{"id":1714,"date":"2020-08-25T12:02:32","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T12:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1714"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:17:23","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:17:23","slug":"how-to-maintain-health-behaviours-long-term","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/da\/2020\/08\/how-to-maintain-health-behaviours-long-term\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvordan opretholder man sunde vaner p\u00e5 langt sigt?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Det ultimative m\u00e5l med <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.pl\/books?id=jyE-E9939wkC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=planning+health+promotion+programs+an+intervention+mapping+approach&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwilhN7l98jlAhV_xMQBHVg3CScQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=planning%20health%20promotion%20programs%20an%20intervention%20mapping%20approach&amp;f=false\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sundhedsfremmende tiltag<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> er at skabe l\u00e6ngerevarende forandring og sundhedsprofessionelle kan hj\u00e6lpe patienterne til at forbedre deres helbred og bibeholde adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndringer. Vi ved at det er sv\u00e6rt at p\u00e5begynde en adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndring og <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21196792\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">endnu sv\u00e6rere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at holde ved den p\u00e5 l\u00e6ngere sigt. Et af de store sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, inden for sundhedspsykologi, er, hvorfor det er s\u00e5 sv\u00e6rt at holde ved.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For at besvare dette sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l har vores gruppe studeret teorier, der forklarer, hvordan folk \u00e6ndrer adf\u00e6rd og herefter holder fast ved de positive \u00e6ndringer, s\u00e5som rygestop og \u00f8get fysisk aktivitet. Vi har fundet <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2016.1151372\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100 teorier<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, der forklarer, hvordan folk opn\u00e5r en vedvarende adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndring. Den gode nyhed, for dem der arbejder med sundhedsfremme, er at disse 100 teorier kan opsummeres til fem n\u00f8gleomr\u00e5der, der skal adresseres, hvis en vedvarende adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndring skal opn\u00e5s.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>At vedligeholde motivationen <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">er vigtigt, n\u00e5r vi opstarter nye sundere vaner, s\u00e5som at starte i fitness, begynde at l\u00f8be, spise sundt, eller undg\u00e5 at spise fast-food eller drikke for meget alkohol.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ikke overraskende er vores motivation ogs\u00e5 afg\u00f8rende, n\u00e5r en egentlig adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndring skal etableres. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2019\/01\/motivation-and-the-first-steps-toward-physical-activity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Motivation svinger over tid<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, og for at opretholde den nye positive sundhedsadf\u00e6rd er vi n\u00f8dt til at finde nogle effektive strategier, der virker, selv n\u00e5r motivationen falder. Det kan f.eks. g\u00f8res ved at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.766832\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planl\u00e6gge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, hvad du g\u00f8r, n\u00e5r du st\u00e5r over for potentielle barrierer. For eksempel kan du planl\u00e6gge at &#8220;n\u00e5r det regner udenfor, s\u00e5 tr\u00e6ner jeg derhjemme i stedet for at g\u00e5 i fitness eller l\u00f8be en tur&#8221;.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Med ordet<\/span><b> selvregulering <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">menes, at du skal at holde \u00f8je med, hvad du g\u00f8r. At <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/07\/self-regulation-from-theory-to-practice-supporting-your-patients-goals-for-change\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">monitorere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sin adf\u00e6rd er vigtig for at identificere, om din nuv\u00e6rende adf\u00e6rd er uhensigtsm\u00e6ssig og kan \u00e6ndres, hvis der er behov for dette. For at finde ud af, om dit <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2019\/01\/motivation-and-the-first-steps-toward-physical-activity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fysiske aktivitetsniveau<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> er et problem, skal du v\u00e6re opm\u00e6rksom p\u00e5, hvor aktiv du er hver dag. Du kan bruge en app til at se, hvor mange skridt du tager hver dag, eller du kan notere, hvor mange minutter du er aktiv hver dag og l\u00e6gge m\u00e6rke til intensiteten. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/dietphysicalactivity\/factsheet_adults\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WHO\u2019s retningslinjer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> siger, at vi har brug for cirka 30 minutter med fysisk aktivitet med moderat intensitet hver dag, og hvis du er klar over, at du er langt fra at overholde disse retningslinjer, skal du <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2017\/04\/the-power-of-planning\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planl\u00e6gge<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, hvad du skal \u00e6ndre, for at opretholde regelm\u00e6ssig aktivitet, dvs. ved at specificere hvorn\u00e5r, hvor og hvordan du vil lave disse \u00e6ndringer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Ressourcer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, herunder psykologiske og fysiske, er vigtige, n\u00e5r man skal fastholde en \u00e6ndring i sin sundhedsadf\u00e6rd. For eksempel er det vanskeligt at forblive sund (tr\u00e6ne, spise rigtigt), n\u00e5r du f\u00f8ler dig udk\u00f8rt, stresset, lav p\u00e5 energi, eller hvis du ikke sover godt om natten. Der er brug for st\u00e6rke psykologiske ressourcer for at kunne opretholde en sundhedsfremmende adf\u00e6rd. Man skal f\u00f8le sig fuld af energi, udhvilet og i balance. Fysiske ressourcer er ogs\u00e5 vigtige; vi er n\u00f8dt til at indrette omgivelserne omkring os for at kunne leve sundt. For eksempel kan vi ikke spise sundt, hvis vi ikke har let adgang til sunde f\u00f8devarer, og vi kan ikke tage medicin, hvis vi simpelthen ikke har adgang til dem. Psykologiske og fysiske ressourcer sikrer s\u00e5ledes, at vi kan bevare en sund livsstil.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Vaner<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; alle taler om vaner, og almindelige mennesker forst\u00e5r dem <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/habit\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lidt anderledes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> end psykologer. For en sundhedspsykolog udvikler <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vaner<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sig, som svar p\u00e5 en specifik situation, hvor man konsekvent udf\u00f8rer en handling, for at opn\u00e5 noget specifikt. D\u00e5rlige vaner, som at ryge eller spise sent om aftenen, er vanskelige at \u00e6ndre, da vi udf\u00f8rer adf\u00e6rden per automatik og ikke l\u00e6ngere stiller sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5lstegn ved den. For at fastholde en sund adf\u00e6rd, er vi n\u00f8dt til at bryde d\u00e5rlige vaner og lave sunde nye vaner, og psykologien giver os nogle <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2016\/01\/getting-into-the-habit-applying-the-science-of-habit-formation-to-the-real-world\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gode handlingsrettede l\u00f8sninger<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> til, hvordan vi g\u00f8r det. Det <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.695.830&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tager tid at danne nye gode vaner<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> og \u00e6ndre de gamle. En popul\u00e6r adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndringsteknik er at overv\u00e5ge signaler (hvad der udl\u00f8ser den s\u00e6rlige adf\u00e6rd) og reagere med ensartet adf\u00e6rd, p\u00e5 de samme signaler i samme kontekst.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Endelig skal det <\/span><b>milj\u00f8<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vi er i og de mennesker, der omgiver os, v\u00e6re st\u00f8ttende over for os for, at vi skal kunne bevare en positiv sundhedsadf\u00e6rd. N\u00e5r vi \u00e6ndrer vores adf\u00e6rd, er vi ofte n\u00f8dt til at \u00e6ndre vores milj\u00f8 eller <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.behavioraleconomics.com\/resources\/mini-encyclopedia-of-be\/nudge\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omstrukturere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> det. Mennesker omkring os er en vigtig del af vores <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/2018\/01\/social-support-and-health-behavior-how-to-move-from-well-intentioned-to-skilled-support\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">milj\u00f8<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Familie, venner og mennesker, som vi tilbringer tid sammen med, har indflydelse p\u00e5, hvor sunde vi er. De kan hj\u00e6lpe os med at forbedre os ved at tilskynde eller v\u00e6re vores forbilleder, men de kan ogs\u00e5 have en negativ indvirkning ved at friste os til at ryge cigaretter og drikke alkohol med dem. Vi anbefaler ikke, at du holder op med at tilbringe tid med de venner, der er inaktive, drikker alkohol, ryger og spiser usund mad. Vi opfordrer dig til at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/eprint\/7jxgECAMUbvMQ7WzAKvs\/full\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dele dine sundhedsm\u00e5l<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> og tage en aktiv beslutning om ikke at blive presset af andre. For eksempel ved at sige nej tredje gang kagen bliver budt rundt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hvordan inspirerer du dine patienter til ikke kun at \u00e6ndre, hvad de g\u00f8r, men ogs\u00e5 til at opretholde en sundhedsadf\u00e6rd p\u00e5 lang sigt?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Praktiske r\u00e5d<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Hold dem motiveret<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; lettere sagt end gjort. Sp\u00f8rg din patient, hvorfor de \u00f8nsker varigt at \u00e6ndre sundhedsadf\u00e6rd, n\u00e6vn tidligere succeser eller fort\u00e6l dem om, hvordan andre mennesker har k\u00e6mpet og er lykkedes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Monitorer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Tilskynd dine patienter til at monitorere og holde \u00f8je med deres handlinger, f.eks. ved at monitorere og regulere s\u00f8vn, aktivitet, kost og rusmidler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Alle har brug for ressourcer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; s\u00f8rg for, at dine patienter har, hvad de skal bruge for at f\u00e5 succes i form af psykologiske og fysiske ressourcer, f.eks. ved at de f\u00e5r nok s\u00f8vn og har adgang til sund kost.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Arbejd p\u00e5 vanerne<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Gode vaner er den allerbedste pr\u00e6diktor for langvarig sundhedsadf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndring. For at udvikle gode vaner kan din patient lave en plan, der forbinder bestemte signaler med handlinger, f.eks.: n\u00e5r jeg ser mine tr\u00e6ningssko ved d\u00f8ren, g\u00e5r jeg en tur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Omgivelserne skal v\u00e6re st\u00f8ttende<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; din patient skal integreres i et st\u00f8ttende milj\u00f8 med adgang til ressourcer og mennesker, der bakker vedkommende op. Det er godt at tjekke med patienten, om det sted, hvor han \/ hun bor og arbejder, er underst\u00f8ttende i forhold til adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndringen, hvis det ikke er tilf\u00e6ldet, hvordan kan det s\u00e5 forbedres? St\u00f8t ogs\u00e5 din patient i at bede familie og venner om at bakke op om en varig adf\u00e6rds\u00e6ndring.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[oversat af Elisabeth Ginnerup]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia The ultimate goal of health promotion programmes is to promote long-lasting change and health care professionals can play a role and help patients to improve their health outcomes and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1724,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,27,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-habit","category-motivation","category-self-regulation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.6","language":"da","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"{:en}By Dominika Kwasnicka, SWPS University, Poland and University of Melbourne, Australia The ultimate goal of health promotion programmes is to promote long-lasting change and health care professionals can play a role and help patients to improve their health outcomes and maintaining behaviour change. 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