{"id":1617,"date":"2020-02-04T13:22:33","date_gmt":"2020-02-04T13:22:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/?p=1617"},"modified":"2025-11-04T14:22:04","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T14:22:04","slug":"are-your-clients-being-defensive-if-so-self-affirmation-may-help","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/2020\/02\/are-your-clients-being-defensive-if-so-self-affirmation-may-help\/","title":{"rendered":"Jsou Va\u0161i klienti defenzivn\u00ed? Pokud ano, m\u016f\u017ee pomoci sebepotvrzen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Peter Harris a Ian Hadden, v\u00fdzkumn\u00e1 skupina metod Sebepotvrzen\u00ed,
\nKatedra psychologie, Universita Sussex, UK <\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u011bli jste n\u011bkdy obt\u00ed\u017ee postavit se n\u011b\u010demu, co byste nejrad\u011bji ignorovali? Mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e1te slabost pro n\u011bco \u0161patn\u00e9ho, nap\u0159. p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto j\u00edte nebo se vyh\u00fdb\u00e1te zdravotn\u00edm prohl\u00eddk\u00e1m? No, nejste sami. V\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0n\u00e1s si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee jsme obvykle docela rozumn\u00ed a kompetentn\u00ed lid\u00e9. Tak\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 sly\u0161et, \u017ee d\u011bl\u00e1me n\u011bco, co p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozumn\u00e9 nen\u00ed. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee v\u016f\u010di zpr\u00e1v\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 nechceme sly\u0161et<\/a>, m\u016f\u017eeme b\u00fdt zna\u010dn\u011b odoln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

To, \u017ee nevn\u00edm\u00e1me rizikov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy ohledn\u011b na\u0161eho zdrav\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159. dopady nadv\u00e1hy, kou\u0159en\u00ed nebo nedodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed medikace \u2013 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt nane\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro kvalitu a d\u00e9lku \u017eivota. Jak tedy m\u016f\u017ee l\u00e9ka\u0159 pomoci klient\u016fm, aby brali na v\u011bdom\u00ed informace o zdrav\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by naopak ze v\u0161eho nejrad\u011bji ignorovali? Zde m\u016f\u017ee pomoci technika zvan\u00e1 sebepotvrzen\u00ed<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sebepotvrzen\u00ed je chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 jedinc\u016fm ujistit se, \u017ee jsou dob\u0159\u00ed a schopn\u00ed. To sni\u017euje jejich pot\u0159ebu ochr\u00e1nit se p\u0159ed informacemi, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee tak dob\u0159\u00ed nejsou. Tak\u00e9 to pom\u00e1h\u00e1 k objektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu n\u00e1hledu na zdravotn\u00ed informace a ve vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed jejich d\u016fle\u017eitosti, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee klienty nav\u00edc povzbudit k podniknut\u00ed krok\u016f k\u00a0\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. V\u00edce o teorii sebepotvrzen\u00ed naleznete v\u00a0odkazu zde<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cokoli m\u016f\u017eeme kvalifikovat jako prost\u0159edek sebepotvrzen\u00ed, nap\u0159. p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed dobr\u00fdch skutk\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch talent\u016f, siln\u00fdch str\u00e1nek charakteru nebo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch vztah\u016f. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je nejv\u00edce prozkoumanou technikou pro vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed sebepotvrzen\u00ed metoda potvrzen\u00ed hodnot<\/a>, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed na ot\u00e1zky nebo p\u00ed\u0161ou o sv\u00fdch nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hodnot\u00e1ch, nap\u0159. jak jsou velkorys\u00ed, \u010destn\u00ed apod.<\/p>\n

D\u016fkazy o fungov\u00e1n\u00ed sebepotvrzen\u00ed p\u0159inesly experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed studie. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed byli vyzv\u00e1ni k sebepotvrzen\u00ed (\u010dasto jen jednou), maj\u00ed tendenci v\u00edce v\u011b\u0159it zdravotn\u00edm informac\u00edm a c\u00edt\u00ed se pohotov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k proveden\u00ed zm\u011bny, ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed techniku neprov\u00e1d\u011bli. Sebepotvrzen\u00ed tak\u00e9 vedlo ke zm\u011bn\u00e1m v chov\u00e1n\u00ed o n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pozd\u011bji. P\u0159\u00ednosy sebepotvrzen\u00ed byly zji\u0161t\u011bny pro mnoho typ\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00e9ho se zdrav\u00edm, v\u010detn\u011b konzumace alkoholu, kou\u0159en\u00ed, rizikov\u00e9ho sexu, omezen\u00ed spot\u0159eby ryb v\u00a0d\u016fsledku v\u00fdskytu rtuti v\u00a0jejich t\u011blech, dopingu ve sportu, konzumace ovoce a zeleniny, fyzick\u00e9 aktivity, u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dent\u00e1ln\u00edch nit\u00ed a ochran\u011b p\u0159ed intenzivn\u00edm slun\u011bn\u00edm. N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie dokonce zjistily, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinky sebepotvrzen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se v chov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161kozuj\u00edc\u00edm zdrav\u00ed anga\u017euj\u00ed nejv\u00edce, nap\u0159. nejv\u00edce pij\u00ed alkohol, kou\u0159\u00ed nebo se cht\u011bj\u00ed opalovat<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ce byly zam\u011b\u0159eny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na v\u00fdzkum prevence v souborech mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli pacienti, ale byly provedeny i studie se skupinami pacient\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad u pacient\u016f s hemodial\u00fdzou, kte\u0159\u00ed si m\u011bli vzpomenout na sv\u00e9 minul\u00e9 \u010diny laskavosti, do\u0161lo v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch ke zlep\u0161en\u00e9 kontrole p\u0159\u00edjmu fosf\u00e1t\u016f<\/a> a lep\u0161\u00edmu dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pokyn\u016f pro p\u0159\u00edjem tekutin<\/a> ne\u017e u t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed techniku neprov\u00e1d\u011bli. Hypertenzn\u00ed afroameri\u010dt\u00ed pacienti vykazovali,zlep\u0161enou adherenci<\/a> v\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9k\u016f po intervenci, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala tuto sebepotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed slo\u017eku.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee jak m\u016f\u017eete sebepotvrzen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00a0praxi? Poj\u010fme zv\u00e1\u017eit konzultaci, ve kter\u00e9 chcete p\u0159edat zdravotn\u00ed informaci, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pro klienta\/klientku n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, nap\u0159. o \u0161kodlivosti kou\u0159en\u00ed nebo \u017ee nebere l\u00e9ky dle p\u0159edpisu. Pokud m\u00e1te 5-15 minut a nen\u00ed probl\u00e9m s\u00a0gramotnost\u00ed klienta, m\u016f\u017eete s\u00a0n\u00edm na za\u010d\u00e1tku konzultace prov\u00e9st jednoduch\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed na potvrzen\u00ed hodnot. Klienta\/klientku m\u016f\u017eete po\u017e\u00e1dat, aby se vyj\u00e1d\u0159il\/a nebo napsal\/a sv\u00e9 nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodnoty, a to, pro\u010d jsou pro n\u011bj\/ni d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Nebo m\u016f\u017ee vyplnit \u0161k\u00e1ly, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 za \u00fa\u010delem p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed jeho\/jej\u00edch vlastn\u00edch hodnot. Jakmile to ud\u011bl\u00e1, m\u016f\u017eete mu\/j\u00ed p\u0159edat zdravotn\u00ed informaci o rizic\u00edch kou\u0159en\u00ed nebo \u0161patn\u00e9 adherenci.<\/p>\n

Je-li probl\u00e9mem nedostatek \u010dasu nebo hor\u0161\u00ed gramotnost, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt k vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed sebepotvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017eit kr\u00e1tk\u00fd dotazn\u00edk vl\u00eddnosti<\/a>. N\u011bkter\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed techniky byly vyvinuty teprve ned\u00e1vno. Pat\u0159\u00ed k nim pokusy o zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed techniky afirmace hodnot na n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch v\u011bt<\/a>, pou\u017eit\u00ed dotazn\u00edk\u016f<\/a> hodnot, techniky, v nich\u017e se afirmace<\/a> integruje<\/u> do zpr\u00e1vy nebo pomoc lidem p\u0159i formulaci z\u00e1m\u011bru sebepotvrzen\u00ed<\/a> v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed. Tyto techniky byly pou\u017eity zat\u00edm jen v n\u011bkolika studi\u00edch, a tak v\u00edme dosud m\u00e1lo o tom, jak funguj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 tyto n\u00e1stroje na\u0161eho v\u00fdzkumu o sebepotvrzen\u00ed (SARG) m\u016f\u017eete naj\u00edt na str\u00e1nce zdroj\u016f<\/a> university Sussex. (Jsou v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b.) R\u00e1di v\u00e1m porad\u00edme ohledn\u011b t\u011bchto a dal\u0161\u00edch technik sebepotvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byste mohli zv\u00e1\u017eit.<\/p>\n

Body pro uplatn\u011bn\u00ed v praxi<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) Kdy bych m\u011bl\/a uva\u017eovat o vyu\u017eit\u00ed sebepotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed techniky?<\/p>\n

Zva\u017ete ji tehdy, kdy\u017e pot\u0159ebujete klientovi\/klientce sd\u011blit d\u016fle\u017eitou zpr\u00e1vu o jeho\/jej\u00edm zdrav\u00ed, kterou si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee by m\u011bli sklon odm\u00edtnout nebo ignorovat. V\u00a0t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee sebepotvrzen\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161it pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee zpr\u00e1vu p\u0159ijmou a podniknou vhodn\u00e9 kroky.<\/p>\n

2) Jak nejl\u00e9pe mohu sebepotvrzen\u00ed v\u00a0praxi pou\u017e\u00edt?<\/p>\n

Nejl\u00e9pe m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt sebepotvrzen\u00ed, pokud pracujete s\u00a0jedn\u00edm klientem\/klientkou nebo v mal\u00e9 skupince a m\u00e1te k\u00a0dispozici ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee jedna z testovan\u00fdch\/zkouman\u00fdch metod o sebepotvrzen\u00ed (\u010di potvrzen\u00ed hodnot) p\u0159edch\u00e1zet sd\u011blen\u00ed informac\u00ed o zdrav\u00ed. Na str\u00e1nce zdroj\u016f na webu SARG<\/a> najdete v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b p\u0159\u00edklady materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 byste mohli vyu\u017e\u00edt.<\/p>\n

Prodiskutujte se sv\u00fdm klientem\/klientkou, zda by preferoval\/a d\u011blat techniku sebepotvrzen\u00ed o samot\u011b nebo ve Va\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnosti. Sna\u017ete se jej\/ji povzbudit k\u00a0tomu, aby si zvolili sebepotvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed cvi\u010den\u00ed sami, ne\u017e abyste to po nich po\u017eadoval\/a Vy. Existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee svoboda rozhodnut\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 v\u00a0tom, zda intervence pom\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>\n

3) Na co bych m\u011bl\/a d\u00e1vat pozor?<\/p>\n

Ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee je sd\u011blen\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed informace p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e1. Sebepotvrzen\u00ed by m\u011blo Va\u0161e klienty povzbudit v\u00a0tom, b\u00fdt v\u00edce otev\u0159en\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159ijmou p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou\/silnou informaci, ale tak\u00e9 mohou sp\u00ed\u0161e odm\u00edtnout nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou\/slabou informaci.<\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eijte metodu sebepotvrzen\u00ed u t\u011bch klient\u016f, u kter\u00fdch jste si jisti, \u017ee se jinak Va\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b budou br\u00e1nit. Existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, \u017ee sebepotvrzen\u00ed nemus\u00ed fungovat nebo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dokonce kontraproduktivn\u00ed, pokud jsou participanti v\u00a0prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b defenzivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pokud jste na pochyb\u00e1ch, vyhledejte radu \u2013 jsme zde<\/a>, abychom pomohli.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Peter Harris and Ian Hadden, The Self-Affirmation Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK Have you ever been reluctant to face up to something you\u2019d rather ignore? Maybe your fondness for something bad for you that you eat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1634,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,27,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-motivation","category-self-regulation"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"cz","enabled_languages":["en","id","my","bg","zh","hr","cz","da","de","es","fr","gr","he","it","ja","kr","lv","lt","hu","nl","no","pl","pt","ro","ru","sk","fi","sv","tr","uk"],"languages":{"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"id":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"my":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"bg":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"zh":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"hr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"cz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"da":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"de":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"es":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"gr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"he":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"it":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ja":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"lt":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"hu":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"nl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"no":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"pl":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"pt":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ro":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"fi":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"sv":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"tr":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"uk":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1617","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1617"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1617\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4598,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1617\/revisions\/4598"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1617"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1617"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/practicalhealthpsychology.com\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1617"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}