{"id":2510,"date":"2022-08-04T07:20:38","date_gmt":"2022-08-04T07:20:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2510"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:01:36","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:01:36","slug":"make-or-break-the-importance-of-breaks-in-healthcare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2022\/08\/make-or-break-the-importance-of-breaks-in-healthcare\/","title":{"rendered":"Make or break: d\u016fle\u017eitost p\u0159est\u00e1vek ve zdravotnictv\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Julia Allan, Aberdeen University, Skotsko<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Modern\u00ed \u017eivot je hektick\u00fd. \u017dijeme st\u00e1le v\u00edce v \u201ezap\u00ednan\u00e9m\u201c digit\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b, ve kter\u00e9m jsou obdob\u00ed opravdov\u00e9ho oddechu od pr\u00e1ce vz\u00e1cn\u00e1. Mnoho lid\u00ed m\u00e1 pravideln\u011b <\/span>dlouhou pracovn\u00ed dobu<\/span>, co\u017e plat\u00ed zejm\u00e9na pro zdravotn\u00edky <\/span>v p\u0159edn\u00edch lini\u00edch <\/span>zdravotnick\u00fdch slu\u017eeb. V kontextu zdravotnictv\u00ed jsou vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1roky a dlouh\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed doba typick\u00e9, sm\u011bny b\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u0159esahuj\u00ed 8 hodin \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00edho\u201c pracovn\u00edho dne a pracovn\u00ed n\u00e1roky mohou b\u00fdt ne\u00faprosn\u00e9 povahy. Pokud vznikaj\u00ed nekon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed fronty pacient\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch neodkladnou p\u00e9\u010di, jsou zdravotn\u00edci povinni ji poskytnout bez ohledu na vyt\u00ed\u017eenost nebo pracovn\u00ed dobu. V d\u016fsledku t\u011bchto vysok\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f je ve zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch naprosto b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vynech\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1vek \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee b\u011bhem sm\u011bny si nikdy neud\u011bl\u00e1 \u0159\u00e1dnou p\u0159est\u00e1vku <\/span>1 z 10 sester a p\u0159est\u00e1vku na j\u00eddlo si z\u0159\u00eddka nebo nikdy neud\u011bl\u00e1 1 ze 3 sester.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Zame\u0161kan\u00e9 p\u0159est\u00e1vky maj\u00ed \u0159adu negativn\u00edch d\u016fsledk\u016f \u2013 od praktick\u00e9ho nepohodl\u00ed z\u00a0d\u016fvodu nemo\u017enosti doj\u00edt si na toaletu p\u0159es nedostatek p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed se zdrav\u011b naj\u00edst a\u017e po pocity demoralizace, nespokojenosti a kognitivn\u00edch zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit dlouh\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed doba s nedostate\u010dn\u00fdmi p\u0159est\u00e1vkami.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kognitivn\u00ed zm\u011bny, ke kter\u00fdm doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 po dlouhou dobu bez p\u0159est\u00e1vky jsou jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch argument\u016f na podporu pravideln\u00fdch p\u0159est\u00e1vek. V\u0161ichni m\u00e1me zku\u0161enost s t\u00edm, kdy\u017e se na konci dlouh\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edho dne c\u00edt\u00edme unaven\u00ed a vy\u010derpan\u00ed, bojujeme s rozhodov\u00e1n\u00edm nebo se nedok\u00e1\u017eeme soust\u0159edit na \u00fakol, kter\u00fd m\u00e1me p\u0159ed sebou. Tento pokles kognitivn\u00ed v\u00fdkonnosti je zcela p\u0159irozen\u00fd a odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed skute\u010dnost, \u017ee lidsk\u00e1 kognice prost\u011b nen\u00ed uzp\u016fsobena k tomu, aby se nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b a po dlouhou dobu zam\u011b\u0159ila na stejn\u00fd \u00fakol. Ve skute\u010dnosti je \u00fanava z kognitivn\u00edho hlediska adaptivn\u00edm sign\u00e1lem \u2013 zn\u00e1mkou toho, \u017ee jsme s \u201a\u00fakolem\u2018 str\u00e1vili p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho \u010dasu a mus\u00edme si ud\u011blat pauzu, ne\u017e za\u010dneme d\u011blat chyby.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

P\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e stolet\u00edm byly negativn\u00ed dopady nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce bez p\u0159est\u00e1vky jasn\u00e9. V jednom z nejhrdin\u0161t\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f se Tsuru Arai, prvn\u00ed Japonka, kter\u00e1 kdy z\u00edskala doktor\u00e1t, p\u0159inutila dokon\u010dit pracovn\u00ed \u00fakol, kter\u00fd vy\u017eadoval soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed (\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch \u00faloh s n\u00e1soben\u00edm) nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b po dobu 12 hodin po n\u011bkolik po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch dn\u016f bez odpo\u010dinku. Nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm, \u017ee s\u00a0postupem \u010dasu str\u00e1ven\u00e9m na \u00fakolu byl jej\u00ed v\u00fdkon pomalej\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd; poprv\u00e9 bylo empiricky prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee optim\u00e1ln\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed v\u00fdkon nelze udr\u017eet po dobu 12 hodin bez p\u0159est\u00e1vky. Navzdory tomu zdravotni\u010dt\u00ed pracovn\u00edci v\u00a0modern\u00ed dob\u011b \u010dasto tr\u00e1v\u00ed toto obdob\u00ed prac\u00ed bez adekv\u00e1tn\u00edch p\u0159est\u00e1vek. P\u0159elomov\u00e1 studie na vzorku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 400 sester ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 5 000 sm\u011bn\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v souladu s experimentem Araiov\u00e9 d\u011blaly sestry, kter\u00e9 pracovaly v\u00edce ne\u017e 12 hodin v kuse (asi 40 % vybran\u00fdch sm\u011bn), v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u00edce chyb.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Krom\u011b chyb souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s v\u00fdpadky pozornosti a pam\u011bti existuje st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed d\u016fkaz\u016f, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu dlouh\u00fdch obdob\u00ed pr\u00e1ce p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 jde o fenom\u00e9n ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako \u201e\u00fanava z rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. S\u00a0t\u00edm, jak lid\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed bez p\u0159est\u00e1vky st\u00e1le v\u00edc po sob\u011b jdouc\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed se za\u010dnou postupn\u011b posouvat k rozhodnut\u00edm, kter\u00e1 jsou n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem kognitivn\u011b snaz\u0161\u00ed (nap\u0159. <\/span>volit p\u0159ednastavenou mo\u017enost, p\u0159edat rozhodnut\u00ed n\u011bkomu jin\u00e9mu nebo vyu\u017e\u00edvat osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti <\/span>\u010di zkratky). Ve zdravotnictv\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00edme pro tento jev jasn\u00fd d\u016fkaz pr\u00e1v\u011b u pracovn\u00edch sm\u011bn. Nap\u0159\u00edklad prakti\u010dt\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i \u010dast\u011bji p\u0159edepisuj\u00ed zbyte\u010dn\u00e1 antibiotika ke konci sv\u00e9 ordina\u010dn\u00ed doby a sestry \u010dast\u011bji pos\u00edlaj\u00ed pacienty k dal\u0161\u00edm zdravotnick\u00fdm pracovn\u00edk\u016fm <\/span>s t\u00edm, jak se prodlu\u017euje doba od posledn\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1vky. <\/span>Posledn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad ukazuje na dal\u0161\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd moment. Z kognitivn\u00edho hlediska nen\u00ed probl\u00e9mem celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, ale mno\u017estv\u00ed pr\u00e1ce <\/span>prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 <\/span>bez p\u0159est\u00e1vky. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pro udr\u017een\u00ed optim\u00e1ln\u00edho kognitivn\u00edho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed a existence (nebo neexistence) p\u0159est\u00e1vek b\u011bhem pracovn\u00ed doby, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e celkov\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zajistit, aby m\u011bl zdravotnick\u00fd person\u00e1l p\u0159est\u00e1vky na odpo\u010dinek v ru\u0161n\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b sn\u00e1ze \u0159ekne, ne\u017e ud\u011bl\u00e1. Ale zde jsou d\u016fkazy jasn\u00e9: jak\u00e1koli p\u0159est\u00e1vka je lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 a pravideln\u00e9 p\u0159est\u00e1vky by m\u011bly b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nezbytnou a neoddiskutovatelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st pracovn\u00edho dne. I kdy\u017e nen\u00ed \u010das na po\u0159\u00e1dnou p\u0159est\u00e1vku, d\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee je prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 ud\u011blat si p\u00e1r minut na to, abyste poodstoupili od sv\u00e9ho \u00fakolu, prot\u00e1hli se a zhluboka se nadechli. \u201eMikrop\u0159est\u00e1vky\u201c neboli p\u0159est\u00e1vky v d\u00e9lce n\u011bkolika minut b\u011bhem n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dinnost\u00ed se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u00e9 pro zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch negativn\u00edch dopad\u016f dlouh\u00e9 a nep\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed doby. Studie nap\u0159\u00edklad ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee chirurgov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed si b\u011bhem operac\u00ed za\u0159ad\u00ed pravideln\u00e9 kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 mikropauzy (90 sekund a\u017e 5 minut) hl\u00e1s\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed fyzick\u00fd a du\u0161evn\u00ed v\u00fdkon, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed stresu a m\u00e9n\u011b intraopera\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edhod. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee operace, kter\u00e9 zahrnovaly tyto mikrop\u0159est\u00e1vky, netrvaly d\u00e9le ne\u017e standardn\u00ed operace, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee p\u0159est\u00e1vky si \u201ena sebe vyd\u011blaly\u201c t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u016fsob\u00ed proti b\u011b\u017en\u00e9mu sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rychlosti a efektivity v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159est\u00e1vky jsou zkr\u00e1tka nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pracovn\u00edho dne zdravotnick\u00fdch (a dal\u0161\u00edch!) pracovn\u00edk\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Up\u0159ednost\u0148ujte p\u0159est\u00e1vky \u2013 tr\u00e1vit dlouh\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 \u00faseky \u201ana \u00fakolech\u2018 je kontraproduktivn\u00ed. Zm\u011bn\u00ed to va\u0161e rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, zpomal\u00ed v\u00e1s, budete n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k chyb\u00e1m a m\u016f\u017ee to sn\u00ed\u017eit va\u0161i anga\u017eovanost v chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1s udr\u017euje zdrav\u00e9.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Pokud si nem\u016f\u017eete ud\u011blat \u00faplnou p\u0159est\u00e1vku, alespo\u0148 se zastavte: vsta\u0148te nebo poodstupte od toho, co d\u011bl\u00e1te, prot\u00e1hn\u011bte se a n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t se zhluboka nadechn\u011bte. D\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee pouh\u00fdch 30 sekund str\u00e1ven\u00fdch mimo \u00fakol m\u016f\u017ee pomoci sn\u00ed\u017eit kognitivn\u00ed dopad nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. M\u011b\u0148te sv\u00e9 \u00fakoly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu dne. Soust\u0159e\u010fte se na jeden \u00fakol po stanovenou dobu a pak (pokud nejste \u201ev z\u00f3n\u011b\u201c) p\u0159epn\u011bte na n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho. V mnoha ohledech je zm\u011bna kognitivn\u011b stejn\u011b dobr\u00e1 jako odpo\u010dinek.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Povzbuzujte ostatn\u00ed, aby si d\u011blali p\u0159est\u00e1vky, a strukturujte slu\u017eby a pracovn\u00ed \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00edte, zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd pracovn\u00edk\u016fm umo\u017en\u00ed m\u00edt pravideln\u00e9 p\u0159est\u00e1vky. V modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti je st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed proaktivn\u011b do pracovn\u00edho dne zabudovat obdob\u00ed odpo\u010dinku.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \u00a0[P\u0159elo\u017eila Renata Hacklov\u00e1]<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    By Julia Allan, Aberdeen University, Scotland Modern life is hectic. We live in an increasingly \u2018switched on\u2019 digital world where periods of true respite from work are rare. Many people regularly work for lengthy periods and this is particularly the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2519,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2510","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-self-regulation","category-stress-and-coping"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2510"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2510\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4559,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2510\/revisions\/4559"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}