{"id":1666,"date":"2020-04-10T17:20:39","date_gmt":"2020-04-10T17:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1666"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:19:35","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:19:35","slug":"insights-from-behavioural-science-for-the-covid-19-pandemic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2020\/04\/insights-from-behavioural-science-for-the-covid-19-pandemic\/","title":{"rendered":"Pohled behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bd\/obor\u016f na pandemii COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Shane Timmons, Ekonomick\u00fd a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd institut, Irsko<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vl\u00e1dy cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta se mobilizovaly ke kontrole nad \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm nov\u00e9ho koronaviru, ale pro \u00fasp\u011bch opat\u0159en\u00ed bude rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednotlivc\u016f. Pracovn\u00edci odd\u011blen\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu v\u00a0Ekonomick\u00e9m a Soci\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m institutu v\u00a0Dublinu spolupracovali s\u00a0irsk\u00fdm ministerstvem zdravotnictv\u00ed p\u0159i tvorb\u011b opat\u0159en\u00ed v reakci na pandemii COVID-19. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce bylo zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 v\u011bdeck\u00fdch publikac\u00ed. Rovn\u011b\u017e cestou p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek z Psychologie zdrav\u00ed pro zdravotn\u00edky za\u010dali hledat prost\u0159edky, jak nejl\u00e9pe komunikovat s\u00a0ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V p\u0159ehledov\u00e9m textu jsme se zam\u011b\u0159ili na v\u00fdzkumy, kter\u00e9 byly relevantn\u00ed pro t\u0159i oblasti, kter\u00e9 formuj\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed v\u00a0mnoha zem\u00edch: hygiena rukou, dot\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed se obli\u010deje a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed izolov\u00e1n\u00ed se. Rovn\u011b\u017e jsme se zam\u011b\u0159ili na \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00e9 texty, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed motivace ke\u00a0zdrav\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed a efektivn\u00ed krizov\u00e9 komunikace.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><b>Hygiena rukou<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mo\u017enosti, jak zlep\u0161it hygienu rukou uvnit\u0159 zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou ji\u017e dob\u0159e zdokumentov\u00e1ny. M\u00e1me k\u00a0dispozici siln\u00e9 empirick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee pouze vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a uv\u011bdomov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto faktu samo o sob\u011b nesta\u010d\u00ed, zat\u00edmco mohou b\u00fdt vysoce efektivn\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 zm\u011bny v\u00a0prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\u00a0 Naveden\u00edm pozornosti na desinfek\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky k\u00a0myt\u00ed rukou t\u00edm, \u017ee je um\u00edst\u00edme do frekventovan\u00fdch chodeb a ozna\u010d\u00edme je jasn\u00fdmi barvami, dramaticky zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edme jejich pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, a to mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e pouh\u00e9 nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed jejich po\u010dtu. Signalizov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed je o\u010dek\u00e1vanou normou m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e9st dal\u0161\u00ed u\u017eitek. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1, ale zdvo\u0159il\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dost, nap\u0159. \u201eji\u017e jste si vydesinfikovali ruce?\u201c po p\u0159\u00edchodu pacient\u016f nebo n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f do objekt\u016f mohou b\u00fdt jednoduch\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00fdmi lze tyto normy sd\u011blovat. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed a udr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1vyk\u016f p\u0159es\u00e1hlo nad \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm restrikc\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Dot\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed se obli\u010deje rukama<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Na rozd\u00edl od v\u00fdzkumu hygieny rukou jsme nena\u0161li \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 postupy pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu dotek\u016f obli\u010deje. Samotn\u00e9 uv\u011bdomov\u00e1n\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nen\u00ed efektivn\u00ed: fakt, \u017ee si lid\u00e9 uv\u011bdom\u00ed, kdy\u017e se dotknou sv\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159e, m\u016f\u017ee jen zv\u00fd\u0161it po\u010det dotyk\u016f<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">kter\u00e9 ud\u011blaj\u00ed. Vzhledem k nedostatku zaveden\u00fdch intervenc\u00ed se zdravotn\u00edci mus\u00ed v\u00edce spol\u00e9hat na obecn\u00e9 modely zm\u011bny chov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159. Behaviour Change Wheel (Kruhov\u00e1 zm\u011bna chov\u00e1n\u00ed), Intervention Mapping (Mapov\u00e1n\u00ed intervenc\u00ed) nebo metoda FAST. Spolu s\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky doporu\u010dujeme testovat zp\u016fsoby, jak jinak nahradit sah\u00e1n\u00ed na obli\u010dej (nap\u0159. vyu\u017eit\u00ed ruk\u00e1vu nebo kapesn\u00edku), a nikoli jen od sah\u00e1n\u00ed odrazovat.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pobyt v izolaci<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samoizolace m\u016f\u017ee jedinc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed symptomy nemoci nebo byli v\u00a0\u00fazk\u00e9m kontaktu s\u00a0infikovan\u00fdmi osobami, zachr\u00e1nit \u017eivot, ale m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i negativn\u00ed psychologick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed izolace a osam\u011blost maj\u00ed na well-being dopad, kter\u00fd je srovnateln\u00fd s\u00a0dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi rizikov\u00fdmi faktory jako nap\u0159. kou\u0159en\u00ed. Vyhodnocen\u00ed\/p\u0159ehled\u00a024 v\u00fdzkum\u016f proveden\u00fdch b\u011bhem minul\u00fdch pandemi\u00ed ukazuje, \u017ee pobyt v\u00a0karant\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed rizika, kter\u00e1 p\u0159esahuj\u00ed dobu izolace, jako nap\u0159. zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed incidence depres\u00ed b\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed let pot\u00e9.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zdravotn\u00edci mohou b\u00fdt obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b rizikov\u00e1 skupina, nebo\u0165 negativn\u00ed psychologick\u00fd dopad izolace se m\u016f\u017ee s\u010d\u00edtat se starostmi, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed\/selh\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i poskytnut\u00ed sv\u00fdch slu\u017eeb spolupracovn\u00edk\u016fm nebo pacient\u016fm v\u00a0obdob\u00ed pandemie. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zraniteln\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m by m\u011bly \u00fa\u0159ady\/ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 spr\u00e1va zprost\u0159edkovat dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 slu\u017eby v\u00a0oblasti du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed, kter\u00e9 budou dostupn\u00e9 na d\u00e1lku. Pom\u00e1hat jedinc\u016fm pl\u00e1novat pobyt v izolaci pom\u00e1h\u00e1 nap\u0159. WHO a na \u00farovn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f existuj\u00ed slu\u017eby, nap\u0159. NHS ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii (v \u010cR to jsou Krajsk\u00e9 hygienick\u00e9 stanice nebo SZ\u00da), kter\u00e9 tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed zvl\u00e1dat situaci a zahrnuj\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed, t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed kontaktu s\u00a0druh\u00fdmi pomoc\u00ed telefonu nebo online, s c\u00edlem zjistit, jak dob\u0159e se lid\u00e9 c\u00edt\u00ed a zda udr\u017euj\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d a rutinu.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Motivov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00a0vhodn\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u016fsledky onemocn\u011bn\u00ed COVID-19 nejsou rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny jedince. Star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 a lid\u00e9 s\u00a0jin\u00fdmi onemocn\u011bn\u00edmi \u010del\u00ed mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu riziku ne\u017e mlad\u0161\u00ed a zdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9. Av\u0161ak well-being t\u011bch nejv\u00edce rizikov\u00fdch nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jen na jejich vlastn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 na chov\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00fdch. Existuje dobr\u00fd d\u016fkaz pro podporu kooperativn\u00ed strategie, i kdy\u017e jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je ve prosp\u011bch jedince nemus\u00ed m\u00edt nutn\u011b prosp\u011bch pro \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed skupinu. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je efektivn\u00ed komunikace. \u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed skupinov\u00e9 identity d\u00edky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka nap\u0159. \u201ejsme v\u00a0tom v\u0161ichni spolu\u201c m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it skupinov\u00e9ho ducha a \u010dinnost skupiny, stejn\u011b jako zdvo\u0159il\u00e9 neschvalov\u00e1n\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ni\u010demu nepom\u00e1h\u00e1 (nap\u0159. panick\u00e9 n\u00e1kupy). Experimenty ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ob\u011bt\u00ed druh\u00fdch lid\u00ed zvy\u0161uje ochotu pom\u00e1hat. Rychle nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo sledovaly komunikaci b\u011bhem COVID-19 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed rizik, kter\u00e1 druz\u00ed podstupuj\u00ed a prosoci\u00e1ln\u00ed podn\u011bty (apely), kter\u00e9 vyb\u00edzej\u00ed k\u00a0tomu, abychom se vyhnuli \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed\u201c viru jsou efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jednoduch\u00e9 rady \u010di zpr\u00e1vy jak \u201enechytit\u201c virus.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Krizov\u00e1 komunikace <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychologie krizov\u00e9 komunikace zd\u016fraz\u0148uje dopl\u0148kov\u00e9 principy, kter\u00e9 praktik\u016fm pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pomohou p\u0159i komunikaci s\u00a0pacienty a klienty b\u011bhem pandemie COVID-19. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jsou rychlost, transparentnost a d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost. Praktici mohou p\u0159iznat svou nejistotu a b\u00fdt empati\u010dt\u00ed v\u016f\u010di obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm, jim\u017e \u010del\u00ed lid\u00e9 b\u011bhem krize, a tak\u00e9 mohou zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat u\u017eite\u010dnost r\u016fzn\u00fdch aktivit jedince, aby tak podpo\u0159ili rovnov\u00e1hu mezi \u00fazkost\u00ed a optimismem. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Boj s\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm COVID-19 vy\u017eaduje p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed mnoha v\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f. Teorie a metody behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bd mohou b\u00fdt jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Rychl\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch obor\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vysoce kvalitn\u00edch\u00a0 \u00a0 experiment\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed maximalizace jejich u\u017eitku.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Praktick\u00e1 doporu\u010den\u00ed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Zlep\u0161it hygienu rukou pomoc\u00ed\u00a0kombinace kampan\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed sanit\u00e1rn\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou k\u00a0dispozici a pomoc\u00ed zdvo\u0159il\u00fdch upozorn\u011bn\u00ed\/sign\u00e1l\u016f, \u017ee jejich vyu\u017eit\u00ed je o\u010dek\u00e1vanou normou. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Odrazovat od dot\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed se obli\u010deje nen\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 je pot\u0159eba zm\u011bnit fyzick\u00e9 a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed k\u00a0navozen\u00ed zm\u011bny chov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159. t\u00edm, \u017ee se vytvo\u0159en\u00ed nov\u00e9 normy k zaveden\u00ed zvyku dot\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed se obli\u010deje ruk\u00e1vem nebo k p\u0159ipravenosti pou\u017e\u00edvat kapesn\u00edky.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pom\u00e1hat lidem zapojit se do dist\u00e1ln\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a k udr\u017een\u00ed rutiny, co\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zm\u00edrnit\u00a0negativn\u00ed psychologick\u00fd dopad samoty, ale je rovn\u011b\u017e zapot\u0159eb\u00ed jej doplnit dal\u0161\u00ed podporou du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zd\u016fraznit kolektivn\u00ed povahu probl\u00e9mu, kter\u00e9mu \u010del\u00edme, a kv\u016fli \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pom\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed objas\u0148ovat rizika, kter\u00fdm \u010del\u00ed nejv\u00edce zraniteln\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st populace \u2013 ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 nedovolit, aby nevhodn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edhalo bez kontroly. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vyrovn\u00e1vat \u00fazkost lid\u00ed optimismem i pomoc\u00ed efektivity individu\u00e1ln\u00edch aktivit zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch proti \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed COVID-19\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">P\u0159eklad: Renata Hacklov\u00e1 a Radim Bado\u0161ek<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Shane Timmons, Economic and Social Research Institute, Ireland Governments worldwide have mobilised to try to control the spread of the novel coronavirus, but the behaviour of individuals will be vital to their success. 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