{"id":2775,"date":"2023-03-22T10:29:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T10:29:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2775"},"modified":"2025-11-04T13:57:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T13:57:02","slug":"effective-risk-communication-is-about-more-than-behaviour-change-lets-talk-about-personal-risk-appraisals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2023\/03\/effective-risk-communication-is-about-more-than-behaviour-change-lets-talk-about-personal-risk-appraisals\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>\u00da\u010dinn\u00e1 komunikace o rizic\u00edch je v\u00edc ne\u017e jen zm\u011bna chov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> <strong>Poj\u010fme si promluvit o osobn\u00edm hodnocen\u00ed rizik.<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Napsala Victoria Woof and David French, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, UK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Obvykle v medic\u00edn\u011b a psychologii zdrav\u00ed zdravotn\u00edci poskytuj\u00ed pacient\u016fm jejich individu\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed rizik onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s c\u00edlem p\u0159edch\u00e1zet nemocem. Tam, kde komunikace o rizic\u00edch usnad\u0148uje zm\u011bnu zdravotn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee potenci\u00e1ln\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit riziko rozvoje onemocn\u011bn\u00ed a odhalit nemoci v ran\u00fdch stadi\u00edch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad informov\u00e1n\u00ed o rizic\u00edch kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed s c\u00edlem podpo\u0159it fyzickou aktivitu a zlep\u0161en\u00ed stravy. P\u0159i poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o rizic\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit i dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 c\u00edle a v\u00fdsledky. C\u00edle zdravotn\u00edk\u016f a pacient\u016f nebo ve\u0159ejnosti se nav\u00edc nemus\u00ed v\u017edy shodovat. Identifikujeme n\u011bkolik souvisej\u00edc\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f komunikace o rizic\u00edch, v\u010detn\u011b usnadn\u011bn\u00ed informovan\u00e9 volby <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamaoncology\/article-abstract\/2766214\">a vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch afektivn\u00edch reakc\u00ed, jako\u017e i motivace ke zm\u011bn\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 postupy a d\u016fsledky komunikace o rizic\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed porozum\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdm informac\u00edm a zlep\u0161en\u00ed komunikace o rizic\u00edch byly zva\u017eov\u00e1ny r\u016fzn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, nap\u0159\u00edklad pou\u017eit\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00edho zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed rizik, nebo tabulky ikon (ikony zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed po\u010det ohro\u017een\u00fdch osob). P\u0159esto maj\u00ed lid\u00e9 st\u00e1le pot\u00ed\u017ee s pochopen\u00edm \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f a jejich d\u016fsledk\u016f. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/abm\/article\/51\/5\/718\/4648590?login=true\">Zejm\u00e9na se nezd\u00e1, \u017ee by izolovan\u00e9 poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed o rizic\u00edch m\u011blo velk\u00fd nebo dlouhodob\u00fd vliv na zm\u011bnu chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a>. Jedn\u00edm z pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdch vysv\u011btlen\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9ho dopadu je, \u017ee zm\u011bna p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch informac\u00ed o riziku je pom\u011brn\u011b chabou intervenc\u00ed, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23731175\/\">p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o vlastn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti a zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (tj. nakolik si jedinec v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee je schopen vykonat ur\u010dit\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed) m\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b pozitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopad na zm\u011bnu chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed c\u00edle komunikace o rizic\u00edch, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zv\u00e1\u017eit. V\u00a0literatu\u0159e popisuj\u00edc\u00ed rizika vzniku rakoviny bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee jednotlivci ch\u00e1pou a jsou schopni odhadnout m\u00edru sv\u00e9ho rizika. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6919334\/\">Tyto osoby v\u0161ak ne v\u017edy v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee odhad rizika je re\u00e1ln\u00fd, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich sv\u00e9 riziko nadhodnocuje.<\/a> Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee jednotlivci maj\u00ed ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o sv\u00e9m riziku, kter\u00e1 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nezm\u011bn\u011bna, i kdy\u017e je jim poskytnut \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd klinick\u00fd odhad. Co to tedy m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobovat?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Komunikace o rizic\u00edch a osobn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed rizik<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enost s d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm, shoda mezi osobn\u00edmi o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edmi a klinick\u00fdmi odhady a vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edstavy o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch maj\u00ed vliv na to, jak je vn\u00edm\u00e1n a internalizov\u00e1n odhad rizika vzniku rakoviny prsu. <a href=\"https:\/\/research.manchester.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/psychological-impact-of-risk-stratified-screening-as-part-of-the-\">Klinick\u00fd odhad rizika m\u00e1 mal\u00fd vliv na emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f, ale ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00ed emoce (vznikl\u00e9 p\u0159ed sd\u011blen\u00edm rizika) jsou siln\u00fdm prediktorem toho, jak budou odhady rizika vn\u00edm\u00e1ny a jak\u00e1 bude reakce.<\/a> Bez uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f bude komunikace o rizic\u00edch pouze jako podpora p\u0159i informovan\u00e9m rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a hodnocen\u00ed rizik.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41416-022-01944-x\">V systematick\u00e9m p\u0159ehledu kvalitativn\u00edch studi\u00ed<\/a> jsme zd\u016fraznili, \u017ee z\u00e1va\u017enost d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu rakoviny prsu ovliv\u0148uje zapojen\u00ed \u017een do preventivn\u00edch program\u016f. V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee rakovina prsu nen\u00ed prioritou, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt prevence zanedb\u00e1v\u00e1na, proto\u017ee jin\u00e9 d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 choroby jsou znepokojiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Podobn\u011b, pokud se p\u0159edchoz\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rizika neshoduj\u00ed s klinick\u00fdm odhadem rizika, mohou \u017eeny reagovat pochybnostmi a \u0161okem a d\u016fv\u011bra v odhad je zpochybn\u011bna. Pokud klinick\u00fd odhad neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edm n\u00e1zor\u016fm a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, m\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t, \u017ee navrhovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve stravov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed preventivn\u00edch l\u00e9k\u016f nebudou realizov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p><strong>K osobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu p\u0159\u00edstupu ke komunikaci o rizic\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Osoby, kter\u00e9 obdr\u017e\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed odhad rizika onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, nejsou pasivn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edjemci t\u011bchto informac\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho tito jedinci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed svou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed oporu, osobn\u00ed p\u0159edsudky, hodnoty a zku\u0161enosti, aby pochopili informace t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se jejich rizika, kter\u00e9 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy v souladu s c\u00edlem sd\u011blovatele nebo s poskytnut\u00fdm \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdm rizikem.<\/p>\n<p>Otev\u0159en\u00e1 komunikace s p\u0159\u00edjemcem rizika onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e1 a zahrnuje v\u00edce ne\u017e jen \u010d\u00edseln\u00fd odhad, a vede ke\u00a0sjednocen\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f a znalost\u00ed. Pro \u00fa\u010dinnou komunikaci o rizic\u00edch mus\u00ed zdravotn\u00edci v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b zjistit, jak\u00e9 znalosti a porozum\u011bn\u00ed ji\u017e jednotlivci o dan\u00e9m riziku onemocn\u011bn\u00ed maj\u00ed. T\u00edm by odborn\u00edci poskytli sob\u011b i p\u0159\u00edjemci p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pracovat na spole\u010dn\u00e9m porozum\u011bn\u00ed, diskutovat o nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdch p\u0159edstav\u00e1ch a sladit sv\u00e9 c\u00edle. V\u00edce \u010dasu v\u011bnovan\u00e9ho poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed individualizovan\u00e9 a specifick\u00e9 zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby by pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zlep\u0161ilo zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjemci p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed o sv\u00fdch rizic\u00edch, a tak\u00e9 by zv\u00fd\u0161ilo d\u016fv\u011bru obou stran ve spole\u010dn\u00e9 informovan\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a usnadnilo trval\u00e9 zm\u011bny zdravotn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Osobn\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00e9 jsou c\u00edle komunikace o rizic\u00edch? \u2013 <\/strong>p\u0159ed stanoven\u00edm rizika onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nejprve zjistit, \u010deho se sna\u017e\u00edte dos\u00e1hnout nap\u0159. Zm\u011bna chov\u00e1n\u00ed, informovan\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Po stanoven\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f by odborn\u00edci m\u011bli vz\u00edt v \u00favahu tak\u00e9 c\u00edle p\u0159\u00edjemce a spole\u010dn\u011b hledat spole\u010dnou \u0159e\u010d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nav\u00e1zejte dialog s p\u0159\u00edjemcem \u2013<\/strong> poskytnout p\u0159\u00edjemci prostor pro sd\u011blen\u00ed jeho my\u0161lenek, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 posoudit r\u016fzn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby, jak vn\u00edm\u00e1 sv\u00e9 riziko a zda m\u00e1 pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 znalosti pro informovan\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, a pomoci mu s volbou, a\u0165 u\u017e je jak\u00e1koli.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Respektujte nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed \u2013<\/strong> diskutujte s p\u0159\u00edjemcem o nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdch n\u00e1zorech a dopl\u0148te nedostatky ve znalostech. T\u00edm polo\u017e\u00edte z\u00e1klady pro informovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud je to c\u00edlem komunikace.<\/li>\n<li><strong>P\u0159izp\u016fsobte svou komunikaci \u2013<\/strong> p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o pot\u0159eb\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00edjemce a stanovte zp\u016fsoby p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00e9st smysluplnou diskusi. Toho lze doc\u00edlit vrstven\u00edm informac\u00ed tak, \u017ee <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0272989X08327066\">poskytnete stru\u010dn\u00e9 nebo &#8220;z\u00e1kladn\u00ed&#8221; informace<\/a>, kter\u00e9 pak na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dopln\u00edte podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm materi\u00e1lem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[Translated by Kristyna Anna Cernikova]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Victoria Woof and David French, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, UK Traditionally in medicine and health psychology, healthcare professionals have provided patients with their personalised disease risks with the aim of preventing disease. Where risk communication [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2779,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2775","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2775"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2775\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4550,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2775\/revisions\/4550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2775"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2775"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}