{"id":2277,"date":"2021-08-24T06:43:09","date_gmt":"2021-08-24T06:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=2277"},"modified":"2026-01-29T14:37:35","modified_gmt":"2026-01-29T14:37:35","slug":"how-new-insights-into-stress-can-help-calm-the-worried-mind","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2021\/08\/how-new-insights-into-stress-can-help-calm-the-worried-mind\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak nov\u00fd vhled do stresu m\u016f\u017ee pomoci uklidnit starostlivou mysl"},"content":{"rendered":"

BartVerkuil, Department ofClinical Psychology, Leiden University, TheNetherlands and PEP Group, Noordwijk, TheNetherlands.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eCo kdy\u017e se b\u011bhem pobytu v nemocnici nakaz\u00edm? Co kdy\u017e nebudu moci zaplatit sv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dty? Jak\u00fd efekt bude m\u00edt tento \u201clockdown\u201d na zdrav\u00ed m\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed?\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Hrozba koronaviru m\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fd dopad na \u017eivoty n\u00e1s v\u0161ech. V\u011bdci vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed statistick\u00e9 modely k\u00a0ur\u010den\u00ed toho, jak\u00e1 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata opat\u0159en\u00ed a jak\u00fdm rizik\u016fm \u010del\u00edme, k\u00a0z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed vhledu na \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed viru. To jist\u011b pom\u00e1h\u00e1 z\u00edskat n\u011bjakou kontrolu nad touto pandemi\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd jedinec neust\u00e1le jedn\u00e1 jako tito v\u011bdci, ale je\u0161t\u011b automati\u010dt\u011bji; lidsk\u00e1 mysl m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za \u201ep\u0159edpov\u011bdn\u00ed stroj<\/a>\u201c, kter\u00fd neust\u00e1le vyhodnocuje, jestli jsme ohro\u017eeni n\u00e1kazou, ztr\u00e1tou zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed nebo kritikou. P\u0159esto je tu velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl v\u00a0tom, jak lid\u00e9 odhaduj\u00ed toto riziko a pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 lidi vedou tyto odhady k\u00a0intenzivn\u00edmu strachu<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Co d\u011bl\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00e9 jedince n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u016f\u010di strachu ne\u017e jin\u00e9? Sou\u010dasn\u00fd vhled do evolu\u010dn\u00ed teorie nazna\u010duje, \u017ee stres a strach jsou velmi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 a logick\u00e9 \u2013 dokonce z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u2013 reakce na ohro\u017een\u00ed. V\u00a0p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u00edch o budoucnosti v\u0161ichni t\u00edhneme k \u201echyb\u011b z\u00a0opatrnosti<\/a>\u201c. To proto\u017ee ve starov\u011bku dok\u00e1zali p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt pouze lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed byli p\u0159i n\u00e1znaku ohro\u017een\u00ed opatrn\u00ed. Tito opatrn\u00ed lid\u00e9 p\u0159edali sv\u00e9 geny dal\u0161\u00edm generac\u00edm. Dle ned\u00e1vno navrhovan\u00e9 V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 teorie stresu (Generalized Unsafety Theory of Stress, GUTS)<\/a> by ot\u00e1zka nem\u011bla zn\u00edt \u201epro\u010d maj\u00ed lid\u00e9 strach?\u201c, ale \u201epro\u010d n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 nedok\u00e1\u017eou vypnout tuto logickou reakci na ohro\u017een\u00ed a nejistotu<\/a>?\u201c.<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee reakce na stres souvis\u00ed se schopnost\u00ed rozeznat sign\u00e1ly bezpe\u010d\u00ed. Teprve tehdy, kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 vn\u00edmaj\u00ed zn\u00e1mky toho, \u017ee jsou v\u00a0bezpe\u010d\u00ed, se m\u016f\u017ee jejich strach vypnout. V\u00a0na\u0161ich p\u0159edstav\u00e1ch o nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, se kter\u00fdm se m\u016f\u017eeme ve sv\u011bt\u011b potkat, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me sign\u00e1ly jak o nebezpe\u010d\u00ed tak bezpe\u010d\u00ed, ale to bylo ignorov\u00e1no p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi modely stresu. GUTS na z\u00e1klad\u011b toho p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed je to, co lidem umo\u017e\u0148uje vypnout jejich strach. Kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 nevn\u00edmaj\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed, budou se d\u00e1le strachovat. Neurobiologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 prefront\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u016fra sni\u017eovat stresovou reakci<\/a>. Z\u00a0tohoto pohledu by m\u011bli l\u00e9ka\u0159i br\u00e1t v \u00favahu m\u00edru bezpe\u010d\u00ed, kterou pacienti ve sv\u00fdch \u017eivotech aktu\u00e1ln\u011b pro\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. GUTS stanov\u00ed n\u011bkolik zdroj\u016f bezpe\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed \u201epocitu bezpe\u010d\u00ed\u201c je ovlivn\u011bno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm osobn\u00ed histori\u00ed jedince. Pokud vyr\u016fst\u00e1me v\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, postupn\u011b se u\u010d\u00edme, \u017ee sv\u011bt je bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edsto, kter\u00e9 je (aspo\u0148 do n\u011bjak\u00e9 m\u00edry) p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 a kontrolovateln\u00e9. Jedinec se nau\u010d\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et bl\u00edzk\u00e9 vazby s\u00a0ostatn\u00edmi lidmi. Nau\u010d\u00ed se, \u017ee druz\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt pe\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed, bezpe\u010dn\u00ed a p\u0159\u00e1tel\u0161t\u00ed. Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u0161ak vyroste v\u00a0takov\u00e9m bezpe\u010dn\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Stresov\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti b\u011bhem d\u011btstv\u00ed maj\u00ed vliv na pocit bezpe\u010d\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b a to p\u0159edur\u010d\u00ed jedince k\u00a0tomu, aby si pozd\u011bji ve sv\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b d\u011blali starosti<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ale tak\u00e9 existuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed zdroje bezpe\u010d\u00ed<\/a>. Nap\u0159\u00edklad bezpe\u010d\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vznikat ze zku\u0161enosti s\u00a0podporuj\u00edc\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm<\/a>. Lid\u00e9 se vyv\u00edjeli d\u00edky \u017eivotu ve skupin\u00e1ch. N\u00e1\u0161 stresov\u00fd syst\u00e9m je v\u00edce potla\u010den, pokud jsme v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edtomnosti p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch lid\u00ed, ne\u017e kdy\u017e jsme sami. Bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee vhodn\u00e9 (dobr\u00e9) objet\u00ed<\/a> tak\u00e9 sni\u017euje stresovou reakci.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zdroj bezpe\u010d\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed z\u00a0na\u0161ich vlastn\u00edch t\u011bl (jako fyzick\u00e1 zdatnost). Aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 prokazuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed odolnost v\u016f\u010di stresu. Aktivn\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohou za\u017e\u00edvat v\u00edce bezpe\u010d\u00ed, proto\u017ee sn\u00e1ze \u010del\u00ed fyzick\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m. P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee ve starov\u011bku pot\u0159ebovali fyzicky m\u00e9n\u011b zdatn\u00ed jedinci prozkoum\u00e1vat sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e jejich zdatn\u00ed vrstevn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed tak mohli snadn\u011bji ut\u00e9ci pred\u00e1tor\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed zdroj bezpe\u010d\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edstup k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b<\/a>. Lid\u00e9 se vyvinuli v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed (m\u00edsto urbanizovan\u00e9ho). Takov\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed mohlo poskytovat sign\u00e1ly bezpe\u010d\u00ed (\u00fakryty, rozhledny, informace o \u00fanikov\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n

Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, fyzick\u00e1 aktivita, vystaven\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b\u2026 p\u0159esn\u011b tyto zdroje bezpe\u010d\u00ed byly b\u011bhem lockdownu ohro\u017eeny v\u0161ude na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Jako jeden z\u00a0v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f GUTS a sou\u010dasn\u011b psycholog p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0klinick\u00e9 praxi mohu \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee mi tento vhled zm\u011bnil pohled na pr\u00e1ci s\u00a0klienty s obavami. Vedle obvykl\u00fdch KBT technik jako je zapisov\u00e1n\u00ed si obav a hled\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fkaz\u016f jejich racionality nebo praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed mindfulness nebo relaxa\u010dn\u00edch cvi\u010den\u00ed, GUTS klade d\u016fraz na dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby pr\u00e1ce s\u00a0obavami.<\/p>\n

Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n