{"id":5019,"date":"2026-06-21T23:55:56","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T23:55:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?post_type=module&#038;p=5019"},"modified":"2026-09-10T09:20:16","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T09:20:16","slug":"module-5","status":"publish","type":"module","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/et\/module\/module-5\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00e4itumisteaduse kasutamine COVID\u201119 diagnoosimise ja ravi toetamiseks riskir\u00fchmades"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Autorid: Tracy Epton, University of Manchester, Suurbritannia; Lisa Marie Warner, MSB Medical School Berlin, Saksamaa; Aleksandra Lazic, s\u00f5ltumatu uurija, Belgrad, Serbia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Riskir\u00fchmade patsientide n\u00f5ustamine COVID<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19 teemal v\u00f5ib tunduda kui mitme paralleelse vestluse pidamine. Loomulikult on meil vaja jagada kliinilist infot, kuid patsient toob endaga kaasa palju muudki \u2013 kultuurist kujundatud uskumused, varasemad kogemused tervishoius\u00fcsteemis, stigmaga seotud hirmud, vastuolulised s\u00f5numid sotsiaalmeediast ja igap\u00e4evaelu pinged. K\u00e4itumisteadus aitab need l\u00f5imed lahti harutada ning muuta kogu protsessi sujuvamaks, arvestavamaks ja tulemuslikumaks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00dcks v\u00e4ljakutsetest algab juba diagnoosimise hetkel. Paljud tervishoiut\u00f6\u00f6tajad muretsevad tundliku info edastamise p\u00e4rast \u2013 eriti kui aega on v\u00e4he v\u00f5i patsiendi reaktsiooni ei osata ette n\u00e4ha. Patsient v\u00f5ib samal ajal olla saanud v\u00e4\u00e4rinfot (\u201etestid pole t\u00e4psed\u201c, \u201eCOVID-19 ei ole enam t\u00f5sine\u201c) v\u00f5i suhtuda tervishoius\u00fcsteemi varasemate kogemuste t\u00f5ttu ettevaatlikult. M\u00f5ni muretseb, mida diagnoos t\u00e4hendab tema t\u00f6\u00f6, pere v\u00f5i kogukonna jaoks.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sellesse vestlusse minnes astume v\u00e4ga inimlikku, mitte \u00fcksnes meditsiinilisse ruumi. Patsiendil v\u00f5ib olla raske oma tervisest r\u00e4\u00e4kida \u2013 ta v\u00f5ib tunda h\u00e4bi, end hinnatuna v\u00f5i muretseda, et on teinud halbu tervisevalikuid. Sellisel juhul v\u00f5ib ta k\u00e4ituda kaitsvalt, n\u00e4iteks eitada ravi vajadust, alahinnata COVID-19 raskust v\u00f5i uskuda, et ravi ei toimi. Vaata soovituste 1. sammu, kuidas luua diagnoosimiseks turvaline ruum, kummutada v\u00e4\u00e4rinfot ja v\u00e4hendada kaitsvat reaktsiooni.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kui patsient on diagnoosi m\u00f5istnud, on j\u00e4rgmine v\u00e4ljakutse motivatsioon, mis harva tekib \u00fcksnes riskiteabest. Paljudel k\u00f5rgendatud riskiga patsientidel \u2013 eriti neil, kes tunnevad end vaid kergelt halvasti v\u00f5i on t\u00e4iesti s\u00fcmptomivabad \u2013 on raske m\u00f5ista, miks on vaja kiiret ravi. Teised kahtlevad, kas viirusvastane ravi \u00fcldse aitab, v\u00f5i muretsevad k\u00f5rvaltoimete p\u00e4rast. M\u00f5ni ei n\u00e4e end \u201ek\u00f5rge<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">riskiga\u201c inimesena v\u00f5i tal v\u00f5ivad olla ravimeid puudutavad usulised v\u00f5i kultuurilised veendumused, mis muudavad otsuse keerukamaks. Sageli saab neid muresid lahendada k\u00e4itumise muutmise tehnikate abil (vaata 2. sammu).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isegi kui patsient on t\u00e4ielikult motiveeritud, v\u00f5ivad raviga alustades tekkida takistused. Ta v\u00f5ib unustada ravimit v\u00f5tta, segadusse sattuda juhiste osas v\u00f5i tal on konkureerivad kohustused \u2013 perekond, t\u00f6\u00f6. Ka m\u00f5ne p\u00e4eva j\u00e4rel tekkinud parem enesetunne v\u00f5ib viia ravi varajase katkestamiseni. Ravisoostumus ei s\u00f5ltu \u00fcksnes tahtest \u2013 see s\u00f5ltub sellest, kuidas ravi sobitub igap\u00e4evarutiini. Seda saab toetada ennetava planeerimise abil (vaata 3. sammu).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u00f5rge<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">riskiga patsientide toetamine COVID<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2011<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19 diagnoosimise ja ravi protsessis toimib k\u00f5ige paremini siis, kui k\u00e4itumisteadus on \u00fchendatud kultuurilise tundlikkusega; j\u00e4rgnevad soovitused p\u00f5hinevad m\u00f5lemal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Praktilised soovitused<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>1. samm: Loo diagnoosimiseks turvaline ja austav \u00f5hkkond<br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alusta patsiendi tugevuste v\u00f5i v\u00e4\u00e4rtuste tunnustamisest \u2013 see v\u00e4hendab kaitsvat hoiakut ja loob usaldusliku kontakti. \u00dcks viis kaitsvate reaktsioonide v\u00e4hendamiseks on niinimetatud <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201e<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000116\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kinnitav l\u00e4henemine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mille puhul julgustatakse patsienti hetkeks m\u00f5tisklema oma tugevuste ja oluliste eluga seotud rollide \u00fcle \u2013 n\u00e4iteks, et ta on teistele oluline inimene, hooliv partner, lapsevanem v\u00f5i kolleeg \u2013, selle asemel et keskenduda nakatumisele kui tagasil\u00f6\u00f6gile. See v\u00f5ib toetada enesehinnangut ja suurendada t\u00f5en\u00e4osust, et patsient m\u00f5istab diagnoosi ja n\u00f5ustub edasiste ravisammudega. Kui ilmneb v\u00e4\u00e4rinfo, kummuta see rahulikult, kasutades nn faktiv\u00f5ileiva tehnikat: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/repository.essex.ac.uk\/29625\/1\/The%20COVID-19%20Vaccine%20Communication%20Handbook.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">esita fakt, maini l\u00fchidalt m\u00fc\u00fcti, selgita, miks see on ebat\u00e4pne, ja tule fakti juurde tagasi<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17061\/phrp3112105\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On kriitiline, et selgitused oleksid lihtsad ja kultuuriliselt asjakohased<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, eriti madala tervisekirjaoskuse v\u00f5i piiratud keeleoskusega patsientide puhul.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>2. samm: Kasuta motivatsiooni toetamiseks selgeid ja kaasahaaravaid suhtlust\u00f6\u00f6riistu<br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-016-3685-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Motiveeriva intervjueerimise tehnikad<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 avatud k\u00fcsimused, peegeldav kuulamine ja kinnitused \u2013 aitavad patsiendil leida oma isiklikud p\u00f5hjused ravi kaalumiseks, mis on palju tulemuslikum kui \u00fcksnes veenmine. Patsienti aitavad ka <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2023.107752\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lood<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (n\u00e4iteks l\u00fchike lugu teise patsiendi kogemusest) ja <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720817690634\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">visuaalsed abivahendid<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (infograafikud v\u00f5i illustratsioonid, n\u00e4iteks lihtne joonis, mis n\u00e4itab viiruse koormust ravimi m\u00f5jul ja ilma). Need aitavad selgitada, miks on varajane ravi oluline, ning muuta seisundi halvenemise riski k\u00e4egakatsutavamaks ja arusaadavamaks. Patsienti saab julgustada kaaluma ravi poolt- ja vastuargumente <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">arvestades mitte ainult enda tervist, vaid ka seda, kuidas paranemine m\u00f5jutab tema sotsiaalset keskkonda<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (n\u00e4iteks olla pere jaoks olemas v\u00f5i s\u00e4ilitada l\u00e4hedased suhted). Eriti vanemaealiste puhul v\u00f5ivad <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09637214211011468?casa_token=aEdlmPSHueUAAAAA:DdR-OMhh_KoihduLSQgSRLg39bB14Xez_e21OhmojPixdhyC3chyzPxDLM6davjBCxkSIYjHkFIt\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ravi emotsionaalselt t\u00e4hendusrikkad ja l\u00fchiajalised kasud<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (n\u00e4iteks kiire taastumine, et lapselapsega kohtuda) olla veenvamad kui pikaajalised tervise eesm\u00e4rgid (n\u00e4iteks uute haiguste lisandumisega seotud riskide v\u00e4ltimine).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>3. samm: Toeta ravisoostumust praktilise planeerimise kaudu<br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loo koos patsiendiga konkreetne <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2017.1331305\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tegevusplaan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 kus ravimit hoida, millal ravimiannuseid p\u00e4evarutiini sobitada ja millised m\u00e4rguanded ravimi v\u00f5tmist meelde tuletavad. See teeb ravisoostumuse hallatavamaks ja v\u00e4hem m\u00e4lust s\u00f5ltuvaks. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10463283.2024.2334563\">Kavatsuse rakendamise strateegia<\/a> (\u201eKui ma olen ravimi v\u00f5tmise ajal t\u00f6\u00f6l, siis ma\u2026\u201c) aitab ravi j\u00e4tkata ka siis, kui rutiin muutub.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Tabletikarbid, \u00e4ratused ja visuaalsed m\u00e4rguanded toetavad j\u00e4rjepidevat ravi j\u00e4tkamist.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patsienti saab aidata ka probleemide ennetaval lahendamisel \u2013 koos saab juba l\u00e4bi m\u00f5elda v\u00f5imalikud takistused ravimi v\u00f5tmisel ja kavandada lahendusi. Julgusta patsienti otsima tuge oma sotsiaalsest v\u00f5rgustikust, kus inimesed v\u00f5ivad isegi tervitada v\u00f5imalust aidata.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K\u00f5ige t\u00e4htsam on kultuuriliselt tundlik ravi igas etapis. Uskumuste, perekondlike rollide v\u00f5i eelistatud keele kohta k\u00fcsimine aitab tagada, et plaan tundub patsiendile lugupidav ja realistlik. \u00dchendades usaldusliku kontaktiloomise, motiveeriva toe ja praktilise planeerimise, saavad tervishoiut\u00f6\u00f6tajad parandada ravitulemusi ja v\u00e4hendada ebav\u00f5rdsust nende patsientide jaoks, kes seda k\u00f5ige rohkem vajavad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00f5lkis Mariliis \u00d6eren<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5172,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false},"class_list":["post-5019","module","type-module","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.5","language":"et","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Tracy Epton, University of Manchester, UK, Lisa Marie Warner, MSB Medical School Berlin, Germany, and Aleksandra Lazic, an independent researcher from Belgrade, Serbia Working with high\u2011risk patients around COVID\u201119 can feel like navigating several conversations at once. 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