{"id":4677,"date":"2026-01-26T08:59:57","date_gmt":"2026-01-26T08:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=4677"},"modified":"2026-03-27T07:53:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T07:53:38","slug":"supporting-health-workers-in-addressing-vaccine-hesitancy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2026\/01\/supporting-health-workers-in-addressing-vaccine-hesitancy\/","title":{"rendered":"Podpora zdravotnick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed v\u016f\u010di o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Dawn Holford, University of Bristol, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie; Linda Karlsson, University of Turku, Finsko; Frederike Taubert, Erfurt University, N\u011bmecko; Emma C. Anderson, University of Bristol, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie; Virginia C. Gould, University of Bristol, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Vyvracen\u00ed myln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z nej\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, odhaduje se, \u017ee ka\u017edou minutu <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/24-04-2024-global-immunization-efforts-have-saved-at-least-154-million-lives-over-the-past-50-years\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zachr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u0161est lidsk\u00fdch \u017eivot\u016f<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak \u010del\u00ed odporu \u010d\u00e1sti ve\u0159ejnosti. P\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed dezinformace naru\u0161uj\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru v o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou v\u00fdzvu pro zdravotnick\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed se o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnuj\u00ed. Jak mohou zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci dr\u017eet krok s p\u0159\u00edvalem nepravdiv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f o vakc\u00edn\u00e1ch? A co mohou \u0159\u00edkat pacient\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed tyto narativy uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed jako d\u016fvod, pro\u010d se nenechat o\u010dkovat, sebe nebo sv\u00e9 d\u011bti?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I kdy\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt l\u00e1kav\u00e9 reagovat prost\u00fdm uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm fakt\u016f, vyvracen\u00ed myln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto \u017eiveny dezinformacemi, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangecommunication.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/DebunkingHandbook2020.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e9 jako sd\u00edlen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch faktick\u00fdch informac\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad d\u00e1vno <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29398935\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vyvr\u00e1cen\u00fd m\u00fdtus o souvislosti mezi o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00edm a autismem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: navzdory desetilet\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu a rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdm d\u016fkaz\u016fm o tom, \u017ee mezi nimi \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 souvislost neexistuje, se s touto obavou zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci mezi rodi\u010di st\u00e1le setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Podobn\u00e9 m\u00fdty jsou \u201elepiv\u00e9\u201c, proto\u017ee <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2023-92406-002.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">oslovuj\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed obavy lid\u00ed a op\u00edraj\u00ed se o siln\u00e9 narativy, kter\u00e9 se na prvn\u00ed pohled mohou zd\u00e1t intuitivn\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 mohou b\u00fdt <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/counterhate.com\/research\/the-anti-vaxx-industry\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny akt\u00e9ry s politick\u00fdmi agendami,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> kte\u0159\u00ed tyto m\u00fdty udr\u017euj\u00ed ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostoru.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Co tedy mohou zdravotn\u00edci \u0159\u00edci n\u011bkomu, kdo m\u00e1 myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed? Za\u010d\u00edt je t\u0159eba t\u00edm, \u017ee pochop\u00edme, co motivuje n\u011b\u010d\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. P\u0159edstavme si dva rodi\u010de, Tinu a Toma. Oba sd\u00edlej\u00ed obavu, \u017ee imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m jejich d\u011bt\u00ed nezvl\u00e1dne v\u0161echna doporu\u010den\u00e1 o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. To je dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dast\u00e1 myln\u00e1 p\u0159edstava: ve skute\u010dnosti jsou vakc\u00edny ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se skute\u010dnou nemoc\u00ed pouze nepatrnou d\u00e1vkou. U Toma je tato obava motivov\u00e1na strachem z ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f, kter\u00e9 by ka\u017ed\u00e1 vakc\u00edna mohla vyvolat. U Tiny vych\u00e1z\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e z preference, aby si jej\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b vytvo\u0159ilo silnou \u201ep\u0159irozenou\u201c odolnost v\u016f\u010di nemocem. Tyto hlub\u0161\u00ed zdroje povrchov\u00e9 obavy se v psychologii ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2017-29745-009.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201eko\u0159eny postoj\u016f\u201c<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attitude roots<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) a mohou v\u00e9st k tomu, \u017ee se lid\u00e9 sv\u00fdch myln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav dr\u017e\u00ed i tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 faktick\u00fdm korekc\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u010casto m\u00e1me p\u0159irozen\u00fd impuls p\u0159\u00edmo opravovat myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, kter\u00e9 sly\u0161\u00edme od ostatn\u00edch. V\u00fdzkumy v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee pokud nejprve validujeme ko\u0159eny postoj\u016f lid\u00ed, jsou n\u00e1sledn\u011b <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2024-59360-001.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">otev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed korekci m\u00fdt\u016f o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e jejich p\u0159ijet\u00ed o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. Abychom reagovali na Tomovy obavy, m\u011bli bychom ho nejprve ujistit, \u017ee je norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u017ee chce chr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b. Naopak, abychom reagovali na obavy Tiny, bylo by lep\u0161\u00ed nejprve uznat, \u017ee je obecn\u011b dobr\u00e9 vyh\u00fdbat se zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm l\u00e9k\u016fm. Pot\u00e9, co s nimi nav\u00e1\u017eeme kontakt a vybudujeme d\u016fv\u011bru, m\u016f\u017eeme pokra\u010dovat v \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jejich myln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav a sd\u00edlen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Jak m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ipravit zdravotn\u00edky na rozhovory o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nejlep\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak \u0159e\u0161it myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, je <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gh.bmj.com\/content\/10\/4\/e017142\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup zalo\u017een\u00fd na dialogu.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pokud maj\u00ed lid\u00e9 mo\u017enost promluvit si o zdravotn\u00edch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch s l\u00e9ka\u0159em, kter\u00e9mu d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt v<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010038.pub3\/full\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">elmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak zv\u00fd\u0161it z\u00e1jem o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. P\u0159\u00edkladem takov\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu je <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2024-59360-001.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">empatick\u00fd vyvracej\u00edc\u00ed rozhovor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), \u010dty\u0159krokov\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro strukturov\u00e1n\u00ed rozhovor\u016f o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 postupy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na d\u016fkazech. Jeho c\u00edlem je budovat d\u016fv\u011bru a reagovat na myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy s respektem ke \u201eko\u0159en\u016fm postoj\u016f\u201c jednotliv\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup vznikl <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">v r\u00e1mci projektu JITSUVAX <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a navazuje na dal\u0161\u00ed dialogicky orientovan\u00e9 metody, nap\u0159\u00edklad <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32281992\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">motiva\u010dn\u00ed rozhovor<\/span> <\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Motivational Interviewing<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00e9st s pacienty respektuj\u00edc\u00ed dialog o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ak nen\u00ed v\u017edy snadn\u00e9. Zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci se mohou <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/10497323251320921\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ob\u00e1vat, \u017ee rozhovor vyvol\u00e1 konflikt<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Mnoz\u00ed nav\u00edc <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11265004\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nedost\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 systematick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, kter\u00e9 by je na tyto situace p\u0159ipravilo. Pokud u\u017e zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u0161kolen\u00ed \u010di metodick\u00e9 veden\u00ed maj\u00ed, \u010dasto se o<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21645515.2024.2397875\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p\u00edr\u00e1 o informa\u010dn\u011b zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup zalo\u017een\u00fd na p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f pacient\u016fm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ve skute\u010dnosti kontraproduktivn\u00ed. V r\u00e1mci projektu JITSUVAX proto prob\u011bhly rozhovory se zdravotnick\u00fdmi pracovn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed popisovali svou pot\u0159ebu konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed podpory a strategi\u00ed, je\u017e by jim pomohly pracovat s myln\u00fdmi p\u0159edstavami pacient\u016f o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Projekt JITSUVAX <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vyvinul n\u00e1stroje na podporu zdravotnick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed empatick\u00e9ho vyvracej\u00edc\u00edho rozhovoru p\u0159i rozhovorech o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\/welcome\/\"><b>Online zdroje<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fdm pracovn\u00edk\u016fm porozum\u011bt jeden\u00e1cti \u201eko\u0159en\u016fm postoj\u016f\u201c, je\u017e stoj\u00ed v pozad\u00ed myln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Jitsuvax-prospectus_english_digital_PDF-03-04-25.pdf\"><b>Metodick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, jak vyu\u017e\u00edvat empatick\u00fd vyvracej\u00edc\u00ed rozhovor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) ke zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed rozhovor\u016f o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\"><b>\u0160kolen\u00ed pro zdravotnick\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na empatick\u00fd vyvracej\u00edc\u00ed rozhovor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uspo\u0159\u00e1dali jsme workshopy se zdravotnick\u00fdmi pracovn\u00edky v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Evropou, kte\u0159\u00ed po absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kolen\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bli v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 a dlouhodob\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed sv\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed i sebed\u016fv\u011bry p\u0159i rozhovorech o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. V Rumunsku zaznamenali zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci vy\u0161kolen\u00ed v empatick\u00e9m vyvracej\u00edc\u00edm rozhovoru (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) a v motiva\u010dn\u00edm rozhovoru (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Motivational Interviewing<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst po\u010dtu objednan\u00fdch o\u010dkovac\u00edch term\u00edn\u016f po konzultac\u00edch ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kolegy, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161kolen\u00edm nepro\u0161li.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na\u0161e zku\u0161enosti odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/24-05-2023-new-who-study-shows-health-workers-feel-more-confident-to-recommend-covid-19-vaccination-following-a-training-on-patient-communication\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u017ee \u0161kolen\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f pom\u00e1h\u00e1 budovat jejich sebev\u011bdom\u00ed p\u0159i rozhovorech o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a je <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9444894\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hodnotnou investic\u00ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pro odborn\u00edky:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jako zdravotn\u00edk m\u00e1te jedine\u010dnou pozici d\u016fv\u011bry, pokud jde o l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 rady. Uv\u011bdomte si, \u017ee va\u0161e rozhovory mohou m\u00edt z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na rozhodnut\u00ed pacient\u016f o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Porozum\u011bn\u00ed \u201eko\u0159en\u016fm postoj\u016f\u201c va\u0161ich pacient\u016f v\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159i rozhovoru v\u00fdraznou oporou. Lze si to p\u0159edstavit jako ur\u010ditou \u201ediagnostiku\u201c situace, kter\u00e1 v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee zvolit vhodn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak k obav\u00e1m pacienta p\u0159istoupit. Mezi techniky, kter\u00e9 tento diagnostick\u00fd krok podporuj\u00ed, pat\u0159\u00ed kladen\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek (nap\u0159. \u201eJak\u00e9 informace by v\u00e1m pomohly p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed?\u201c) nam\u00edsto uzav\u0159en\u00fdch (\u201eMohu v\u00e1m poskytnout n\u011bjak\u00e9 informace?\u201c) a tak\u00e9 n\u00e1cvik aktivn\u00edho naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm parafr\u00e1zov\u00e1n\u00ed a reflektov\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co pacient \u0159\u00edk\u00e1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Existuj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, na d\u016fkazech zalo\u017een\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby, jak vyvracet m\u00fdty o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 si zachovat dobr\u00fd vztah s pacientem. Vyhledejte proto \u0161kolen\u00ed v t\u011bchto technik\u00e1ch, kter\u00e1 mohou podpo\u0159it va\u0161i sebed\u016fv\u011bru i komunika\u010dn\u00ed dovednosti p\u0159i rozhovorech o o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e1te obavu, \u017ee dialog s pacienty zabere v\u00edce \u010dasu, ne\u017e kolik je b\u011bhem konzultace k dispozici. Komunika\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy, jako je empatick\u00fd vyvracej\u00edc\u00ed rozhovor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), v\u0161ak nab\u00edzej\u00ed techniky, jak rozhovor co nejl\u00e9pe vyu\u017e\u00edt i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee m\u00e1te jen n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo minut. Je lep\u0161\u00ed budovat d\u016fv\u011bru a polo\u017eit z\u00e1klady pro budouc\u00ed diskuse ne\u017e p\u0159ed\u00e1vat informace, kter\u00e9 nebudou dob\u0159e p\u0159ijaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pokra\u010dujte v procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed a technik, kter\u00e9 si osvoj\u00edte, jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost se s prax\u00ed obvykle d\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u0159elo\u017eila: Krist\u00fdna Anna \u010cern\u00edkov\u00e1<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Dawn Holford, University of Bristol, UK, Linda Karlsson, University of Turku, Finland, Frederike Taubert, Erfurt University, Germany, Emma C. Anderson, University of Bristol, UK, Virginia C. Gould, University of Bristol, UK Correcting misconceptions about vaccination Vaccination is one of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4686,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<strong>By Dawn Holford, University of Bristol, UK, Linda Karlsson, University of Turku, Finland, Frederike Taubert, Erfurt University, Germany, Emma C. Anderson, University of Bristol, UK, Virginia C. Gould, University of Bristol, UK<\/strong>\n\n<strong>Correcting misconceptions about vaccination<\/strong>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vaccination is one of the most successful tools of public health\u2014they have been estimated to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/24-04-2024-global-immunization-efforts-have-saved-at-least-154-million-lives-over-the-past-50-years\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">save 6 lives every minute<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But vaccines have also faced public resistance, with persistent disinformation undermining public trust in vaccination, and posing a challenge for health workers with vaccination roles. How do health workers keep up with the flood of false narratives about vaccines? What can they say to patients who cite these narratives as reasons not to vaccinate themselves or their children?\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<!--more-->\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While it can be tempting to respond by citing the facts, correcting misconceptions about vaccines\u2014which are often fuelled by disinformation\u2014is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatechangecommunication.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/DebunkingHandbook2020.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">not as simple as sharing more factual information<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Take the example of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5789217\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">long-debunked myth about vaccines and autism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: despite decades of research and extensive evidence that there is no link between the two, health workers continue to encounter this concern among parents. Myths like this are \u201csticky\u201d because <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2023-92406-002.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">they play on people\u2019s underlying fears, using strong narratives that appear intuitive at first glance<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They can also be <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/counterhate.com\/research\/the-anti-vaxx-industry\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">weaponised by those with political agendas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to keep these myths circulating in public.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, what can health workers say to someone who holds a misconception about vaccines? It starts with understanding what motivates someone\u2019s beliefs. Let\u2019s imagine two parents, Tina and Tom. Both share a concern that their children\u2019s immune system will not cope with all the recommended vaccinations. This is another common misconception: the fact is that vaccines are only a tiny dose compared to the real disease. For Tom, the concern is motivated by his fear of adverse effects each vaccine might trigger. For Tina, the concern is motivated by her preference for her child to have strong \u201cnatural\u201d resistance to disease. These deeper drivers of the surface concern are known in psychology as \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2017-29745-009.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attitude roots<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, and they can motivate people to cling to their misconceptions in the face of factual correction.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Often, we have a natural impulse to directly correct misconceptions we hear from others. However, research shows that when we first validate people\u2019s attitude roots, they are more <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2024-59360-001.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">receptive to corrections of vaccine myths<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which can increase their acceptance of vaccines. So, to address Tom\u2019s concern, we might want to first reassure him that it\u2019s normal to want to protect his child. In contrast, to address Tina\u2019s concern, it could be better to begin by acknowledging that it is generally good to avoid unnecessary medication. After connecting with them and building trust, we can continue with addressing their misconceptions and sharing more information about vaccination.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<strong>How can we prepare health workers for vaccine conversations?<\/strong>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The best way to address vaccine misconceptions is through tailored, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017142\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dialogue-based approaches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When people are able to speak to health workers whom they trust for medical advice, this can be <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010038.pub3\/full\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">highly effective at raising vaccine uptake<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. An example of such an approach is the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/fulltext\/2024-59360-001.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empathetic Refutational Interview<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a four-step framework to structure vaccine conversations using evidence-based techniques described above to build trust and address misconceptions while respecting people\u2019s attitude roots. It was created by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JITSUVAX project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and builds on other dialogue-based approaches, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32281992\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Motivational Interviewing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, engaging in respectful dialogue with patients about vaccination is not always easy. Health workers may <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/10497323251320921\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">worry about provoking conflict<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during the discussion. Many health workers <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11265004\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">do not receive training<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to prepare them for such conversations. In fact, where health workers receive training or guidance for this important role, it tends to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/21645515.2024.2397875\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rely on an information-based approach<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of providing facts to patients\u2014which can actually be counterproductive. The JITSUVAX project interviewed health workers who described their need for specific support and strategies they can use to deal with patients\u2019 vaccine misconceptions.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JITSUVAX project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> developed tools to support health workers to use the Empathetic Refutational Interview for vaccine conversations:<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\/welcome\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Web resources<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to help health workers understand 11 attitude roots that underlie vaccine misconceptions.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Jitsuvax-prospectus_english_digital_PDF-03-04-25.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guidance<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on using the Empathetic Refutational Interview to improve vaccine conversations.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jitsuvax.info\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Training<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for health workers in the Empathetic Refutational Interview.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We have run workshops with health workers in countries across Europe, who reported strong and lasting improvements after attending training in their skills and confidence for vaccine conversations. In Romania, health workers trained in the Empathetic Refutational Interview and Motivational Interviewing saw a larger increase in the number of vaccination appointments booked after their consultations, compared to untrained health workers.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our experience mirrors findings from the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news\/item\/24-05-2023-new-who-study-shows-health-workers-feel-more-confident-to-recommend-covid-19-vaccination-following-a-training-on-patient-communication\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Health Organization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that communication skills training for health workers helps build their confidence in having vaccine conversations and is a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9444894\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">worthwhile investment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<strong>Practical recommendations<\/strong>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For practitioners:<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a health worker, you hold a unique position of trust when it comes to medical advice. Recognise that your conversations can make the key difference in patients\u2019 vaccine decisions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding your patients\u2019 attitude roots can help you in the conversation. You might think of this as diagnosing the situation to know how to approach the patient\u2019s concerns. Techniques to help with this diagnostic step include asking questions that are open (e.g., \u201cWhat information would support your decision?\u201d) instead of closed (\u201cCan I give you some information?\u201d) and practising active listening by reflecting what the patient says.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are effective, evidence-based ways to correct vaccination myths while maintaining rapport. Seek out training in these techniques to support your confidence and skills to approach vaccine conversations.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You may be concerned that dialogue with patients takes more time than you have in a consultation. Communication approaches like the Empathetic Refutational Interview, provide techniques to maximise the conversation even if you only have a few minutes. It is better to build trust and lay the groundwork for future discussions than deliver information that will not be well-received.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep practising the communication skills and techniques you learn \u2013 these tend to improve the more you use them.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,28,13,56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behavioural-theory","category-communication","category-interventions","category-public-health"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4677"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4792,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4677\/revisions\/4792"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4686"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}