{"id":5067,"date":"2026-07-06T07:21:49","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T07:21:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=5067"},"modified":"2026-07-14T11:47:10","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T11:47:10","slug":"the-integrative-model-of-adjustment-to-continuous-challenges-imacc-understanding-and-supporting-biopsychosocial-adjustment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2026\/07\/the-integrative-model-of-adjustment-to-continuous-challenges-imacc-understanding-and-supporting-biopsychosocial-adjustment\/","title":{"rendered":"Integra\u010dn\u00ed model p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se neust\u00e1l\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m (IMACC): porozum\u011bn\u00ed a podpora biopsychosoci\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lis Dreijer Hammond, Aalborg University (DK), Christian Karlsen Hansen & Martin Lehmkuhl Kristensen, Rehabilitation Centre for Refugees, North Jutland Regional Health Services (DK) and Chalotte Glintborg, Aalborg University (DK)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e dojde k nemoci nebo z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 negativn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti, \u017eivot se \u010dasto nevr\u00e1t\u00ed do podoby, jakou m\u011bl p\u0159edt\u00edm. Pro lidi \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed s dlouhodob\u00fdmi zdravotn\u00edmi stavy nen\u00ed v\u00fdzvou pouze zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznak\u016f, ale <\/span>p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9mu \u017eivotu.<\/span><\/a> Pokud je tento proces adaptace naru\u0161en, m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edvat k <\/span>\u00fazkosti, depresi, hor\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm fyzick\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed <\/span><\/a>a <\/span>zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fdch slu\u017eeb<\/span><\/a>. Odhady toho, jak dob\u0159e se lid\u00e9 p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdm stav\u016fm, se zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na tom, jak je adaptace m\u011b\u0159ena. Pod\u00edl osob se \u0161patnou adaptac\u00ed se odhaduje mezi <\/span>16.9<\/span><\/a> a <\/span>62%<\/span><\/a>. U dobr\u00e9 adaptace se odhady pohybuj\u00ed v rozmez\u00ed od <\/span>13<\/span><\/a> do <\/span>36.3%<\/span><\/a>. Celosv\u011btov\u011b \u017eije s dlouhodobou <\/span>multimorbiditou v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 miliarda lid\u00ed<\/span><\/a>. Pokud a\u017e dv\u011b t\u0159etiny z nich za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee s adaptac\u00ed, existuje nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 pot\u0159eba zlep\u0161it podporu p\u0159i p\u0159izp\u016fsobov\u00e1n\u00ed se dlouhodob\u00fdm zdravotn\u00edm stav\u016fm.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adaptace se neomezuje na dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch doporu\u010den\u00ed ani se net\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze zdravotn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/span>Integrativn\u00ed model adaptace na pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy (d\u0159\u00edve \u201ena chronick\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed”) (IMACC)<\/span><\/a> je teori\u00ed biopsychosoci\u00e1ln\u00edho procesu adaptace tak, jak ho pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 samotn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. Model IMACC byl vyvinut na z\u00e1klad\u011b studie zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na<\/span> diabetes 2. typu <\/span><\/a>a n\u00e1sledn\u011b <\/span>ov\u011b\u0159en z hlediska jeho pou\u017eitelnosti u epilepsie s n\u00e1stupem v dosp\u011blosti<\/span><\/a>. Spole\u010dn\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed modelu IMACC m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vhled do procesu adaptace dan\u00e9 osoby, jak je pops\u00e1no n\u00ed\u017ee.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Adaptace je norm\u00e1ln\u00ed a celo\u017eivotn\u00ed proces<\/span><\/a>, kdy\u017e se m\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivot, m\u011bn\u00edme se s n\u00edm. Negativn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed zm\u011bny v\u0161ak mohou b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnout. Model IMACC stanovuje, \u017ee aby ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot fungoval co nejl\u00e9pe, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nutn\u00e9 zm\u011bnit my\u0161lenky a chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 za nov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek ji\u017e nejsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1. Takov\u00e9 zm\u011bny se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed adapta\u010dn\u00ed \u00fakoly. Jejich \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed vede k lep\u0161\u00ed adaptaci, funk\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu ka\u017edodenn\u00edmu \u017eivotu a pozitivn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b identity. Pot\u00ed\u017ee s adaptac\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeny p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekami, kter\u00e9 br\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b, je\u017e mohou proces adaptace zablokovat a v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu v\u00e9st ke \u0161patn\u00e9 adaptaci, zhor\u0161en\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00edho a fyzick\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed a negativn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m identity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak je IMACC strukturov\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMACC se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00darove\u0148 1: Osobnost a \u017eivotn\u00ed zm\u011bny<\/strong> se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed minul\u00e9 osobnosti, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zam\u011b\u0159uje se na aspekty, kter\u00e9 mohou ovlivnit proces adaptace, bu\u010f jako p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky tohoto procesu, nebo jako siln\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, kter\u00e9 mohou adaptaci podpo\u0159it. Krom\u011b toho m\u016f\u017ee na proces adaptace p\u016fsobit tak\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed, ke kter\u00fdm doch\u00e1z\u00ed v souvislosti s negativn\u00edmi \u017eivotn\u00edmi ud\u00e1lostmi vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmi pot\u0159ebu adaptace, a to jak negativn\u011b (nap\u0159. pochyben\u00ed ve zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di), tak pozitivn\u011b (nap\u0159. podpora okol\u00ed).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00darove\u0148 2: Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fd cyklus adaptace<\/strong> se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z p\u011bti oblast\u00ed s adapta\u010dn\u00edmi \u00fakoly. Kdy\u017e se \u010dlov\u011bk ocitne tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 dlouhodob\u00e9mu zdravotn\u00edmu stavu nebo posti\u017een\u00ed, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 f\u00e1z\u00ed <\/span>Zhodnocen\u00ed situace<\/b>. V t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed reakce, jako je \u0161ok nebo hn\u011bv, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed o tom, co bude mo\u017en\u00e1 nutn\u00e9 zm\u011bnit, aby \u017eivot op\u011bt fungoval. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je rozv\u00edjen\u00ed motivace k adaptaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pot\u00e9 p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed do f\u00e1ze <\/span>U\u010den\u00ed<\/b>, kdy z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 znalosti o sv\u00e9m stavu a dostupn\u00fdch mo\u017enostech, a tak\u00e9 dovednosti pro sebe\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee. Obvykle to zahrnuje rozvoj nov\u00fdch postoj\u016f k \u017eivotu a k ostatn\u00edm. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli hraje tak\u00e9 <\/span>Okol\u00ed<\/b> \u010dlov\u011bka. Rodina, zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci a \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed adaptaci, stejn\u011b jako vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edho okol\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00edch rol\u00ed danou osobou.<\/span><\/p>\n

S postupuj\u00edc\u00ed adaptac\u00ed je t\u0159eba, aby se \u010dlov\u011bk v\u011bnoval f\u00e1zi <\/span>Pou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/b>, tedy zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ztr\u00e1t spojen\u00fdch s d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi schopnostmi nebo budouc\u00edmi sny a pl\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e nejsou uskute\u010dniteln\u00e9. Postoje nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v nov\u00e9 situaci p\u0159estaly fungovat, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nutn\u00e9 opustit. Postupem \u010dasu m\u016f\u017ee \u010dlov\u011bk pro ka\u017edou zm\u011bnu dos\u00e1hnout f\u00e1ze <\/span>P\u0159ijet\u00ed a integrace<\/b> nov\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota t\u00edm, \u017ee nov\u00e9 postoje a chov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010dlen\u00ed a udr\u017e\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee pro ka\u017edou ot\u00e1zku vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bnu \u010dlov\u011bk proch\u00e1z\u00ed <\/span>pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fdm cyklem adaptace<\/b>, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u011bkolik oblast\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt aktivn\u00edch sou\u010dasn\u011b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Level 3: Udr\u017eovac\u00ed cyklus<\/strong> se zam\u011b\u0159uje na to, co se stane v n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch situac\u00edch. Jedn\u00e1 se o klasick\u00fd kognitivn\u011b-behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed udr\u017eovac\u00ed cyklus s jedn\u00edm rozd\u00edlem: kognice jsou charakterizov\u00e1ny konfliktem mezi f\u00e1z\u00ed Zhodnocen\u00ed situace nebo U\u010den\u00ed (v z\u00e1vislosti na tom, kde v procesu adaptace se \u010dlov\u011bk zasekl), f\u00e1z\u00ed Pou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a Okol\u00edm. Pro ilustraci lze uv\u00e9st (stereo-)typick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad \u017eeny, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed nau\u010dit se v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159it na p\u00e9\u010di o sebe, ale nedok\u00e1\u017ee se vzd\u00e1t sv\u00e9 role osoby, kter\u00e1 va\u0159\u00ed a ukl\u00edz\u00ed, ze strachu, \u017ee by byla \u201e\u0161patnou matkou” nebo \u201e\u0161patnou man\u017eelkou”. Udr\u017een\u00ed bl\u00edzk\u00fdch vztah\u016f (soci\u00e1ln\u00ed okol\u00ed) se j\u00ed zd\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u00e9\u010de o sebe (hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00fd postoj).<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stanovte smyslupln\u00fd c\u00edl<\/strong>:<\/b> Podpo\u0159te reflexi toho, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bny v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b dan\u00e9 osoby by mohly m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed dopad (nap\u0159. zm\u011bna zdravotn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed). Prodiskutujte, jak m\u016f\u017ee tuto zm\u011bnu za\u010dlenit do sv\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed rutiny. Konkr\u00e9tnost ohledn\u011b podrobnost\u00ed (\u010das, m\u00edsto apod.) usnad\u0148uje zah\u00e1jen\u00ed. Zeptejte se, co by pro ni tato zm\u011bna znamenala \u2013 a co by znamenalo, pokud se zm\u011bna <\/span>neuskute\u010dn\u00ed<\/b>. Smyslupln\u00e9 c\u00edle pom\u00e1haj\u00ed udr\u017eet motivaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pracujte s p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekami:<\/strong> Projd\u011bte si pokusy o zaveden\u00ed zm\u011bny a normalizujte p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 obt\u00ed\u017ee. Proberte ned\u00e1vn\u00fd pokus o zm\u011bnu a naslouchejte hlubok\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m a postoj\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se za n\u00edm skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed (nap\u0159. \u201eMus\u00edm nejd\u0159\u00edve pomoci ostatn\u00edm, a\u017e pak sob\u011b” nebo \u201eMus\u00edm dokon\u010dit \u00fakol, ne\u017e si odpo\u010dinu”).<\/span><\/p>\n

Zva\u017ete roli ostatn\u00edch<\/strong>:<\/b> Zeptejte se dan\u00e9 osoby, jak\u00fd dopad by podle jej\u00edho n\u00e1zoru mohla m\u00edt tato zm\u011bna na bl\u00edzk\u00e9 vztahy. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pokud pot\u0159eba zlep\u0161it p\u00e9\u010di o sebe znamen\u00e1 d\u011blat m\u00e9n\u011b pro ostatn\u00ed, jak\u00e9 d\u016fsledky by to podle n\u00ed mohlo m\u00edt? Co by to znamenalo pro jej\u00ed identitu (nap\u0159. zm\u011bna \u017eivotn\u00edch rol\u00ed)? Co si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee by si ostatn\u00ed mohli myslet, \u0159\u00edkat nebo d\u011blat?<\/span><\/p>\n

Podpo\u0159te vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed o zm\u011bn\u011b<\/strong>:<\/b> O \u010dem by dan\u00e1 osoba mohla pot\u0159ebovat mluvit s ostatn\u00edmi? Mo\u017en\u00e1 bude pot\u0159ebovat zjistit, co to pro ostatn\u00ed znamen\u00e1 (nam\u00edsto spol\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed se na vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady). Mo\u017en\u00e1 bude pot\u0159ebovat vyjednat \u00fapravy ka\u017edodenn\u00edch rutin nebo zlep\u0161it sv\u00e9 dovednosti v komunikov\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch pot\u0159eb (nap\u0159. kol\u00edsaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b bolesti \u2013 co mohou ostatn\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee bude schopna dnes zvl\u00e1dnout).<\/span><\/p>\n

Zlep\u0161ete z\u00e1kladn\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/strong>:<\/b> Podpo\u0159te danou osobu v u\u010den\u00ed se rozum\u011bt t\u011blesn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edznak\u016fm a vjem\u016fm, co znamenaj\u00ed a jak je vyu\u017e\u00edvat k veden\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o sebe. Pomozte j\u00ed zvl\u00e1dat stres spojen\u00fd se zm\u011bnou chov\u00e1n\u00ed a dopad zm\u011bny na bl\u00edzk\u00e9 vztahy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Translated by: Krist\u00fdna Anna \u010cern\u00edkov\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Lis Dreijer Hammond, Aalborg University (DK), Christian Karlsen Hansen & Martin Lehmkuhl Kristensen, Rehabilitation Centre for Refugees, North Jutland Regional Health Services (DK) and Chalotte Glintborg, Aalborg University (DK) When illness or major negative life events occur, life often […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":5115,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,13,36,24,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5067","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behavioural-theory","category-interventions","category-mental-health","category-self-regulation","category-stress-and-coping"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","sr","fi","et","sv","tr","uk","hi","sw","ta"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"et":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hi":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"sw":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ta":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t