Kyra Hamilton, Griffith University, Australia and Amy Peden, University of New South Wales, Australia<\/b><\/p>\n
Utonut\u00ed je jednou z hlavn\u00edch, <\/span>a p\u0159itom z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti preventabiln\u00edch<\/span><\/a>, p\u0159\u00ed\u010din zran\u011bn\u00ed a\u00a0 \u00famrt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nedostate\u010dn\u011b rozpozn\u00e1no. Jedn\u00edm z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f je: utonut\u00ed nen\u00ed v\u017edy smrteln\u00e9. <\/span>Definice utonut\u00ed<\/span><\/a> je upravena tak, aby bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee utonut\u00ed je proces, nikoli v\u00fdsledek. V\u00fdsledkem procesu utonut\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt smrt (fat\u00e1ln\u00ed utonut\u00ed) nebo p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed, a to bu\u010f bez n\u00e1sledk\u016f, nebo s trval\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledky, nap\u0159\u00edklad mozkovou obrnou \u010di jin\u00fdmi neurologick\u00fdmi poruchami zp\u016fsoben\u00fdmi nedostatkem kysl\u00edku v mozku (nefat\u00e1ln\u00ed utonut\u00ed). V\u00fdrazy jako \u201esuch\u00e9 utonut\u00ed\u201c, \u201esekund\u00e1rn\u00ed utonut\u00ed\u201c nebo \u201et\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 utonut\u00ed\u201c se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed v m\u00e9di\u00edch, ale jsou zastaral\u00e9 a medic\u00ednsky nep\u0159esn\u00e9, proto je na\u010dase je p\u0159estat pou\u017e\u00edvat.<\/span><\/p>\n Kdo utone, a kde utonou?<\/b><\/p>\n Podle odhad\u016f Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace (WHO) zem\u0159elo v roce 2021 v d\u016fsledku utonut\u00ed <\/span>300 000 lid\u00ed<\/span><\/a>, to znamen\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 osob ka\u017edou hodinu. Tento \u00fadaj nezahrnuje mimo jin\u00e9 utonut\u00ed v d\u016fsledku povodn\u00ed a nehod ve vodn\u00ed doprav\u011b, jako je p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00ed lodi nebo potopen\u00ed trajektu. V zem\u00edch s vysok\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edjmy, jako je Austr\u00e1lie, se po zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lost\u00ed <\/span>zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed m\u00edra utonut\u00ed o 40 %<\/span><\/a>; v zem\u00edch s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi a st\u0159edn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edjmy bude n\u00e1r\u016fst pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n Prvn\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va WHO <\/span>o stavu prevence utonut\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00ed<\/span><\/a>, \u017ee d\u011bti do p\u011bti let tvo\u0159\u00ed 24 % v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f utonut\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch 19 % p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na d\u011bti ve v\u011bku 5\u201314 let. M\u00edra utonut\u00ed je t\u0159ikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v zem\u00edch s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi a st\u0159edn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edjmy, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed 92 % v\u0161ech \u00famrt\u00ed v d\u016fsledku utonut\u00ed. U mu\u017e\u016f je pravd\u011bpodobnost fat\u00e1ln\u00edho utonut\u00ed dvakr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u \u017een. U mal\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed riziko baz\u00e9ny a vodn\u00ed plochy v okol\u00ed domova, zat\u00edmco u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch je riziko nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, v \u0159ek\u00e1ch, jezerech, p\u0159ehrad\u00e1ch, na pl\u00e1\u017e\u00edch a v mo\u0159i.<\/span><\/p>\n Co je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou rizika a co funguje jako prevence utonut\u00ed?<\/b><\/p>\n Krom\u011b v\u011bku, pohlav\u00ed a m\u00edsta se na zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9m riziku utonut\u00ed pod\u00edl\u00ed i \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad individu\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti a chov\u00e1n\u00ed, jako jsou <\/span>plaveck\u00e9 dovednosti<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>vstupov\u00e1n\u00ed do povod\u0148ov\u00e9 vody,<\/span><\/a> konzumace alkoholu<\/span><\/a>, nebo <\/span>zdravotn\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee<\/span><\/a>, kter\u00e9 mohou zvy\u0161ovat zranitelnost.<\/span><\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed faktory se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed: nap\u0159\u00edklad zda jsou d\u011bti pod dohledem a zda existuj\u00ed z\u00e1brany, kter\u00e9 br\u00e1n\u00ed <\/span>necht\u011bn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00edstupu<\/span><\/a> k vod\u011b; posouzen\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a d\u016fv\u011bra v zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s nebezpe\u010d\u00edm, kter\u00e9 je vlastn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm vod\u00e1m; <\/span>pov\u011bdom\u00ed o vodnich proudech,<\/span><\/a> siln\u00fdch proudech a skryt\u00fdch nebezpe\u010d\u00edch pod hladinou, jako jsou naplaven\u00e9 v\u011btve v \u0159ek\u00e1ch; a tak\u00e9 zda se lid\u00e9 rozhodnou plavat na hl\u00eddan\u00fdch m\u00edstech, jako jsou ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 baz\u00e9ny s plav\u010d\u00edky nebo st\u0159e\u017een\u00e9 pl\u00e1\u017ee.<\/span><\/p>\n Riziko utonut\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch faktor\u016f, ale na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed existuj\u00ed <\/span>preventivn\u00ed evidence based strategie<\/span><\/a>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Austr\u00e1lii se d\u00edky legislativ\u011b o ohrazen\u00ed baz\u00e9n\u016f v kombinaci se vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edmi a donucovac\u00edmi opat\u0159en\u00edmi <\/span>poda\u0159ilo sn\u00ed\u017eit po\u010det \u00famrt\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed v baz\u00e9nech o v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 %.<\/span><\/a> Podobn\u011b programy v\u00fduky plaveck\u00e9ho p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed pro \u0161koln\u00ed d\u011bti v Banglad\u00e9\u0161i prok\u00e1zaly svou <\/span>efektivitu<\/span><\/a> a v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eily m\u00edru d\u011btsk\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed v d\u016fsledku utonut\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n Z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed na lod\u00edch a plavidlech, <\/span>nap\u0159\u00edklad no\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch vest<\/span><\/a>, pom\u00e1haj\u00ed sni\u017eovat riziko utonut\u00ed p\u0159i cestov\u00e1n\u00ed po vod\u011b. Sou\u010dasn\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum utonut\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b veden\u00ed a zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed <\/span>registr\u016f utonul\u00fdch,<\/span><\/a> n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 dozv\u011bd\u011bt se v\u00edce o tomto probl\u00e9mu a naj\u00edt lep\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoby, jak mu p\u0159edch\u00e1zet.<\/span><\/p>\n Strategie na \u00farovni syst\u00e9mu (\u201es-r\u00e1mce\u201c),<\/span><\/a> jako jsou v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1kony a p\u0159edpisy, mohou pomoci formovat bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 populace. Pokud se v\u0161ak tyto strategie <\/span>zkombinuj\u00ed s intervencemi na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni (\u201ei-r\u00e1mec\u201c)<\/span><\/a>, jako je vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, spole\u010densk\u00fd souhlas a \u0161kolen\u00ed dovednost\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt celkov\u00fd dopad na prevenci utonut\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n V\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee to, jak lid\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed a c\u00edt\u00ed se, hraje velkou roli v jejich zdravotn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00ed, a to i pokud jde o bezpe\u010dnost v bl\u00edzkosti vody. Na to, zda n\u011bkdo podnikne kroky k prevenci utonut\u00ed, maj\u00ed vliv nap\u0159\u00edklad <\/span>zku\u0161enosti z minulosti, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o v\u00fdhod\u00e1ch a nev\u00fdhod\u00e1ch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed a d\u016fv\u011bra ve schopnost jednat<\/span><\/a>, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, <\/span>vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed rizika, spole\u010densk\u00fd tlak a role<\/span><\/a>, v nich\u017e se lid\u00e9 vid\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n Pouh\u00e1 znalost bezpe\u010dnosti ve vod\u011b nesta\u010d\u00ed k dlouhodob\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Proto by programy prevence utonut\u00ed m\u011bly vyu\u017e\u00edvat <\/span>osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 psychologick\u00e9 strategie<\/span><\/a>, aby se skute\u010dn\u011b zm\u011bnily. Nam\u00edsto pouh\u00e9ho varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edm se mus\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159it na pozitivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosy bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho pobytu, nap\u0159\u00edklad na bezpe\u010dnou z\u00e1bavu. M\u011bly by tak\u00e9 uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost ve vod\u011b je b\u011b\u017enou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u017eivota, a to zapojen\u00edm p\u0159\u00e1tel a rodiny. Budov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry, omezov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu na rizikov\u00e1 m\u00edsta a povzbuzov\u00e1n\u00ed k tomu, aby si lid\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159eli pl\u00e1ny a sledovali sv\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed n\u00e1vyky, to v\u0161e podporuje trvalou zm\u011bnu.<\/span><\/p>\n Co m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika utonut\u00ed?<\/b><\/p>\n Od roku 2000 se celosv\u011btov\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eil po\u010det smrteln\u00fdch utonut\u00ed o 38 %,<\/span><\/a> co\u017e je velk\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch. Pokrok v\u0161ak nebyl v\u0161ude stejn\u00fd. N\u011bkter\u00e9 regiony, zejm\u00e9na ty s men\u0161\u00edmi zdroji, st\u00e1le \u010del\u00ed velk\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m, v\u010detn\u011b rostouc\u00edch rizik zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch zm\u011bnou klimatu a migrac\u00ed na mo\u0159i. Abychom mohli pokra\u010dovat v pokroku, pot\u0159ebujeme praktick\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 kombinuj\u00ed jak individu\u00e1ln\u00ed (jako je zm\u011bna postoje k bezpe\u010dnosti na vod\u011b), tak \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 zm\u011bny (jako je lep\u0161\u00ed infrastruktura a politiky). Do tohoto \u00fasil\u00ed by se mohla zapojit cel\u00e1 \u0159ada z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch stran, nap\u0159\u00edklad vl\u00e1dy, komunity, nevl\u00e1dn\u00ed organizace a jednotlivci – kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bt k prevenci utonut\u00ed jak na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed, tak na syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 \u00farovni.<\/span><\/p>\n Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed:<\/b><\/p>\n Translated by: [Kristyna Anna Cernikova]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" By Kyra Hamilton, Griffith University, Australia and Amy Peden, University of New South Wales, Australia Drowning is a leading, yet largely preventable, cause of death and injury that remains underrecognized. One common myth: drowning isn’t always fatal. 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