{"id":1932,"date":"2021-01-22T11:10:15","date_gmt":"2021-01-22T11:10:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1932"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:12:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:12:47","slug":"to-eat-or-not-to-eat-that-is-the-question-how-can-health-psychology-practitioners-help-people-manage-food-safety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2021\/01\/to-eat-or-not-to-eat-that-is-the-question-how-can-health-psychology-practitioners-help-people-manage-food-safety\/","title":{"rendered":"J\u00edst nebo nej\u00edst, to je ot\u00e1zka: Jak mohou psychologov\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed pomoci lidem zvl\u00e1dnout bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 stravov\u00e1n\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Barbara Mullan, Curtin University, Australie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rozsah probl\u00e9mu<\/p>\n

Na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b onemocn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd rok po konzumaci kontaminovan\u00e9ho j\u00eddla ka\u017ed\u00fd des\u00e1t\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 600 milion\u016f lid\u00ed) a zem\u0159e<\/a> a\u017e 420 000 lid\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly ve v\u00fdskytu<\/a> t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e aliment\u00e1rn\u00edch n\u00e1kaz se vyskytuje v\u00a0Africe, Jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii a v\u00fdchodn\u00edm st\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed (v\u00edce informac\u00ed o aliment\u00e1rn\u00edch n\u00e1kaz\u00e1ch najdete zde<\/a>). Krom\u011b geografick\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f existuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v\u00a0typech p\u016fvodc\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou za aliment\u00e1rn\u00ed n\u00e1kazy zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 (nap\u0159. viry, bakterie, paraziti).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V\u00a0bezpe\u010dnosti potravin je mnoho d\u00edlk\u016f v\u00a0\u0159et\u011bzci \u201ez farmy na tal\u00ed\u0159\u201c. P\u0159esto\u017ee je farm\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9mu odv\u011btv\u00ed a restaurac\u00edm poskytov\u00e1na velk\u00e1 podpora v\u00a0dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s potravinami, zapojen\u00ed spot\u0159ebitele je \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eeno. Praxe bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 manipulace potravin spot\u0159ebiteli je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed, proto\u017ee p\u0159edstavuje posledn\u00ed stadium prevence aliment\u00e1rn\u00edch n\u00e1kaz. Odhady po\u010dtu otrav j\u00eddlem zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnostech se velice li\u0161\u00ed<\/a> v\u00a0rozsahu od 11 do 87%. Psychologov\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed mohou spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm hodn\u011b pomoci minimalizovat riziko otrav potravinami.<\/p>\n

WHO vydala 5 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch krok\u016f<\/a> k\u00a0udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201ebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch\u201c potravin. Jsou jimi:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Udr\u017eujte \u010dist\u00e9 ruce a n\u00e1dob\u00ed,<\/li>\n
  2. Odd\u011blujte syrov\u00e9 a va\u0159en\u00e9 potraviny (zejm\u00e9na pokud se vrac\u00edte z\u00a0trhu\/obchodu a p\u0159i usklad\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed potravin v\u00a0lednici),<\/li>\n
  3. Va\u0159te j\u00eddlo pe\u010dliv\u011b,<\/li>\n
  4. Dr\u017ete potraviny v\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. udr\u017eujte tepl\u00e9 j\u00eddlo tepl\u00e9 a studen\u00e9 studen\u00e9),<\/li>\n
  5. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte pitnou vodu a syrov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    P\u0159edv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed spot\u0159ebitele<\/p>\n

    V\u00fdzkumy zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed se na roli spot\u0159ebitele se v\u011bnovaly znalostem jako prim\u00e1rn\u00edmu faktoru. P\u0159ehledov\u00e1 studie<\/a> nazna\u010duje, \u017ee znalosti nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b v\u00e9st k\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami. Stejn\u011b je to u dal\u0161\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f. Znalosti jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, ale nejsou dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ke zm\u011bn\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed, pro porozum\u011bn\u00ed \u201ejak\u201c a \u201epro\u010d\u201c.<\/p>\n

    K\u00a0porozum\u011bn\u00ed, jak\u00e9 jsou dal\u0161\u00ed faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed spot\u0159ebitele, aby se zaj\u00edmal o bezpe\u010dnost potravin vyu\u017eili v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci \u0159adu teori\u00ed, hlavn\u011b vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z\u00a0psychologie. Ty obsahovaly teorii pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, teorie motivace a modelu domn\u011bnek o zdrav\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 p\u0159ehledov\u00e1 studie<\/a> poukazuje na to, \u017ee intence (z\u00e1m\u011bry), soci\u00e1ln\u00ed normy, self-efficacy (v\u00edra ve vlastn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost) a zvyky jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 prvky, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami. Do\u0161li k\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee intervence vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0t\u011bchto konstrukt\u016f by mohly b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 ve\u00a0zlep\u0161en\u00ed spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Intervence v hygien\u011b potravin<\/p>\n

    Dal\u0161\u00ed studie<\/a> na\u0161la d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed aktivity vedou ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami v\u00a0dom\u00e1cnostech. Existuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed efektivn\u00ed strategie, kter\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na psychosoci\u00e1ln\u00ed konstrukty spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Studie, zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed se na intervence<\/a> na z\u00e1klad\u011b teorie pl\u00e1novan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b zm\u011bnila chov\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami. Intervence se zam\u011b\u0159ily vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 studenty, kter\u00fdm poskytly informace o bezpe\u010dn\u00e9m zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami a mimo jin\u00e9 obsahovaly dal\u0161\u00ed strategie, nap\u0159. pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a identifikace pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pomohou zv\u00fd\u0161it z\u00e1m\u011br a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed kontroly chov\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159. d\u016fv\u011bra zapojit se). Tyto intervence zv\u00fd\u0161ily jak vn\u00edman\u00e9 kontrolovan\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak i chov\u00e1n\u00ed vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami. V\u00fdsledky nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u016f\u017eeme klient\u016fm pomoci edukac\u00ed o bezpe\u010dn\u00e9m zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami a v\u00a0pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159. pomoci jim napl\u00e1novat pou\u017e\u00edvat samostatn\u00e1 prk\u00fdnka na kr\u00e1jen\u00ed masa a zeleniny).<\/p>\n

    Dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 intervence<\/a> byla zalo\u017eena na teorii n\u00e1vyku. Tato intervence pomohla vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00fdm student\u016fm ve vyp\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed si n\u00e1vyku oh\u0159\u00e1t v\u00a0mikrovlnn\u00e9 troub\u011b ut\u011brku (desinfekce) poskytnut\u00edm informa\u010dn\u00edho let\u00e1ku a p\u0159ipom\u00ednkou ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u0159i nebo p\u011bt dn\u00ed. Chov\u00e1n\u00ed se signifikantn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo v\u00a0t\u0159\u00ed t\u00fddenn\u00edm testovac\u00edm obdob\u00ed a bylo udr\u017eov\u00e1no i v\u00a0obdob\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed t\u00fddn\u016f. Tyto v\u00fdsledky nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 poskytnout klient\u016fm informace a tak\u00e9 jim pomoci si vyp\u011bstovat n\u00e1vyky pro jednotliv\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159. podpo\u0159it je v\u00a0nastavov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednek v jejich telefonu).<\/p>\n

    V\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee je mnoho, co m\u016f\u017eeme jako psychologov\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed pro sv\u00e9 klienty ud\u011blat<\/a>, aby se nau\u010dili bezpe\u010dn\u011b zach\u00e1zet s\u00a0potravinami. M\u016f\u017eeme za\u010d\u00edt edukac\u00ed klient\u016f a pomoci jim se zapojit s\u00a0d\u016fv\u011brou ve zm\u011bnu chov\u00e1n\u00ed a vyp\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed si n\u00e1vyk\u016f, vedouc\u00edch k\u00a0bezpe\u010dn\u00e9mu zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s\u00a0potravinami.<\/p>\n

    Na z\u00e1v\u011br je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee zat\u00edmco v\u0161ichni spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 jsou vystaveni riziku aliment\u00e1rn\u00edho onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, asi 25% populace je vystaveno vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu riziku, v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bhotn\u00fdch \u017een, d\u011bt\u00ed do 5 let, star\u0161\u00edch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch a lid\u00ed s\u00a0autoimunn\u00edm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby psychologov\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed znali jednotliv\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 v\u00fd\u0161e.<\/p>\n

    Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/p>\n