{"id":2485,"date":"2022-06-01T11:38:22","date_gmt":"2022-06-01T11:38:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2485"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:02:20","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:02:20","slug":"linking-the-elephant-to-the-rider-the-role-of-motivation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2022\/06\/linking-the-elephant-to-the-rider-the-role-of-motivation\/","title":{"rendered":"Propojen\u00ed slona s jezdcem: \u00daloha motivace"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ant\u00f3nio Labisa Palmeira, CIDEFES – Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Portugal; ISBNPA Executive Director\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

Dlouhodob\u00e1 motivace k\u00a0chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 souvis\u00ed se zdrav\u00edm, m\u016f\u017ee poch\u00e1zet z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdci se st\u00e1le sna\u017e\u00ed zjistit, jak tyto zdroje do sebe zapadaj\u00ed. J\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad chod\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ka\u017ed\u00fd den b\u011bhat a d\u011bl\u00e1m to u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 let. Jak a pro\u010d jsem si tento vzorec chov\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eel?<\/span><\/p>\n

Daniel Kahnemann<\/span><\/a> by \u0159ekl, \u017ee ve h\u0159e jsou dva motiva\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my: syst\u00e9m 1, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 instinkty a emocemi, a syst\u00e9m 2, kter\u00fd je z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00fd a v\u011bdom\u00fd. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee syst\u00e9m 2 m\u011b vede k b\u011bh\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee jsem si v\u011bdom zdravotn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f cvi\u010den\u00ed. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, <\/span>Ed Deci<\/span><\/a> by prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee jsem k b\u011bh\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u011b motivov\u00e1n a d\u011bl\u00e1m to proto, \u017ee je to v souladu s m\u00fdmi hodnotami a m\u00fdm j\u00e1, a \u017ee m\u011b to bav\u00ed.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kter\u00e1 z t\u011bchto mo\u017enost\u00ed je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1? Tvrd\u00edm, \u017ee ob\u011b, a \u017ee pro vysv\u011btlen\u00ed udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee platit i n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch teori\u00ed. Jak se tyto teorie dopl\u0148uj\u00ed a jak je m\u016f\u017eeme vyu\u017e\u00edt v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxi? Jak mohou nap\u0159\u00edklad syst\u00e9my 1 a 2 \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b sd\u00edlet informace mezi sebou? Pochopen\u00edm t\u011bchto mechanism\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme pomoci pacient\u016fm udr\u017eet zdrav\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku tvrd\u00edm, \u017ee vnit\u0159n\u00ed motivace hraje roli, a ke\u00a0zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to my\u0161lenky pou\u017eiji Haidt\u016fv p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o <\/span>Slonu a jezdci<\/span><\/a>. Haidtova metafora se shoduje s v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm modelem dvoj\u00edho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed. Slon je n\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m 1, fyziologicky \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd, instinktivn\u011b ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed implicitn\u00ed (podv\u011bdom\u00e9) informace. Jezdec je n\u00e1\u0161 syst\u00e9m 2, \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd v\u00fdhodami a nev\u00fdhodami, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 explicitn\u00ed (v\u011bdom\u00e9) informace.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e je Jezdec zmaten\u00fd v rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 informace je nejlep\u0161\u00ed, Slon vpadne do hry a instinktivn\u011b ud\u011bl\u00e1 svou v\u011bc. Proto\u017ee se Slon vyvinul v \u00e9\u0159e nedostatku, bude v\u00e1s tla\u010dit k tomu, abyste vyu\u017eili ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti j\u00edst nap\u0159. vysoce kalorick\u00e9 potraviny nebo omezit n\u00e1mahu na minimum. Ale dnes, v dob\u011b hojnosti, je to problematick\u00e9, proto\u017ee Jezdec je zahlcen rozporupln\u00fdmi informacemi o tom, jak usm\u011br\u0148ovat chov\u00e1n\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se zdrav\u00edm. Jen si vzpome\u0148te, kolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch diet je k dispozici… Tato p\u0159em\u00edra informac\u00ed p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k rozvoji nezdrav\u00fdch n\u00e1vyk\u016f, jako je p\u0159ej\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed a nedostatek pohybu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u00e1vyky jsou automatickou reakc\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 podn\u011bty a hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v chov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/span>v oblasti v\u00fd\u017eivy a fyzick\u00e9 aktivity.<\/span><\/a> Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i denn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru <\/span>220 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed jen o j\u00eddle<\/span><\/a> je lep\u0161\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u00e1vyky, abychom se vyhnuli rozhodovac\u00ed paral\u00fdze (tj. v\u016fbec se nerozhodovat podle mnoha dostupn\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed) a n\u011b\u010d\u00edm se nasytili, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed nejzdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed volba.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou tedy je, jak si m\u016f\u017eeme vytvo\u0159it zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1vyky?<\/b><\/p>\n

Podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru n\u00e1m p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f mohou pomoci digit\u00e1ln\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed aplikace. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v r\u00e1mci projektu <\/span>NoHW<\/span><\/a> vyvinula na\u0161e skupina aplikaci, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159ipojovala k chytr\u00fdm hodink\u00e1m a dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159enosn\u00fdm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm, kter\u00e1 neust\u00e1le shroma\u017e\u010fovala \u00fadaje o “elefant\u00edch” (tj. t\u011blesn\u00fdch) stavech lid\u00ed. Aplikace pak lidem tyto informace explicitn\u011b a p\u0159\u00edmo zp\u0159\u00edstupnila k nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed. Ve v\u00fdsledku tak jezdec z\u00edskal nov\u00fd zdroj: \u00fadaje o sebemonitorov\u00e1n\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z t\u011blesn\u00fdch stav\u016f. Tento zdroj lze vyu\u017e\u00edt k obohacen\u00ed seberegula\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f a<\/span> motivace<\/span><\/a> ke zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu chov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nab\u00eddka p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu Jezdce k tomu, co pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Slon, posiluje vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vazeb mezi vlastn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00edm a hodnotami, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm a c\u00edli. Nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e b\u011bh\u00e1m, m\u00e9 t\u011blo Slona mi \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee jsem siln\u00fd a pln\u00fd energie. Kdy\u017e se pak po b\u011bhu pod\u00edv\u00e1m na sv\u00e9 chytr\u00e9 hodinky, vid\u00edm, \u017ee jsem za den ud\u011blal 10 000 krok\u016f. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1 m\u016fj Jezdec pocit, \u017ee m\u00e1 situaci pod kontrolou, proto\u017ee Slon a Jezdec jsou v souladu, a moje mysl si spoj\u00ed pocit s\u00edly a energie s t\u00edm, \u017ee jsem ud\u011blal v\u00edce krok\u016f. To posiluje vzorec chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Propojen\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f z p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s vnit\u0159n\u00edmi somatick\u00fdmi a emocion\u00e1ln\u00edmi stavy lid\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Jezdec a Slon se v\u00edce slad\u00ed, a to usnadn\u00ed udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Kdy\u017e Jezdec a Slon nejsou slad\u011bni, m\u016f\u017ee to lidem napov\u011bd\u011bt, aby p\u0159ehodnotili (\u00fa\u010dinky) sv\u00fdch vzorc\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Zdrav\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee v\u00edce internalizovat (tj. toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed se stane sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed va\u0161\u00ed identity a bude integrov\u00e1no do toho, \u010d\u00edm jste a co d\u011bl\u00e1te).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, jak a pro\u010d se mi da\u0159\u00ed b\u011bhat u\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 let, je s\u00a0t\u011bmito znalostmi jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: P\u0159i b\u011bh\u00e1n\u00ed se mi da\u0159\u00ed udr\u017eet Slona a Jezdce vyrovnan\u00e9. V portugal\u0161tin\u011b se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: “Quem corre por gosto, n\u00e3o cansa” – v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 d\u011bl\u00e1\u0161 r\u00e1d, t\u011b neunav\u00ed. Pro m\u011b je to dokonal\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad toho, jak vnit\u0159n\u00ed motivace spojuje Slona a Jezdce.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    D\u016fkaz\u016f pro tuto my\u0161lenku je pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e1lo (<\/span>zde<\/span><\/a> a <\/span>zde<\/span><\/a>) a v\u00fdzkum je teprve v po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch. Je t\u0159eba lep\u0161\u00edch senzor\u016f a tak\u00e9 obsah aplikac\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zalo\u017een na d\u016fkazech. Projekt NoHoW vznikl s ohledem na tyto v\u00fdhrady, ale mnohem v\u00edce v\u00fdzkumu je je\u0161t\u011b zapot\u0159eb\u00ed. Mus\u00edme si tak\u00e9 uv\u011bdomit probl\u00e9my vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z <\/span>APPtimismu<\/span><\/a>:\u00a0 m\u016f\u017eete naj\u00edt “aplikaci na…” t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na v\u0161echno, ale to neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee aplikace bude \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n

    M\u011bjte je na pam\u011bti, kdy\u017e zva\u017eujete, jak m\u016f\u017ee aplikace nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00ed intervence pro zm\u011bnu chov\u00e1n\u00ed ovlivnit interakci mezi Slonem a Jezdcem v podpo\u0159e zdrav\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Seznamte se s nov\u00fdmi technologiemi –<\/b> sledujte nov\u00e9 dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pom\u016fcky a informace. Pak se zam\u011b\u0159te na to, co znamenaj\u00ed \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed, a jak mohou pomoci udr\u017eet zdrav\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hledejte strukturu<\/b> – co je to variabilita srde\u010dn\u00ed frekvence? Co je to kardiorespira\u010dn\u00ed zdatnost? Jezdec se r\u00e1d c\u00edt\u00ed kompetentn\u00ed; tyto informace mu poskytuj\u00ed strukturu, aby se mohl o tyto kompetence sna\u017eit. V\u011bt\u0161ina aplikac\u00ed tyto pojmy vysv\u011btluje; hledejte je a dozv\u00edte se o nich n\u011bco v\u00edc.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hledejte podp\u016frn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je emocion\u00e1ln\u011b a vztahov\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00e9<\/b> – zjist\u011bte, zda aplikace v p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed informace v podp\u016frn\u00e9m a neodsuzuj\u00edc\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 posiluje samostatn\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed motivaci.\u00a0 P\u0159esto\u017ee lze \u00fadaje z p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9 jako m\u011bnu v konkuren\u010dn\u00edch souboj\u00edch (nap\u0159. moje variabilita srde\u010dn\u00edho tepu je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e va\u0161e), role konkurence jako hnac\u00ed s\u00edly chov\u00e1n\u00ed je nejasn\u00e1 a mezi jednotlivci existuje velk\u00e1 variabilita.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Informace jsou dvouse\u010dn\u00e1 zbra\u0148 –<\/b> bu\u010fte ostra\u017eit\u00ed: informace mohou v\u00e9st k excesivn\u00edmu chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte informace jako <\/span>zdroj<\/span><\/a>, nikoli jako jedinou hnac\u00ed s\u00edlu chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

    P\u0159elo\u017eila Krist\u00fdna Anna \u010cern\u00edkov\u00e1<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    By Ant\u00f3nio Labisa Palmeira, CIDEFES – Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Portugal; ISBNPA Executive Director Long-term motivation for health-related behaviors can come from different sources. Behavioral scientists are still trying to work out how these sources fit together. For example, I go running […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2494,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,14,9,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-behavioural-theory","category-e-health","category-habit","category-motivation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2485"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2485\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4561,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2485\/revisions\/4561"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2485"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2485"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}