd\u00e4\u00e4n tottumuksesta, ei harkiten.<\/p>\n<p><em>Miten pitk\u00e4\u00e4n tottumuksen muodostaminen vie?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tieto t\u00e4st\u00e4 aiheesta on ristiriitaista. <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejsp.674\/abstract\">Er\u00e4\u00e4n tutkimuksen<\/a> mukaan tottumuksen syntymiseen kului keskim\u00e4\u00e4rin 66 p\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4, kun taas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25851609\">toisen tutkimuksen<\/a> mukaan uusien kuntosalilla k\u00e4vij\u00f6iden t\u00e4ytyi kuntoilla nelj\u00e4 kertaa viikossa kuuden viikon ajan tehd\u00e4kseen liikunnasta tavan. Joka tapauksessa plastiikkakirurgi Maxwell Maltzin aloittama urbaanilegenda, jonka mukaan tottumuksen kehittyminen vie 21 p\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4, <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.ucl.ac.uk\/hbrc\/2012\/06\/29\/busting-the-21-days-habit-formation-myth\/\">on osoitettu virheelliseksi<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Kysymys tottumuksen muodostamisesta ei ole niin yksinkertainen kuin milt\u00e4 se vaikuttaa. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230576970_Promoting_habit_formation\">Ei ole olemassa objektiivisia kriteereit\u00e4 tottumuksen olemassaolon tunnistamiseksi<\/a>, joten on mahdotonta sanoa varmuudella, ett\u00e4 jollain henkil\u00f6ll\u00e4 \u201con tottumus\u201d ja toisella ei ole. Tottumuksia onkin realistisempaa hahmottaa joko-tai \u2013ajattelun sijaan jatkumona. Siksi tottumuksen muodostumisen kestoa on hankalaa arvioida luotettavasti.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e4st\u00e4 huolimatta hyv\u00e4 uutinen on se, ett\u00e4 <a href=\"https:\/\/ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12966-014-0135-7\">interventiotutkimusten<\/a> osallistujat, jotka toistavat uusia toimintoja p\u00e4ivitt\u00e4in, raportoivat tyypillisesti, ett\u00e4 n\u00e4ist\u00e4 toiminnoista tulee \u201cluontaisia\u201d tai \u201cosa rutiinia\u201d kahdessa viikossa.<\/p>\n<p><em>Miten tottumuksia voi hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen muutoksessa?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tottumusten muodostaminen on t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen muutoksessa, sill\u00e4 tottumusten ajatellaan kest\u00e4v\u00e4n pitk\u00e4ll\u00e4 aikav\u00e4lill\u00e4. Yll\u00e4tt\u00e4v\u00e4n harvat tutkimukset ovat hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4neet tottumusten muodostamista terveydelle hy\u00f6dyllisen k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen edist\u00e4misess\u00e4. Toteutetut tutkimukset ovat kuitenkin tuottaneet <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\">lupaavia tuloksia.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Esimerkiksi <a href=\"https:\/\/ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12966-014-0135-7\">vanhemmat<\/a>, jotka saivat neuvoja lasten terveellisen ruokavalion (hedelmien ja vihannesten sy\u00f6minen, terveelliset v\u00e4lipalat, riitt\u00e4v\u00e4 veden juominen) toteuttamiseen liittyvien tottumusten muodostamiseen, raportoivat 8 viikkoa my\u00f6hemmin muodostaneensa terveellisempi\u00e4 \u201cruokkimistottumuksia\u201d ja siten parantaneensa lastensa ruokavalion laatua (Garder ym., 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Er\u00e4s <a href=\"http:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1921-0\">interventio<\/a> kannusti yhdist\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n kevyeen fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen liittyvi\u00e4 tottumuksia tavallisesti istuen toteutettaviin rutiineihin palvelutalossa. Se v\u00e4hensi vanhusten istuen vietetty\u00e4 aikaa ja lis\u00e4si k\u00e4vely\u00e4 sek\u00e4 kevytt\u00e4 aktiivisuutta.<\/p>\n<p>Lopuksi muutama varoituksen sana. Mit\u00e4 se, ett\u00e4 toiminnan sanotaan olevan \u201ctottumus\u201d todella tarkoittaa? Jos joku esimerkiksi raportoi <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\">\u201cliikkuvansa 30 minuuttia ajattelematta sit\u00e4\u201d<\/a>, mit\u00e4 h\u00e4n tarkoittaa? On harvinaista, ett\u00e4 teemme puolen tunnin ajan jotain olematta lainkaan tietoisia siit\u00e4. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.news.iastate.edu\/news\/2015\/07\/09\/exercisehabit\">Olemme hiljattain esitt\u00e4neet<\/a>, ett\u00e4 toiminnassa voi olla kyse tottumuksesta kahdella tapaa: voimme totutusti \u2018p\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4\u00e4 ryhty\u00e4\u2019 tekem\u00e4\u00e4n jotain (t\u00e4m\u00e4 on \u201caloittamistottumus\u201d) tai totutusti \u2018tehd\u00e4\u2019 joitain (\u201ctoteuttamistottumus\u201d). <a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/journals\/hea\/35\/1\/69\/\">Liikunnan aloittamistottumus<\/a> (tilanne saa automaattisesti aikaan impulssin aloittaa liikkuminen) ennustaa ihmisten liikkumisen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4. Sen sijaan liikunnan toteuttamistottumus, jossa yksi osa liikuntarutiinia (esim. juoksumatolla juoksemisen lopettaminen) saa aikaan impulssin seuraavan osan toteuttamiseen (vapaiden painojen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6) ei ennusta liikkumisen m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4\u00e4.<\/p>\n<p><em>K\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6n suositukset:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Suosittelemme, ett\u00e4 terveyden edist\u00e4misen ammattilaiset harkitsevat tottumuksen eli rutiinien muodostamisen periaatteiden lis\u00e4\u00e4mist\u00e4 elintapaneuvontaan. T\u00e4m\u00e4n voi toteuttaa monilla tavoilla.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Toista k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4 s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti. <\/strong>Ammattilaisten kannattaa suositella potilaille ja asiakkaille, ett\u00e4 k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4 toistetaan s\u00e4\u00e4nn\u00f6llisesti reaktiona tiettyyn tilanteeseen. N\u00e4in tottumuksen muodostumiseen tarvittavat yhteydet syntyv\u00e4t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Valitse t\u00e4sm\u00e4llinen k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytyminen ja vihje (\u201ctrigger\u201d). <\/strong>Tottumuksia muodostettaessa varmista, ett\u00e4 valittu toiminta on tarkasti m\u00e4\u00e4ritelty ja valittu vihje kohdataan riitt\u00e4v\u00e4n usein. Ei kannata esimerkiksi yritt\u00e4\u00e4 muodostaa tapaa sellaisen vihjeen avulla, jonka kohtaa vain kerran vuodessa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Varmista, ett\u00e4 haluat toteuttaa k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4. <\/strong>Ihmiset toteuttavat tyypillisesti sinnikk\u00e4\u00e4mmin k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4, jotka he ovat saaneet itse valita, kuin k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymist\u00e4, johon he kokevat tulleensa painostetuksi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aloita yksinkertaisista k\u00e4ytt\u00e4ytymisen muutoksista. <\/strong>Yksinkertaisemmat toiminnot saattavat muodostua tottumuksiksi nopeammin kuin monimutkaisemmat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pid\u00e4 odotukset realistisina. <\/strong>Selit\u00e4 selke\u00e4sti, mit\u00e4 ihmiset voivat odottaa tottumuksilta. Tottumuksen muodostumista voi parhaiten kuvailla sis\u00e4isen muistutuksen asettamiseksi jonkun asian tekemiselle tietyss\u00e4 tilanteessa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Er\u00e4s paikka, jossa voit ryhty\u00e4 korvaamaan huonoja tottumuksia paremmilla on elokuvateatteri. Saatat yll\u00e4tty\u00e4 siit\u00e4, miten mukavalta etuk\u00e4teen ostetut viiniryp\u00e4leet tuntuvat tavallisen popcornin sijaan \u2013 jos vain onnistut ohittamaan popcornin tuoksun&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Translation: Katariina K\u00f6ykk\u00e4, Nelli Hankonen<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Benjamin Gardner, King&#8217;s College London What is a \u2018habit\u2019? Why do we eat popcorn while watching movies? The answer, for most, is that eating popcorn is a habitual response to watching movies. Psychologists define \u2018habitual\u2019 behaviours as actions that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":407,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-habit"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"fi","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Benjamin Gardner, King&#039;s College London What is a \u2018habit\u2019? 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Why do we eat popcorn while watching movies? The answer, for most, is that eating popcorn is a habitual response to watching movies. 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