{"id":4481,"date":"2025-10-30T13:20:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T13:20:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=4481"},"modified":"2026-03-23T09:48:53","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T09:48:53","slug":"rethinking-aging-to-stay-active-and-healthy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2025\/10\/rethinking-aging-to-stay-active-and-healthy\/","title":{"rendered":"Nov\u00fd pohled na st\u00e1rnut\u00ed: jak z\u016fstat aktivn\u00ed a zdrav\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

A\u00efna Chalabaev, Univerzita Grenoble Alpes, Francie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm <\/span>p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku<\/span><\/a>, zdravotn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosy pravideln\u00e9 pohybov\u00e9 aktivity jsou u lid\u00ed ve v\u011bku 65 let a v\u00edce dob\u0159e dolo\u017een\u00e9. <\/span>Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace<\/span><\/a> stanovila jasn\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed ohledn\u011b mno\u017estv\u00ed a typu pohybu, kter\u00fd je spojen se zdravotn\u00edmi benefity. P\u0159esto pr\u00e1v\u011b <\/span>star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9<\/span><\/a> z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u011b jednou z nejm\u00e9n\u011b aktivn\u00edch skupin populace.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Limity univerz\u00e1ln\u00edch intervenc\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nesta\u010d\u00ed jen opakovat, \u017ee pohyb prosp\u00edv\u00e1 zdrav\u00ed. Probl\u00e9mem je sp\u00ed\u0161 to, jak prom\u011bnit dobr\u00e9 \u00famysly ve skute\u010dn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/span>Psychologie zdrav\u00ed<\/span><\/a> nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159adu osv\u011bd\u010den\u00fdch metod, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed podpo\u0159it zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed styl. Jen\u017ee to, co<\/span> funguje<\/span><\/a> u mlad\u0161\u00edch lid\u00ed, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt pro star\u0161\u00ed v\u016fbec vhodn\u00e9 \u2013 n\u011bkdy m\u016f\u017ee dokonce u\u0161kodit. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 hledat<\/span> p\u0159\u00edstupy<\/span><\/a>, kter\u00e9 budou u\u0161it\u00e9 na m\u00edru pr\u00e1v\u011b jim.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ageismus: skryt\u00e1 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka pohybu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednou z p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek, kter\u00e1 se t\u00fdk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo star\u0161\u00edch lid\u00ed, je ageismus. <\/span>Pat\u0159\u00ed sem<\/span><\/a> stereotypy (tedy p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed), p\u0159edsudky (emoce) i diskriminace (chov\u00e1n\u00ed). A\u010dkoli mohou b\u00fdt stereotypy i pozitivn\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed ty negativn\u00ed, a <\/span>tento trend se<\/span><\/a> b\u011bhem 20. stolet\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b zes\u00edlil. Negativn\u00ed stereotypy pak p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k diskriminaci. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b <\/span>35 %<\/span><\/a> lid\u00ed nad 65 let uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee se s diskriminac\u00ed setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, a zhruba ka\u017ed\u00fd sedmn\u00e1ct\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nad 50 let dokonce v r\u00e1mci <\/span>zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed profesion\u00e1lov\u00e9 se nav\u00edc \u010dasto u\u010d\u00ed ch\u00e1pat st\u00e1rnut\u00ed hlavn\u011b prizmatem nemoc\u00ed a \u00fapadku. V kombinaci s ka\u017edodenn\u00edm setk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm s k\u0159ehk\u00fdmi seniory to m\u016f\u017ee jejich <\/span>ageistick\u00e9 postoje<\/span><\/a> je\u0161t\u011b posilovat. Studie ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee pomoci m\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed <\/span>dat, kter\u00e1 nabour\u00e1vaj\u00ed stereotypy<\/span><\/a>, t\u0159eba o tom, kolik senior\u016f st\u00e1le pracuje, dobrovolni\u010d\u00ed nebo se u\u010d\u00ed nov\u00e9 dovednosti. Dal\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem pro zm\u011bnu <\/span>vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a> je <\/span>mezigenenera\u010dn\u00ed kontakt,<\/span><\/a> tedy smyslupln\u00e1 setk\u00e1n\u00ed a spolupr\u00e1ce lid\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ageismus ale p\u016fsob\u00ed i jinak: star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 si mohou tyto stereotypy sami osvojit a vnit\u0159n\u011b je p\u0159ijmout. T\u00fdm <\/span>Beccy Levy<\/span><\/a> navrhl model, podle n\u011bj\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b takto nau\u010den\u00e9 stereotypy ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed to, jak sami sebe v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u011bku vn\u00edm\u00e1me, a t\u00edm i na\u0161e zdrav\u00ed a d\u00e9lku \u017eivota. Nap\u0159\u00edklad mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed negativn\u00ed postoje ke st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, maj\u00ed o 30 let pozd\u011bji vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee prod\u011blaj\u00ed kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Pohled na vlastn\u00ed st\u00e1rnut\u00ed tak hraje <\/span>z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli<\/span><\/a>, ti, kdo ho vn\u00edmaj\u00ed pozitivn\u011b, maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tendenci z\u016fstat aktivn\u00ed a udr\u017eovat si zdrav\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jak bojovat s ageismem a jeho dopady<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0158ada studi\u00ed<\/span><\/a> zkoumala zp\u016fsoby, jak podpo\u0159it pozitivn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edho st\u00e1rnut\u00ed \u2013 zejm\u00e9na ve vztahu k pohybov\u00fdm aktivit\u00e1m. Nap\u0159\u00edklad <\/span>Beyer a kol. (2019)<\/span><\/a> provedli randomizovanou studii s 84 k\u0159ehk\u00fdmi, neaktivn\u00edmi seniory (pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd v\u011bk kolem 77 let). Jedna skupina absolvovala standardn\u00ed program pohybov\u00fdch aktivit p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fdch jejich mo\u017enostem (APA). Druh\u00e1 skupina dostala stejn\u00fd program, ale nav\u00edc je\u0161t\u011b \u201emodul sebereflexe\u201c. Tento modul zahrnoval \u010dty\u0159i sezen\u00ed b\u011bhem 12 t\u00fddn\u016f, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed stereotyp\u016f, u\u010den\u00ed se o st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a zm\u011bnu negativn\u00edch sebepojet\u00ed. V\u00fdsledek? \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci t\u00e9to skupiny uv\u00e1d\u011bli pozitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edho st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a tak\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed studie<\/span><\/a> ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee stereotypy mohou m\u00edt je\u0161t\u011b jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale velmi siln\u00e9 dopady. Kdy\u017e jsou star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 b\u011bhem klinick\u00fdch test\u016f vystaveni negativn\u00edm stereotyp\u016fm, jejich v\u00fdkon se zhor\u0161uje, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o pam\u011b\u0165, nebo t\u0159eba o s\u00edlu stisku ruky. Jedna studie dokonce zjistila, \u017ee pouh\u00e9 \u201eaktivov\u00e1n\u00ed identity seniora\u201c vedlo ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed s\u00edly stisku t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o <\/span>50 %.<\/span><\/a> Takov\u00e1 aktivace m\u016f\u017ee prob\u00edhat nen\u00e1padn\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i interakci s mlad\u0161\u00edm zdravotn\u00edkem, vypl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u011bku t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed testem, nebo kdy\u017e jim n\u011bkdo \u0159ekne, \u017ee budou prov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny schopnosti citliv\u00e9 na v\u011bk. V\u00fdzvou pro zdravotnick\u00e9 profesion\u00e1ly je proto vytvo\u0159it prost\u0159ed\u00ed bez ageistick\u00fdch n\u00e1znak\u016f. Praktick\u00fdm krokem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt t\u0159eba to, aby se v\u011bk nezji\u0161\u0165oval bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u0159ed samotn\u00fdm testem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Boj s ageismem vy\u017eaduje kombinovan\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed: zvy\u0161ovat pov\u011bdom\u00ed a m\u011bnit pohled cel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 posilovat samotn\u00e9 seniory, aby mohli p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159et sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1rnut\u00ed. K dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto c\u00edle jsou nezbytn\u00e9 intervence postaven\u00e9 na pevn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch z\u00e1kladech.<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n